中华鳖肝金属硫蛋白的分离、纯化及鉴定（英文）

金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)是一类低分子量、富含半胱氨酸的金属结合蛋白.MT几乎广泛分布于所有生物,包括哺乳动物、两栖动物、鱼、植物、真菌和蓝细菌.不同生物金属硫蛋白理化特性和其氨基酸序列及中心片段的比较研究,对研究MT的结构和生物功能及生物的分子进化提供重要依据.哺乳动物MT研究较多,爬行动物鳖MT的研究尚属空白,本文报道鳖肝的金属硫蛋白.中华鳖 (Pelodiscus sinensis) 分别经皮下注射ZnSO4、CuSO4和CdCl2 溶液诱导后,取乙醇沉淀的肝脏无细胞提取液再经Sephadex G-50、DEAE-SepharoseCL-6B 及SephadexG-25凝胶过滤和离子交换柱层析分离,自鳖肝脏中分别获得Zn-MT、Cu-MT和Cd-MT,未经诱导的鳖肝脏中无MT.质谱和HPLC分析其分子量约为6 300 dalton.根据氨基酸组成分析,鳖肝脏MT含61个氨基酸残基,其中MT的典型氨基酸Cys含量占17%.Lys、Glu和Asp含量较高,而芳香族氨基酸和组氨酸含量极低.从紫外光谱特性分析,Zn-MT、Cu-MT、Cd-MT紫外吸收肩分别在220 nm、270 nm和250 nm.表明确为鳖肝脏MT.从氨基酸残基数和分子量看,鳖肝脏MT与哺乳动物MT类似;而从氨基酸组成和结合金属离子的量看,又与低等生物蚯蚓及酵母菌的MT类似.鳖MT的特性介于哺乳动物MT与低等生物MT之间,体现了鳖这种生物进化的特点.     

柱状田头菇(茶薪菇)金属硫蛋白的分离纯化与特性研究*

应用快速灌注色谱系统首次从经Cd2+诱导的柱状田头菇(茶薪菇)Agrocybecylindracea(DC.:Fr:)R.Maoire菌丝体中分离得到一种镉结合蛋白。通过SephadexG-75凝胶过滤层析,原子吸收光谱分析(AAS),巯基含量测定及紫外吸收光谱分析表明这种镉结合蛋白具有金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)的理化性质:即分子量为6kDa、每分子MT含18个半胱氨酸残基并结合7个镉原子、具有镉硫金属簇的特征紫外吸收光谱,初步鉴定为茶薪菇Cd-MT。     

柱状田头菇(茶薪菇)金属硫蛋白的分离纯化与特性研究

应用快速灌注色谱系统首次从经Cd2+诱导的柱状田头菇(茶薪菇)Agrocybecylindracea(DC.:Fr:)R.Maoire菌丝体中分离得到一种镉结合蛋白。通过SephadexG-75凝胶过滤层析,原子吸收光谱分析(AAS),巯基含量测定及紫外吸收光谱分析表明这种镉结合蛋白具有金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)的理化性质:即分子量为6kDa、每分子MT含18个半胱氨酸残基并结合7个镉原子、具有镉硫金属簇的特征紫外吸收光谱,初步鉴定为茶薪菇Cd-MT。     

酿酒酵母BD101诱导产生的金属硫蛋白的分离纯化及鉴定

从酵母菌中分离出拮抗重金属、经铜诱导产生金属硫蛋白的酿酒酵母（Saccharo－mycescerevisiae）BD101。无细胞抽提液经SephadexG－50、DEAESepharoseCL－4B、SephadexG-25三次凝胶及阴离子交换柱层析分离纯化得到两个金属硫蛋白亚型。Mr约为7kD,由60个氨基酸组成,其中半胱氨酸含量占10％,每分子金属硫蛋白（Cu-MT）含6个分子Cys,可结合4个铜原子。     

亚香棒虫草菌丝体金属硫蛋白的提纯及性质

【目的】探讨锌离子诱导亚香棒虫草(Cordyceps hawkesii)菌丝体金属硫蛋白的产生及性质。【方法】亚香棒虫草菌丝体以18 g/L Zn2+在10 L发酵罐中诱导培养64 h后收集菌丝体,产率为每升发酵液收集12.2 g菌丝体(干重),细胞破碎取上清液通过2次凝胶柱层析,冷冻干燥得到亚香棒虫草菌丝体金属硫蛋白纯品。利用考马斯亮蓝法(Bradford法)进行含量测定,用银饱和分析法结合原子吸收光谱(AAS)测定MT含量,用Ellman’s方法和火焰原子吸收法分别测得巯基含量和结合锌原子数,用电喷雾质谱仪测得分子量,全自动氨基酸分析仪测氨基酸组成。通过对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率试验探讨亚香棒虫草金属硫蛋白的抗氧化活性。【结果】发酵终点金属硫蛋白产量为15.3 mg/g菌丝体湿重。金属硫蛋白的分子量为7 680 Da,每分子蛋白质含有18个巯基、结合4个Zn原子。氨基酸组成分析结果显示,每分子蛋白质共含60个氨基酸,其中含有15个半胱氨酸,且含有组氨酸和芳香族氨基酸。亚香棒虫草金属硫蛋白的抗氧化活性稍强于谷胱甘肽,弱于动物金属硫蛋白。【结论】亚香棒虫草在Zn2+胁迫下能够大量合成金属硫蛋白,且其金属硫蛋白的性质与哺乳动物金属硫蛋白有相似性。     

鲫鱼金属硫蛋白的提纯及性质研究

用氯化镉诱导鲫鱼(Carassius aurattus),应用层析介质 Sephacryl S 体系从鱼肝脏中提取金属硫蛋白(MT),并对其性质进行研究.实验表明鲫鱼 MT 的性质与哺乳动物 MT 的性质十分相似.分子量约10 000,含丰富的半胱氨酸,较多的赖氨酸,不含芳香族氨基酸.紫外250nm 处强吸收,280nm 处几乎没有吸收。鱼 MT 含7个金属每分子,并含有20个巯基.测得鲫鱼 MT 等电点 pI 在5.6左右.     

蛹虫草金属硫蛋白分离纯化及性质研究

研究探讨锌离子胁迫下蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris金属硫蛋白的产生及性质。蛹虫草菌丝体以15g/L Zn2+在10L发酵罐中诱导培养56h后收集,产率为每升发酵液收集12.021g菌丝体（干重）,细胞破碎取上清液通过两次凝胶柱层析,冷冻干燥得到蛹虫草金属硫蛋白纯品。利用Bradford法进行蛋白质含量测定,用银饱和分析法结合原子吸收光谱（AAS）测定MT含量,发酵终点处金属硫蛋白含量为12.876mg/g菌丝体（湿重）。用电喷雾质谱法测得金属硫蛋白的分子量为7 390Da,用Ellman’s方法和火焰原子吸收法分别测得每分子蛋白质含有14个巯基、结合5个Zn原子。氨基酸组成分析结果显示,每分子蛋白质共含57个氨基酸,其中含有13个半胱氨酸,疏水氨基酸占29.8%,且含有组氨酸。以上表明,研究中的蛹虫草金属硫蛋白与哺乳动物金属硫蛋白结构差异较大,但与酵母菌金属硫蛋白结构组成类似。     

小鼠肝脏金属硫蛋白Metallothioneins的分离纯化与鉴定

由健康小鼠通过皮下注射一定量的氯化镉,取肝脏匀浆,离心,经SephadexG-50和DEAE-Sephadex A-50柱层析分离,即可获得MT-Ⅰ和MT-Ⅱ两种金属硫蛋白。经鉴定:两个分子各含18个巯基,结合4个Cd原子和3个Zn原子,无金属蛋白质Thionein的分子量约为6kD,半胱氨酸含量约占氨基酸总量的28％,所提取到的MT-Ⅰ和MT-Ⅱ经氨基酸组成,HPLC和PAGE分析皆证明为高度均一的,且与有关文献报道基本相符。其中MT-Ⅱ已获得晶体。     

集胞藻类金属硫蛋白的纯化,性质和溶液构象的研究

集胞藻Synechocysitissp.PCC6803光照培养,加入100μmol/LZnCl2诱导藻内类金属硫蛋白（MT-like）的表达。离心收集鲜藻,超声波破碎细胞,离心除沉淀。上清液72℃加热3min去杂蛋白,离心,上清液依次经过分子筛层析柱,阴离子交换柱和脱盐柱,可得蓝藻类金属硫蛋白。5L培养液收集鲜藻7.6g,一次上样1．52g鲜藻的裂解物,冻干后得15mg纯化的蛋白样,为鲜藻重的0．1％．经分析其等电点为pH4．5,分子量为6．986kD,由58个氨基酸残基组成。其序列中含有较多疏水氨基酸残基（36％）,但其半胱氨酸含量仅为5％。CD（圆二色性）图谱表明其二级结构主要为无规卷曲,不含α－helix和β-sheet,无哺乳动物的金属硫蛋白所具有的典型双结构域结构。紫外吸收光谱表明Zn结合的类金属硫蛋白在220nm也有较高的吸收值。红外光谱分析的结果表明,此类金属硫蛋白的吸收光谱与高等动物的金属硫蛋白的吸收光谱类似。     

Zn MT作为内源性药物的研究

金属硫蛋白(Metallo thionein,MT)分子量约6500Da,含60个氨基酸残基,其中有20个半胱氨酸,每分子含七个二价金属离子,是迄今发现对具有d~(10)结构的金属离子Zn(II),Cd(II),Cu(I)亲和力最高的一种生物活性物质。其结构的保守性、在生物界的普遍存在性以及高度的可诱导性,都预示了MT在与金属有关的细胞生物学过程中发挥着重要的作用。从发现MT     

Studies on nitrate reductase of Clostridium perfringens. II. Purification and some properties of ferredoxin.

A ferredoxin was purified from Clostridium perfringens by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. It had absorption maxima at 390 and 280 nm. The molecular weight was estimated to be 6,000 by Sephadex gel filtration and from the results of amino acid analysis. The isoelectric point was 3.0. It contained four atoms of iron, four atoms of labile sulfur, and six cysteine residues. This ferredoxin as well as ferredoxin from C. pasteurianum acted as an electron donor for nitrate reductase from C. perfringens. The ferredoxin could also act as an electron donor for the hydrogenase from C. pasteurianum in hydrogen evolution.     

Purification and physical-chemical properties of acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase from pigeon liver

Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) from pigeon liver was purified by protamine sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-A-25 Sephadex, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, amethopterin-AH-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, and finally, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by ultracentrifugation studies, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The N-terminal amino acid was detected to be histidine and the complete amino acid composition is reported. The enzyme contains one disulfide bridge and two cysteine residues/mol monomer. The isoelectric point was estimated to be 4.8. The molecular weight was determined to be 32900 by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium analysis, 33000 by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and 31600 by SDS-disc gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient from conventional sedimentation velocity runs was 3.1 S observed by ultraviolet optics. 'Active enzyme centrifugation' showed a sedimentation constant of 5.0 and 4.8 S for the purified enzyme and crude extract from pigeon liver, respectively, indicating that the enzyme forms a dimer under conditions of catalysis. It could be demonstrated that the inhibitor amethopterin was noncompetitive with respect to the acetyl donor and the acetyl acceptor. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase was examined in different organs of pigeon. The enzyme was not inducible by 1,3-phenylenediamine and hexobarbital in vivo.     

Sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) egg zinc-binding protein. Cellular localization, purification and characterization

Gel-filtration analysis of cytosol fraction obtained from unfertilized sea-urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) eggs on Sephadex G-75 revealed the presence of two Zn-binding-protein fractions. The major Zn-binding protein fraction had a low molecular weight and a low absorbance at 280 nm, properties similar to those of the metallothionein found in the regenerating rat liver. These fractions were further purified by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Homogeneity of the Zn-binding protein was judged by polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis and gel-permeation chromatography in the presence of 6 M-guanidinium chloride. The molecular weight determined by gel-permeation chromatography was 3900. This value is in good agreement with the minimum molecular weight calculated from the amino acid composition, which was 3655. Zn-binding protein is composed of 36 amino acid residues and the distinctive features include an extremely high content of cysteine, which accounted for one-third of the total amino acid residues, and a complete absence of aromatic amino acids, as well as of methionine, histidine and arginine. Zn-binding protein contained 4.1 g-atoms of zinc per mol and a trace of cadmium, but no copper, iron or calcium. The molar ratio of reactive thiol groups to metal ion was calculated to be 2.73:1. Possible roles of this Zn-binding protein in the homoeostasis of zinc in unfertilized sea-urchin eggs are discussed.     

雪松聚球藻金属硫蛋白的纯化及其性质的研究

在雪松聚球藻的培养基中逐渐增加氯化镉的浓度以诱导藻细胞内金属硫蛋白的合成,经Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－５０,ＤＥＡＥ－ｃｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅ和Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－２５柱层析,获得的ＭＴ没有亚型,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析是高度均一的。每个蛋白分子约含５个Ｃｄ原子,１０个巯基,分子量约为７．６ＫＤ,等电位ｐＨ４．５左右,半胱氨酸含量约占总氨基酸量的１５．５％,还含有少量的芳香族氨基酸,ＭＴ的最大紫外吸收在２５     

棕尾别麻蝇金属硫蛋白的分离纯化及性质分析

将棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrina幼虫置于含800 μg/g CdCl₂的食物中取食48 h后,可诱导金属硫蛋白(MT)的合成。诱导处理后的幼虫匀浆上清液经Sephadex G-50分子筛柱、UNO^TM Q1阴离子交换柱和Bio-Gel P-6脱盐柱层析,纯化得到2个亚型,即MT-Ⅰ和MT-Ⅱ。MT-Ⅰ和MT-Ⅱ的分子量均为9 kD,每蛋白分子均含7个Cd和20个巯基,且具254 nm的Cd-SH特征吸收肩。两者的氨基酸组成中,以半胱氨酸含量最高,分别为36.6%和31.8%;而芳香族氨基酸和组氨酸含量甚少,约1%～2%。     

Phylogenetic divergence of fish and mammalian metallothionein: relationships with structural diversification and organismal temperature

Metallothioneins (MTs) are nonenzymatic low molecular weight proteins, that play an important role in the homeostasis and detoxification of heavy metals in a large variety of organisms. These proteins are endowed with striking features, including an unusual amino acid composition characterized by the presence of 20 cysteines out of a total of 60 residues and absence of secondary structure elements. It is generally accepted that MTs underwent few modifications during evolution because of these structural and functional constraints. Such a conclusion is founded on the studies carried out mostly on MTs of mammalian origin. For such a reason, we have decided to compare the MTs of homeothermic and poikilothermic organisms, such as mammals and fish, with the specific aim to put in relation phylogenetic divergence and structural/functional adaptation to temperature. We have included in our analysis also Antarctic Notothenioids, a fish group characterized by genetic isolation and cold-adaptation to a particular harsh environment. We have determined the average hydropathic index of ancestral MT sequences and used them to infer the temperatures of the environment housing the hypothetical ancestor organisms. Finally, we have derived phylogenetic relationships of MT molecules from the pairwise comparison of their three-dimensional structures.     

Immunological and biochemical properties of metallothioneins of golden hamster,mouse and rat

Summary Golden hamster, mouse and rat hepatic cadmium metallothioneins (MT) were purified by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography and activated Thiol-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Metallothioneins were separated by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography into two forms: MT-1 and MT-2. In mouse and golden hamster liver, MT-1 was the major form. The purified proteins were homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, migration of mouse, rat and golden hamster hepatic metallothioneins were found to be different. Antibodies to mouse hepatic MT-1 was raised in rabbits. The antiserum cross reacted with mouse and hamster MT-1 and MT-2 giving a single precipitin band. Mouse, rat and hamster hepatic MTs are immunologically identical but electrophoretically different. The kidney and pancreatic MTs of rat and golden hamster were purified by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. They were immunologically distinct. Pancreas MT formed a line of partial identity with hepatic MTs. Kidney MTs form two precipitin band one identical with the pancreatic form and another of complete identity with the hepatic MTs. This indicates the presence of tissue specific MTs.     

Purification and characterization of zinc-binding protein from the liver of the partially hepatectomized rat.

Zn-binding protein in liver of the partially hepatectomized rat was purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-cellulose. Homogeneity was judged by polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight determined by gel-permeation chromatography in 6 M-guanidine hydrochloride was 6700. This value is in good agreement with the molecular weight calculated from the amino acid composition, which was 6073. Zn-binding protein was composed of 61 amino acid residues, and the distinctive features include an extremely high content of cysteine, which accounted for one-third of the total amino acid residues, and an absolute absence of aromatic amino acids as well as of histidine, leucine and arginine. The amino acid composition was similar to that of the metallothioneins previously isolated from rat liver and mouse liver. These observations suggest that the Zn-binding protein can be classified as a type of metallothionein. Zn-binding protein contained 8.2g-atoms of zinc per mol and traces of copper, but no cadmium. The molar ratio of thiol groups to zinc was calculated to be 2.5:1. Possible roles of this Zn-binding protein in the transport and storage of zinc in the liver are discussed.