2017-2019年大连市流感病毒核酸监测结果分析

目的分析2017-2019年大连市流感病毒的流行趋势和流行病原,为大连市制定流感防控措施提供科学依据。方法对大连市2017年4月1日-2019年3月31日两家国家级流感监测哨点医院的流感样病例的咽拭子标本采用实时荧光定量PCR方法进行核酸检测。结果共检测2 560份标本,阳性515份,阳性率20.1%。2017年4月1日-2018年3月31日以BY型为主,新甲型H1N1型和季节性H3N2型次之。2018年4月1日-2019年3月31日以新甲型H1N1型为主,BV型和季节性H3N2型次之。各年龄组流感核酸检测阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=13.260,P0.05),不同性别流感核酸检测阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.970,P0.05)。结论 2017-2019年大连市流感流行形势与往年趋同,流感病毒的流行主要在冬春季(每年12月-次年3月),新甲型H1N1型、季节性H3N2型、BV型和BY型交替流行。     

武威市2009~2012年流感样病例监测结果分析

目的:分析探讨2009~2012年武威市流行性感冒(简称流感)的流行特征,为流感的防控提供科学依据。方法:收集2009年6月~2012年12月武威市流感样病例及病原学监测资料,分析流感样病例就诊比(ILI%)的变化规律、流感样病例的年龄分布和流感病毒各亚型的变化。结果:2009~2012年,武威市的ILI%分别是1.94%、1.55%、1.12%、1.15%,ILI%高峰分别出现在6月(2009年)、7月(2010年)和10月~次年3月(2011年和2012年)。ILI年龄构成显示病例以15岁以下人群为主。2009~2012年,ILI样本病原学检测阳性率为19.00%;2009年,甲型H1N1为优势毒株,构成比是76.64%,2010年为季节性H3(60.00%)、B型(29.23%)混合流行;2011年主要是甲型H1N1(26.47%)、季节性H3(29.41%)、A未分型(29.41%);2012年为季节性H3(31.78%)、B型(53.49%)混合流行。结论:2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行之后,武威市流感的活动较为平稳,流行优势毒株不断发生变化。     

通用流感疫苗研究进展

流行性感冒病毒(influenza virus,简称流感病毒)是一种严重威胁人类健康的病毒。全世界每年有上万人死于流感病毒引起的流行性感冒(influenza,简称流感)。同时,流感也对全球经济发展产生严重影响。接种流感疫苗(influenza vaccines)是流感防控的重要手段之一。流感病毒亚型众多、抗原变异较快且因其流行趋势难以预测等因素导致传统流感疫苗接种后免疫效果不佳,研发通用流感疫苗成为预防流感的一种理想策略。现对以流感病毒血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)、神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA)及流感病毒其他结构蛋白保守区域为免疫原的通用流感疫苗的研究进展作一概述。     

流行性感冒季节性的基本原因和模型理论

流行性感冒（流感）在世界范围内每年造成（300～500）万例严重疾病和（25～50）万例死亡。流感可造成严重的公共卫生和经济问题。流感流行和爆发都是以流感季节为特征。因为与甲型流感病毒相关疾病的发病率和死亡率水平较高,因此本研究从病毒学、流行病学、生物学和数学等方面重点讨论甲型流感季节性的基本原因和模型理论。     

2002～2003年流感流行季节美国和全球流感疫情

美国疾病控制中心(ODC)与世界卫生组织(WHO)及其合作实验室、国家和地方卫生部门、医务人员、人口统计登记处合作,对监测流感疫情和检测流感病毒流行株的抗原性变化进行监督。2002～2003年流感流行季节,甲型流感(H1N1、H1N2、H3N2)和乙型流感在北半球共同传播。香港和荷兰分别报告人类感染禽流感病毒H5N1和H7N7。在美国,2002～2003年流感流行季节疫情较轻;甲型流感(H1)和乙型流感病毒广泛传播,主要病毒因地区和时间而异。本概述2002～2003年流感流行季节美国和全球的流感疫情。     

单克隆抗体对感染流行性感冒病毒的小鼠的疗效观察

治疗流行性感冒(简称流感)对年老体弱者有着重要意义。由于流感病毒的一个新亚型出现后,往往要经历十几年至20多年的流行,因此选出具有亚型内共同抗原决定簇的McAb,用于治疗流感是可行的,文献也曾有过报道。前文已报道关于甲3型流感病毒McAb的建立,本文用抗甲3型流感病毒上海/32/84血凝素McAb,与1977年以来分离的甲3型流感     

长春市2005-2006年流感监测情况分析

报告了长春地区人群流感监测结果:2005年10月~2006年4月流感疫情相对平静,无大流行发生。2005年12月~2006年有一短期发病高峰,此期间共采集医院门诊疑似流感病人标本325份,分离出12株流感病毒均为甲1型,分离率3.69%。以往几年长春市流感流行株以甲3型和乙型为主,很少出现甲1型流行株。通过2005年~2006年的流感监测结果分析,甲1型的出现成为长春市2006年流感流行的主要趋势。     

南宁市2012—2015年流行性感冒流行特征分析

目的分析南宁市2012—2015年流行性感冒(简称流感)监测结果,为流感防制策略提供依据。方法采用实时荧光RT-PCR方法对采集的流感样病例(Influenza-like Illness,ILI)咽拭子标本进行流感病毒核酸检测,并运用描述性流行病学方法对流感流行特征进行分析。结果 2012—2015年共采集ILI咽拭子标本共6 664份,经流感病毒核酸检测,阳性标本988份,阳性率为14.83%。4年中流感病毒优势株交替变化,2012年和2014年的优势毒株为甲3型,2013年优势毒株为新甲型H1N1,2015年优势毒株是甲3型和B型;0~11岁组和21~31岁组的阳性人数占阳性总数的50.30%。流感暴发疫情61起,其中59起疫情发生在中小学校。结论南宁市2012—2015年流感的流行特征有明显的季节性,主要易感人群为婴幼儿、小学生和青壮年。加强对重点人群的监测及疫苗预防接种工作,对控制流感疫情的暴发具有重要意义。     

对流感再认识的重要性

冬、春季为各种呼吸道传染病的高发季节,受气候、人口流动频繁等因素影响,容易引起流行性感冒(简称流感)。流感是由甲(A)、乙(B)、丙(C)3型流感病毒分别引起的急性呼吸道传染病。甲型流感病毒常以流行形式出现,能引起世界性流感大流行。它在动物中广泛分布,并能引起流感流行和造成大量动物死亡。     

Optimal control for pandemic influenza: The role of limited antiviral treatment and isolation

The implementation of optimal control strategies involving antiviral treatment and/or isolation measures can reduce significantly the number of clinical cases of influenza. Pandemic-level control measures must be carefully assessed specially in resource-limited situations. A model for the transmission dynamics of influenza is used to evaluate the impact of isolation and/or antiviral drug delivery measures during an influenza pandemic. Five pre-selected control strategies involving antiviral treatment and isolation are tested under the “unlimited” resource assumption followed by an exploration of the impact of these “optimal” policies when resources are limited in the context of a 1918-type influenza pandemic scenario. The implementation of antiviral treatment at the start of a pandemic tends to reduce the magnitude of epidemic peaks, spreading the maximal impact of an outbreak over an extended window in time. Hence, the controls’ timing and intensity can reduce the pressures placed on the health care infrastructure by a pandemic reducing the stress put on the system during epidemic peaks. The role of isolation strategies is highlighted in this study particularly when access to antiviral resources is limited.     

禽流感及其免疫防制研究

禽流感一直是严重危害世界各国养禽业发展的头号大敌,近期又成为继严重急性呼吸道综合症(SARS)后又一严重威胁人类生命安全的重要疾病,由于禽流感病毒抗原及其致病力的易变性,这就要求未来的防制策略要采取快速检测,并用先进的分子生物学技术进行病毒鉴定、检疫及免疫保护等措施,建立全国性甚至全球性禽流感检测防制网络,并且搞清禽流感与人类流感的关系,从而保证人和动物的安全.     

Diagnosis of influenza viruses with special reference to novel H1N1 2009 influenza virus

On 15 April and 17 April 2009, novel swineorigin influenza A (H1N1) virus was identifi ed in specimens obtained from two epidemiologically unlinked patients in the United States. The ongoing outbreak of novel H1N1 2009 influenza (swine influenza) has caused more than 3,99,232 laboratory confi rmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 and over 4735 deaths globally. This novel 2009 influenza virus designated as H1N1 A/swine/California/04/2009 virus is not zoonotic swine flu and is transmitted from person to person and has higher transmissibility then that of seasonal influenza viruses. In India the novel H1N1 virus infection has been reported from all over the country. A total of 68,919 samples from clinically suspected persons have been tested for influenza A H1N1 across the country and 13,330 (18.9%) of them have been found positive with 427 deaths. At the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi India, we tested 1096 clinical samples for the presence of novel H1N1 influenza virus and seasonal influenza viruses. Of these 1096 samples, 194 samples (17.7%) were positive for novel H1N1 influenza virus and 197 samples (18%) were positive for seasonal influenza viruses. During outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases accurate and rapid diagnosis is critical for minimizing further spread through timely implementation of appropriate vaccines and antiviral treatment. Since the symptoms of novel H1N1 influenza infection are not specifi c, laboratory confi rmation of suspected cases is of prime importance.     

Potent inhibition of human influenza H5N1 virus by oligonucleotides derived by SELEX

New therapeutics are urgently needed for the treatment of pandemic influenza caused by H5N1 influenza virus mutants. Aptamer was a promising candidate for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza virus infections. In this study, systemic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to screen DNA aptamers targeted to recombinant HA1 proteins of the H5N1 influenza virus. After 11 rounds of selection, DNA aptamers that bind to the HA1 protein were isolated and shown to have different binding capacities. Among them, aptamer 10 had the strongest binding to the HA1 protein, and had an inhibitory effect on H5N1 influenza virus, as shown by the hemagglutinin and MTT assays. These results should aid the development of new drugs for the prevention and control of influenza virus infections.     

Role of the intestinal microbiota in the immunomodulation of influenza virus infection

Prevention and treatment measures against influenza virus infection remain limited, and alternative host protection strategies are badly needed. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of intestinal microbiota in influenza infections, and present the latest evidence for strategies seeking to harness gut microbiota for the management of influenza infections.     

通用型流感疫苗的研究现状与展望

接种流感疫苗是预防和控制流感最为有效的措施。流感病毒由于其宿主多样、亚型众多,流感疫苗的有效性十分受限,同时由于其具有高度的变异性,一旦有较大的变异或新亚型的流感病毒出现,现有疫苗就会失效,因此研制能够通过免疫交叉反应对变异较大或多种亚型的流感病毒提供广泛保护的通用型流感疫苗迫在眉睫。     

Advancements in the development of subunit influenza vaccines

The ongoing threat of influenza epidemics and pandemics has emphasized the importance of developing safe and effective vaccines against infections from divergent influenza viruses. In this review, we first introduce the structure and life cycle of influenza A viruses, describing major influenza A virus-caused pandemics. We then compare different types of influenza vaccines and discuss current advancements in the development of subunit influenza vaccines, particularly those based on nucleoprotein (NP), extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins. We also illustrate potential strategies for improving the efficacy of subunit influenza vaccines.     

N-terminus of M2 protein could induce antibodies with inhibitory activity against influenza virus replication

New influenza vaccines have been designed based on the fact that the extracellular domain of M2 protein (M2e) is nearly invariant in all influenza A strains. To clarify which exact region of M2e could induce antibodies with inhibitory activities against influenza virus replication, four overlapping peptides covering M2e were synthesized and then coupled to the carrier protein bovine serum albumin through the cysteine of the peptides. After a vaccination course, all these four peptide vaccines could induce high levels of rabbit antibodies with predefined peptide specificity (antibody dilution: 1:6400-1:25600). Besides, the anti-N-terminal antibodies (AS2) reacted strongly with M2e, and reacted weakly with the middle part and C-terminus of M2e. The MDCK assay for cytopathic effect proved that antibodies recognizing the N-terminus of M2e could obviously inhibit replication of influenza A virus (A/wuhan/359/95) and influenza B virus (B/wuhan/321/99) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, while antibodies recognizing the middle part and the C-terminus of M2e did not show such significant inhibitory activities. Sequence analysis indicates that the first nine N-terminal amino acid residues of M2e are extremely conservative. Just this region containing the first nine amino acid residues could induce antibodies with inhibitory activity against influenza A and influenza B virus replication, suggesting that the N-terminus of M2e may contain an epitope that could induce inhibitory antibodies against influenza virus replication in vitro.     

The role of oxidative stress in influenza virus infection

Virus-induced oxidative stress plays an important role in the regulation of the host immune system. In this review, we provide backgrounds of the pathogenic mechanism of oxidative stress induced by influenza virus and the specific oxidant-sensitive pathways, and highlight that antioxidant is one of the effective strategies against influenza virus infection.     

Sunlight and Protection Against Influenza

Recent medical literature suggests that vitamin D supplementation protects against acute respiratory tract infection. Humans exposed to sunlight produce vitamin D directly. This paper investigates how differences in sunlight, as measured over several years across states and during the same calendar week, affect influenza incidence. We find that sunlight strongly protects against getting influenza. This relationship is driven almost entirely by the severe H1N1 epidemic in fall 2009. A 10% increase in relative sunlight decreases the influenza index in September or October by 1.1 points on a 10-point scale. A second, complementary study employs a separate data set to study flu incidence in counties in New York State. The results are strongly in accord.