生物技术处理含铀废水的研究进展

随着核能的大力推广与应用,放射性含铀废水的种类和数量越来越多,为防止水体中放射性核素迁移扩散,含铀放射性废水的有效处理成为一项亟待解决的问题。目前研究前沿的生物处理方法具有高效、价廉的优势,对于含铀废水的治理前景乐观。综述了近几年生物法处理含铀废水的进展,评述了生物法处理含铀废水的主要原理及其优缺点,并提出生物技术处理含铀废水的进一步研究方向。     

深海热液区微生物矿化过程的功能群和分子机制

深海热液区富含铁、锌、铜等含金属矿物(硫化物、氧化物、碳酸盐等)和无机小分子气体(H_2S、H_2、CO_2、CH_4等),具有独特的生态系统。微生物是深海热液生态系统的主要生产者和重要组成,并以控制矿化和诱导矿化两种途径参与了深海热液区的生物地球化学循环。在深海热液区存在着不同类型的微生物参与了生物矿化过程,如硫氧化菌、金属氧化菌、硫还原菌和金属还原菌等。本文详述了这些微生物参与的生物矿化现象、菌群多样性和矿化过程的分子机制,并对研究微生物矿化的研究工作进行了展望。     

微生物共培养与污水净化

微生物共培养在污水处理方面具有高效、不污染环境等特点,近年来取得了很多重要成果,并显示出诱人前景.简要介绍了微生物共培养在化工废水、生物废水以及高效池塘净化方面的应用与研究概况.     

两株高效苯酚降解菌的筛选、鉴定及生物强化-DTRO组合工艺初步验证

【目的】从煤化工废水中分离、筛选苯酚高效降解微生物,初步考察微生物与DTRO技术联用,构建含酚废水生物强化处理工艺的可行性。【方法】采用苯酚浓度梯度培养基对苯酚降解微生物进行分离和筛选;根据菌体形态电子显微镜观察、菌株生理生化特性考察和16S r RNA基因系统发育树构建,对菌株进行初步生物学鉴定;将筛选出的高效苯酚降解菌制备成相应的菌剂与碟管式反渗透(DTRO)技术组合形成"生物强化-DTRO"工艺,并试用于含酚废水的处理。【结果】共获得7株纯化细菌,其中Phe-03和Phe-05为高效苯酚降解菌;该2株菌均可以苯酚为唯一碳源生长。经鉴定Phe-03为壤霉菌属(Agromyces)菌株;Phe-05为棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium)菌株。到目前为止,壤霉菌属(Agromyces)菌株降解苯酚尚未见报道。在初始苯酚浓度达到1 300 mg/L条件下,Phe-03和Phe-05菌株44 h内对苯酚降解率均达到70%以上;76 h后苯酚降解率均超过90%。组合形成的"生物强化-DTRO"工艺不仅可以有效去除废水中的酚类化合物,而且还能减少反渗透膜污染,以及增加膜的通透性。【结论】研究表明微生物技术可与DTRO技术联用,构建含酚废水生物强化处理工艺,可为含酚废水处理技术研究提供一种选择思路。     

巴氏芽孢杆菌矿化作用机理及应用研究进展

本文介绍了具有诱导碳酸钙矿化功能的巴氏芽孢杆菌及其矿化核心酶脲酶的结构与功能,较为系统地综述了巴氏芽孢杆菌矿化作用的生物机制,简要介绍了国内外多领域关于巴氏芽孢杆菌矿化应用的研究现状及典型应用案例,并探讨了相应微生物矿化技术在特定环境下的应用前景及在未来应用中可能存在的不足之处,相关分析论述对进一步推进微生物矿化技术的应用具有较为重要的意义.     

微生物高盐渗透适应策略及其耐盐强化研究进展

高盐废水因具有硬度高、可生化性差、水质成分复杂等特点,是较难处理的工业废水之一。现有物化处理技术存在运行成本高、处理效率低、二次污染重等诸多瓶颈。耐盐/嗜盐微生物可在高盐环境下进行正常生理代谢,因此,开发经济、高效、可靠的高盐废水生物处理技术有望成为高盐废水处理的主流方向之一。本文系统综述了耐盐/嗜盐微生物盐溶、胞内小分子相容溶质积累、蛋白质稳定和细胞表面稳定等高渗透压适应策略。由于嗜盐微生物存在生长条件苛刻、功能微生物种类稀缺等问题,因此,耐盐微生物在高盐废水处理的未来应用空间更大。最新研究发现强化调控技术(电、光、磁)可提升微生物的高渗透压适应能力,其中电调控技术或是未来高盐废水生物处理的重点研究方向。     

征稿启事

《激光生物学报》是中国遗传学会主办的学术期刊,主要刊登以人类、动物、植物和微生物为实验对象的激光（光）生物学、生物光子学、激光（光）生物医学（含光子中医学、光动力疗法、激光整形美容）、放射生物学（含激光育种、辐射育种、空间育种等）、离子束生物工程及其相关的激光生物技术（含微束照射技术、光镊技术、成像技术、光谱技术、共聚焦扫描显微技术、细胞分流技术等）、仪器研制诸领域基础研究和应用研究方面具有原创性的高水平研究论文、专题综述,     

硝基苯类化合物微生物降解研究进展

硝基苯类化合物是一类具有稳定化学性质、高毒性和易在生物体内积累的优先污染物.微生物降解在硝基苯类化合物废水废气治理和污染环境修复方面具有明显优势.从降解菌的驯化筛选、降解途径、降解机理、共代谢、趋化性和分子遗传学角度,阐述了硝基苯类化合物微生物降解研究的最新进展,指出应进一步加强工程菌的构建及其应用开发研究.在硝基苯类化合物污染环境的微生物修复方面,共代谢和混合菌株的协同作用具有重要的应用前景.     

硝态氮还原型厌氧甲烷氧化的研究进展及展望

以硝态氮为电子受体的甲烷厌氧氧化(Nx-damo)是近年被证实的微生物驱动的地球氮、碳循环机制,对于认识重要元素地球化学循环的微生物驱动机制和自然环境中甲烷的源与汇具有重大意义;在废水生物脱氮及其温室气体减排方面也具有潜在工程应用价值。从功能微生物富集及其影响因素、生理特性、生物代谢的可能机理等方面对Nx-damo的最新进展进行了梳理和讨论;评估了其应用于废水处理的潜力和优势;对未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期推动该领域更广泛的研究,并为其提供有价值的参考。     

征稿启事

《激光生物学报》是中国遗传学会主办的学术期刊,主要刊登以人类、动物、植物和微生物为实验对象的激光（光）生物学、生物光子学、激光（光）生物医学（含光子中医学、光动力疗法、激光整形美容）、放射生物学（含激光育种、辐射育种、空间育种等）、离子束生物工程及其相关的激光生物技术（含微束照射技术、光镊技术、成像技术、光谱技术、共聚焦扫描显微技术、细胞分流技术等）、仪器研制诸领域基础研究和应用研究方面具有原创性的高水平研究论文、专题综述,适量兼登生物物理学、生物化学、遗传学、医学、农学方面的基础研究论文,是目前国际上唯一的一份激光生物学科的专业性学术刊物。     

Sphaerotilus natans,a Neutrophilic Iron-Related Sheath-Forming Bacterium: Perspectives for Metal Remediation Strategies

Sphaerotilus natans is a neutrophilic sheath-forming microorganism from the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group of iron-related bacteria, known to form bacteriogenic iron oxides (BIOS) frequently deposited on cell surfaces as well as on sheaths and extracellular polymeric substances. S. natans has been reported to be an excellent sorbent for inorganic pollutants, either due to direct sorption onto biological surfaces or due to sorption onto BIOS. However, its filaments can cause bulking problems in wastewater treatment plants. This article promotes the potential applications of Sphaerotilus natans in bioremediation by reviewing its physiology and the fundamental understanding of sheath-forming mechanisms as well as iron biomineralization processes.     

A Chicken＇s Egg as a Reaction Vessel to Explore Biomineralization

Natural composites, formed through biomineralization, have highly ordered structures which have been aptly explored for functional applications. Though the role of organic phases has been well understood in biomineralization, not enough attention has been paid to the role of bio-membranes which are often found encapsulating the chamber in which mineralization occurs. We have used the natural protein and semi-permeable membrane of chicken eggs to grow different materials such as ceramics, semi-metals and metals to understand the role of bio-membranes in biomineralization. We here report the successful biomimetic synthesis of calcite, cadmium sulphide, and silver having homogeneous morphologies. We have found that the membrane operates like a tuned gateway, playing a significant role in controlling the morphology of the inorganic crystals formed during biomineralization.     

A Chicken''s Egg as a Reaction Vessel to Explore Biomineralization

Natural composites, formed through biomineralization, have highly ordered structures which have been aptly explored for functional applications. Though the role of organic phases has been well understood in biomineralization, not enough attention has been paid to the role of bio-membranes which are often found encapsulating the chamber in which mineralization occurs.We have used the natural protein and semi-permeable membrane of chicken eggs to grow different materials such as ceramics,semi-metals and metals to understand the role of bio-membranes in biomineralization. We here report the successful biomimetic synthesis of calcite, cadmium sulphide, and silver having homogeneous morphologies. We have found that the membrane operates like a tuned gateway, playing a significant role in controlling the morphology of the inorganic crystals formed during biomineralization.     

Isolation of Leclercia adcarboxglata Strain JLS1 from Dolostone Sample and Characterization of its Induced Struvite Minerals

The biomineralization of struvites is becoming a very popular research subject. In this study, struvite crystals were precipitated and characterized in the presence of the bacterial Leclercia adcarboxglata strain JLS1 that was isolated from a typical dolostone sample. The JLS1 strain was identified as L. adcarboxglata using physiological and biochemical identification methods and by 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. The minerals obtained from the culture medium using experimental samples inoculated with L. adcarboxglata JLS1 were not found in the control samples without the bacteria. The experimentally derived minerals were determined to be pure struvites that exhibited primarily a uniform, prismatic-shaped morphology of various sizes. The results of the X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the minerals revealed that the preferred orientation and lattice distortion were characteristic of struvite crystals. In the experiments conducted using the L. adcarboxglata it was also found that the phosphate, ammonium and magnesium ions in solution were consumed to form the struvites in an alkaline environment. The results of this study can provide important insights into the understanding of the biomineralization process of microbial struvites and wastewater treatment applications, as well as the genesis and therapy of kidney stones.     

Prescribing diatom morphology: toward genetic engineering of biological nanomaterials

The formation of inorganic materials with complex form is a widespread biological phenomenon (biomineralization). Among the most spectacular examples of biomineralization is the production by diatoms (a group of eukaryotic microalgae) of intricately nanopatterned to micropatterned cell walls made of silica (SiO2). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of diatom silica biomineralization is not only a fundamental biological problem, but also of great interest in materials engineering, as the biological self-assembly of three-dimensional (3D) inorganic nanomaterials has no man-made analog. Recently, insight into the molecular mechanism of diatom silica formation has been obtained by structural and functional analysis of biomolecules that are involved in this process. Furthermore, the rapid development of diatom molecular genetics has provided new tools for investigating the silica forming machinery of diatoms and for manipulating silica biogenesis. This has opened the door for the production, through genetic engineering, of unique 3D nanomaterials with designed structures and functionalities.     

Spatial Patterns of Carbonate Biomineralization in Biofilms

Microbially catalyzed precipitation of carbonate minerals is an important process in diverse biological, geological, and engineered systems. However, the processes that regulate carbonate biomineralization and their impacts on biofilms are largely unexplored, mainly because of the inability of current methods to directly observe biomineralization within biofilms. Here, we present a method for in situ, real-time imaging of biomineralization in biofilms and use it to show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms produce morphologically distinct carbonate deposits that substantially modify biofilm structures. The patterns of carbonate biomineralization produced in situ were substantially different from those caused by accumulation of particles produced by abiotic precipitation. Contrary to the common expectation that mineral precipitation should occur at the biofilm surface, we found that biomineralization started at the base of the biofilm. The carbonate deposits grew over time, detaching biofilm-resident cells and deforming the biofilm morphology. These findings indicate that biomineralization is a general regulator of biofilm architecture and properties.     

Shedding light on fish otolith biomineralization using a bioenergetic approach

Otoliths are biocalcified bodies connected to the sensory system in the inner ears of fish. Their layered, biorhythm-following formation provides individual records of the age, the individual history and the natural environment of extinct and living fish species. Such data are critical for ecosystem and fisheries monitoring. They however often lack validation and the poor understanding of biomineralization mechanisms has led to striking examples of misinterpretations and subsequent erroneous conclusions in fish ecology and fisheries management. Here we develop and validate a numerical model of otolith biomineralization. Based on a general bioenergetic theory, it disentangles the complex interplay between metabolic and temperature effects on biomineralization. This model resolves controversial issues and explains poorly understood observations of otolith formation. It represents a unique simulation tool to improve otolith interpretation and applications, and, beyond, to address the effects of both climate change and ocean acidification on other biomineralizing organisms such as corals and bivalves.     

Molecular mechanisms of compartmentalization and biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria (MB) are remarkable organisms with the ability to exploit the earth's magnetic field for navigational purposes. To do this, they build specialized compartments called magnetosomes that consist of a lipid membrane and a crystalline magnetic mineral. These organisms have the potential to serve as models for the study of compartmentalization as well as biomineralization in bacteria. Additionally, they offer the opportunity to design applications that take advantage of the particular properties of magnetosomes. In recent years, a sustained effort to identify the molecular basis of this process has resulted in a clearer understanding of the magnetosome formation and biomineralization. Here, I present an overview of MB and explore the possible molecular mechanisms of membrane remodeling, protein sorting, cytoskeletal organization, iron transport, and biomineralization that lead to the formation of a functional magnetosome organelle.     

MamO Is a Repurposed Serine Protease that Promotes Magnetite Biomineralization through Direct Transition Metal Binding in Magnetotactic Bacteria

Many living organisms transform inorganic atoms into highly ordered crystalline materials. An elegant example of such biomineralization processes is the production of nano-scale magnetic crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Previous studies implicated the involvement of two putative serine proteases, MamE and MamO, during the early stages of magnetite formation in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. Here, using genetic analysis and X-ray crystallography, we show that MamO has a degenerate active site, rendering it incapable of protease activity. Instead, MamO promotes magnetosome formation through two genetically distinct, noncatalytic activities: activation of MamE-dependent proteolysis of biomineralization factors and direct binding to transition metal ions. By solving the structure of the protease domain bound to a metal ion, we identify a surface-exposed di-histidine motif in MamO that contributes to metal binding and show that it is required to initiate biomineralization in vivo. Finally, we find that pseudoproteases are widespread in magnetotactic bacteria and that they have evolved independently in three separate taxa. Our results highlight the versatility of protein scaffolds in accommodating new biochemical activities and provide unprecedented insight into the earliest stages of biomineralization.     

贝类生物矿化中的生物大分子与分子识别

综述了贝类生物矿化相关的生物大分子性质及其分子识别过程的最新研究进展.生物矿化原理为仿生材料科学和分子构造学提供了崭新的思路.贝类生物矿化过程是生物大分子指导无机晶体的晶核形成、定向及生长的过程,是有机相-无机相、无机相-无机相界面分子识别的过程.