陕西红碱淖普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥的繁殖生态比较

2009年4～7月,采用定点观察法和逐巢清点法,对陕西省红碱淖地区普通燕鸥(Sterna hirundo)和鸥嘴噪鸥(Gelochelidon nilotica)的繁殖生态进行了比较研究。结果表明,两者都是4月末迁至红碱淖,并于5月中旬进入繁殖期。普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥都选择在湖心岛上营巢,普通燕鸥巢址沿岛边缘四周呈线状分布,而鸥嘴噪鸥位于岛中央向外扩散呈块状分布。对食物调查发现,两者在食物资源利用上存在部分生态位分离。巢址分布格局差异性和食物资源利用生态位部分分离是两者能在同一领域共存的主要原因。对雏鸟的体重等形态参数进行Gompertz曲线方程拟合,结果表明,两种雏鸟生长状况的差异性从另一面也可以反应二者种间竞争压力的缓和。另外,从一定的角度分析了两者与遗鸥(Larus relictus)的伴生关系。     

湖北省鸟类新记录——黑浮鸥

正2020年9月19日,在湖北省武汉市江夏区红旗湖(俗称千亩塘,位于汤逊湖东北部,114°24'38″E,30°26'42″N)进行鸟类观察时,发现并拍摄1种鸥科Laridae鸟类,共2只,根据野外观察,结合照片(图1),鉴定为黑浮鸥Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus,1758),据《中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)》(郑光美,2017),并登录eB ird、中国观鸟记录中心等在线数据库进行检索,确认该物种为湖北省鸟类新记录。     

紫距淫羊藿的形态变异式样及描述修订

紫距淫羊藿为根据少量栽培个体描述的中国特有种,狭域分布于湖南省天平山,自发表以来未见后续形态学研究。为了掌握紫距淫羊藿形态变异式样并为该物种及其近缘种的分类提供依据,该研究在模式产地湖南省桑植县天平山,于花果期开展野外居群的形态观测,对紫距淫羊藿主要性状进行变异分析以及形态描述的完善或修订,并提供了该物种的形态图片资料。结果表明:基于野外观测,紫距淫羊藿主要形态性状的变异范围均远超出物种发表原始文献的描述,如株高12.0～68.0 cm,大幅度高于原始描述的12cm;居群内结节状根茎和细长根茎并存,且两种类型的个体数量相当;其余性状,如叶长、叶宽、花序轴长、花色等都呈现丰富变异。此外,还补充描述了紫距淫羊藿的果实和种子的性状,蓇葖果长8～13 mm,内含种子2～11粒,种子具油质体。因此,分类学描述应重视野外观察,特别要注意个体间的变异并进行性状分析,这是分类研究的基础。     

陕西红碱淖湿地鸥科鸟类组成及分布的研究

2005～2009年,采用路线调查法和定点观察法对陕西红碱淖湿地鸥科鸟类组成及其分布进行了调查研究.结果 表明:红碱淖分布有鸥科鸟类4属10种,在此繁殖的有5种,其中有全球性濒危鸟类--遗鸥的最大种群在此繁殖.记述了鸥科鸟类最早发现时间段、分布状况及迁徙数量情况,也探明了繁殖种群数量.并从植被类型、水位变化、食物因素、湖心岛生境状况和环境气候等因素分析了红碱淖鸥科鸟类迁徙状况、种群数量变化、繁殖情况等.     

基于线粒体ND2基因全序列探讨陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖鸥类的系统发育地位

本文对采自陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖的遗鸥(Larus relictus)、棕头鸥(L.brunnicephalus)、普通燕鸥(Sterna hirundo)和鸥嘴噪鸥(Gelochlidon nilotica)线粒体ND2基因全序列进行了测定和分析.联合已知该基因全序列的其他44种鸟类,重建了48种鸟类51个体之间的系统发育关系,并确定了4种鸥在系统发育中的地位.结果表明,4种鸥ND2基因全长均为1 041 bp;ML、MP和Bayes树拓扑结构大致相同,支持遗鸥划归为黑头鸥族(Black-headed species),棕头鸥划归为面具鸥族(Masked species),棕头鸥较为原始;普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥均隶属于黑帽族(Black cap species),鸥嘴噪鸥较为原始,处于分支底部,普通燕鸥与黑枕燕鸥(S.sumatrana)及与北极燕鸥(S.paradisaea)、南美燕鸥(S.hirundinacea)、南极燕鸥(S.vittata)聚类分支亲缘关系较近,但未能明确其具体分类地位;由于样品缺乏,鸥科(Laridae)、燕鸥科(Sternidae)和剪嘴鸥科(Rynchopidae)拓扑结构未能正确解析.     

对遗鸥分类地位问题的进一步论证

本文依据最新野外观察结果,就遗鸥的形态特征,地理分布等方面作了进往在有关该种与棕头鸥,渔鸥关系上的推论。并对遗鸥的形态特征,地理分布等方面作了进一步的分析研究,论证了遗鸥是一个有效的种。     

棕头鸦雀分类问题商榷

棕头鸦雀的分类有过几次较为系统的整理研究。因其飞羽外缘有栗红色与褐色两种类型,前者又可分为红胸、灰胸两类群,故在分类上各学者持有不同意见。或将其分为3个种,或归并为1种。本文依据作者工作结果,从地理分布、形态及骨骼性状进行分析研究,认为棕头鸦雀具栗红翅缘的红胸、灰胸两类群在中国西南地区的云、贵、川三省的亚种分布接触地带彼此混交并有居间个体,不应独立为两个不同种。栗红翅缘褐色翅缘两大类群尚未发现重叠分布,形态明显间断,一直未见有中间类型。两大类群在头骨的泪骨突起和方骨形态上有明显差异,建议将它们分为Paradoxornis webbianus和paradoxornis brunneus。前者再分为红胸、灰胸两亚种组。对少数有争议的亚种也提出了处理意见。     

纵横欧亚非和北美的小精灵

红嘴鸥在鸟类分类学上属于鸥形目、鸥科、鸥属,是北半球最常见的中型鸥类,人们对它非常熟悉。它的体形中等,体重约300克,嘴和足红色,趾间具蹼。成熟鸥鸟在冬季和夏季形态上略有不同,冬季红嘴鸥的头、后颈、腰及尾上覆     

利用线粒体Cyt b基因全序列探讨部分鸥类的系统发育关系

利用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列,对采自陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖的遗鸥Larus relictus、棕头鸥Larus brunnicephalus、普通燕鸥Sterna hirundo和鸥嘴噪鸥Gelochlidon nilotica的序列特征进行了分析.联合已知该基因全序列的其它32种鸟类,构建了36种鸟类之间的系统发育关系,并确定了4种鸥在系统发育中的地位.结果表明:4种鸥Cytb基因全长均为1 143 bp;MP、ML和Bayes树拓扑结构大致相同,支持遗鸥、渔鸥Larus ichthyaetus和地中海鸥Larus audouinii、Larus melancephalus划归为黑头鸥族;棕头鸥划归为面具族;遗鸥与地中海鸥亲缘关系较近,与渔鸥次之,与棕头鸥亲缘关系较远;普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥均划归为黑帽族;燕鸥属和凤头燕鸥属亲缘关系较近,噪鸥属较为古老,是较早分化出的一支;鞘嘴鸥科作为单型科,受不同选择压力导致和鸥类亲缘关系甚远;建议将灰头鸥Larus cirrocephalus移人巾头鸥族;鸥科、燕鸥科和剪嘴鸥科的拓扑结构未能准确解析,需要进一步分析研究.     

凤仙花属种子形态及其在分类学上的意义

本文首次记载了对分布于峨眉山的凤仙花属Impatiens 12种植物的种子表面显微结构的观察, 并分析了种子表面形态在该属种水平上的分类价值及可能的系统学意义。种皮表层细胞特化、排列方 式、隆起状态、种脊上近合点端的突起、种子末端附属物的有无及其形态等性状被视为凤仙花属种子表 面的主要特征。依据这些性状12种凤仙花种子形态分为两种类型：1．种子表面光滑,无明显大、小细胞 分化。如白花凤仙I．wilsoni可能具3沟花粉凤仙花的种子形态的特点。2．表面粗糙,有明显大、小细 胞的分化及不同程度的细胞隆起,并呈现出多种特异形态．这代表了以一年生草本,4沟花粉为特点的 凤仙花种子形态特征。种子特征与植物体习性、花形态及花粉形态相关,在一定程度上反映了属内类群的分化,因而在凤仙花科、属的分类和系统研究中是不可忽视的性状。     

DIET OF HARTLAUB'S GULL LARUS HARTLAUBU AND THE KELP GULL L. DOMINICANUS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN CAPE PROVINCE,SOUTH AFRICA

Steele, W.K. 1992. Diet of Hartlaub's Gull Larus hartlaubii and the Kelp Gull L. dominicanus in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Ostrich 63:68-82.

Hartlaub's Larus hartlaubii and Kelp Gulls L. dominicanus in the southwestern Cape feed on a wide range of prey species. On average, Kelp Gulls feed on larger-sized prey than do the smaller Hartlaub's Gulls. In an undisturbed environment the preferred foraging habitats of Hartlaub's and Kelp Gulls are rocky shores and open, sandy beaches (where sand mussels Donax serra are common) respectively. However, as a result of man's activities, several new foraging habitats have become available including croplands, fishing harbours and refuse dumps. The provision of supplementary food at these new foraging habitats is likely to be the cause of a recent population increase. Kelp Gull chicks are fed predominantly “natural” prey which indicates that the population increase may not be due to enhanced reproductive success, but to improved post-fledging survival of juveniles, which are known to aggregate at sites where supplementary food is provided.     

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF AUDOUIN'S GULL LARUS AUDOUINII FROM THE EBRO DELTA COLONY

Oro, D. & Martinez, A. 1994. Migration and dispersal of Audouin's Gull Larus audouinii from the Ebro Delta colony. Ostrich 65:225-230.

Migratory paths and dispersal patterns of Audouin's Gulls (Larus audouinii) born in the Ebro Delta have been studied, as well as their degree of philopatry. The gulls always disperse southwards from the colony, and only the juveniles seem to disperse in other directions. Dispersal patterns of 2y, 3y and older gulls are similar, wintering mainly on Iberian Mediterranean and Moroccan Atlantic coasts. Juveniles migrate before the rest of the age classes and they winter south of older gulls, in the Senegambia region. However, conclusions on Audouin's Gulls movements are difficult to draw, owing to the large differences in resighting and recovery efforts. Data presented also suggest that Audouin's Gulls do not appear to breed before the age of four years.     

A comparison of Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus nest sites: their characteristics and relationships with breeding success

Nest sites used by Herring Gulls and Lesser Black-backed Gulls in a mixed colony were compared. Correlations between features surrounding a nest and breeding success at different stages of the breeding cycle are presented. Lesser Black-backed Gulls nested on more vegetated and flatter areas than did Herring Gulls, even though the latter species had a lower hatching success at less vegetated sites. The difference in the general topography of nest sites between the species suggests that the Lesser Black-backed Gull, through an individual defence strategy, may be better adapted to use sites which are accessible to ground predators than the Herring Gull. The fledging success of Lesser Black-backed Gulls tended to increase with an increased proportion of relatively tall vegetation close to the nest. The Lesser Black-backed Gull may therefore be able to leave its young unattended and rely on their concealment for protection against predators. In contrast, the Herring Gull may rely more on parental vigilance to protect young. More frequent attendance by adult Herring Gulls at the nest site during chick rearing compared with Lesser Black-backed Gulls supports this hypothesis.     

INTERBREEDING OF LARUS NOVAEHOLLANDIAE SCOPULINUS AND LARUS BULLERI IN THE WILD IN NEW ZEALAND

Five cases of interbreeding between the Red-billed Gull Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus and the Black-billed Gull L. bulleri in the wild in New Zealand are described. Captive hybrids from the wild population were shown to be fertile. Comparison between two years' observations in the same colony suggests that interbreeding occurs only when isolated individuals with a strong readiness to mate are prevented from mating with conspecifics. Other cases of interbreeding in Laws spp. support this conclusion.     

BREEDING SUCCESS AND POPULATION GROWTH IN A COLONY OF HERRING AND LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULLS LARUS ARGENTATUS AND L. FUSCUS

This paper describes the results of investigations into the factors affecting breeding success of the Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus argentatus and L. fuscus, in the large colony on Walney Island, northwest Lancashire, between 1962 and 1965. These investigations were concerned with the incubation period, and the first ten days after hatching. The survival of chicks to ten days is 67% in Herring Gulls, and 56% in Lesser Black-backs. Most of these losses occur in the period just after hatching and are due to “cannibalism” by other gulls. This form of predation does not appear to be masking any effects from starvation or disease. The following factors contribute to egg or chick mortality:breeding too late (and, to a much smaller extent, too early); breeding in the open, as opposed to amongst cover; the facts that eggs in small clutches have a lower hatching success than those in large ones and that Herring Gull (but not Lesser Black-back) chicks in small broods are less likely to survive to ten days than are those in large broods. Chick mortality after the first ten days is not certainly known. About 30% of the eggs laid gave rise to fledged young— or about one fledged chick per pair. In the Herring Gull, the average clutch size (2.56) is lower than that of the Lesser Black-back (2.76). Both species show a seasonal decline in clutch size—this occurs earlier in the Herring Gulls than in the Lesser Black-backs. The Walney population, which stood at about 700 pairs in 1950, had reached 12,000 in 1957, and is at present about 18–19,000 pairs. It is suggested that this increase may be linked to the greater availability, or exploitation, of human garbage in the Morecambe Bay area. The population explosion between 1950 and 1957 must have been partly due to massive immigration and could not have come about through natural increase alone. The possible influences of the gulls' behaviour on the population growth are discussed. There is no evidence of any “shock disease”, although the Walney colony is very crowded. “Cannibalism” is regarded, not as evidence of a failing food supply, but as an extension of the normal hunting behaviour of these omnivorous gulls; it will be an economical means of obtaining food only in a large, dense colony, such as Walney. It may be offset by increased breeding efficiency due to social factors.     

DISTRIBUTION,POPULATION SIZE AND CONSERVATION OF HARTLAUB'S GULL LARUS HARTLAUBIL

Williams, A. J., Steele, W. K., Cooper, J. & Crawford, R. J. M. 1990. Distribution, population size and conservation of Hartlaub's Gull Lorus hurtlaubii. Ostrich 61: 66–76.

Hartlaub's Gull Larus hartlaubii is endemic to southern Africa, where it breeds between Swakopmund, Namibia and Dyer Island, southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. The species has been re breeding at 48 localities within this range. Between 1984 and 1989 an estimated 12000 pain brered at 31 localities. Twenty-eet percent of the population breeds at Robben Island off the Cape Peninsula, sQuth Africa. Hartlaub's Gull frequently has low breeding success and is considered endangered in Narmbia, where 12% of the poulation occurs. However, the population is increaslng around the urbanmd Cape Peninsula where HartLub's Gull has the potential to become a pest species.     

FOOD SIZE AND AGGRESSIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO SPECIES OF GULLS: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO RESOURCE PARTITIONING

Duffy, D. C., Heseltine, S. & La Cock, G. D. 1987. Food size and aggressive interactions between two species of gulls: an experimental approach to resource partitioning. Ostrich 58: 164–167.

In feeding experiments with different sizes offish, Hartlaub's Gulls Larus hartlaubi reached prey first, but lost larger items to the larger, dominant Kelp Gull L. dominicanus. Hartlaub's Gulls took longer than Kelp Gulls to consume prey of the same size.     

遗鸥繁殖生境选择及其繁殖地湿地鸟类群落研究

本文就遗鸥(Larus relictus)在内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原对其繁殖生境的选择和该生境下所出现的湿地鸟类种类、数量、居留习性等作了记述,并对该地湿地鸟类的区系成份、生境类型与种的生态分布及数量配比关系、伴生种问题及东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)在鄂尔多斯的发现等作了分析和探讨。     

THE EFFECTS OF DIURNAL AND TIDAL PERIODICITIES IN THE NUMBERS AND ACTIVITIES OF HERRING GULLS LARUS ARGENTATUS IN A COLONY

The average numbers of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus present in a breeding colony on Walney Island, Cumbria, were found to vary with the tidal cycle but to remain effectively constant with time of day through the breeding season. An activity survey, based on 50 Herring Gulls observed at half-hourly intervals during March and April 1973, showed that sleep and rest varied inversely with each other with sleep increasing to 50 per cent at midday. After a peak in the proportion of gulls asleep four hours before low tide, sleeping progressively decreased until low tide; seemingly a result of resident gulls waking and remaining more alert as others left the colony in search of food. Preening was constant throughout the day and tide cycle. Other behaviours (mostly courtship and agonistic behaviour associated with territory defence) increased slightly during low tide and were more common early and late in the day. Night observations of the gulls' activities showed that there was a peak of sleeping between midnight and 02.00 hours. It is suggested that Herring Gulls have a bimodal diel sleep pattern.     

SPECIES ISOLATION BETWEEN THE HERRING GULL LARUS ARGENTATUS AND LESSER BUCK-BACKED GULL L. FUSCUS

There is a large, mixed colony of the two “ring” species, the Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull L. fuscus, on Walney Island, northwest Lancashire. These birds are nesting at the very high density of one nest/40 square yards, or more, but although they defend their territories against both species indiscriminately, there is effectively no hybridization. This paper discusses the nature of the species isolation mechanism, and its function. Since the two species can produce fertile hybrids, the mechanism must be of an ecological/behavioural nature, rather than morphological incompatibility. It is shown that there are slight differences in breeding season and habitat, but these do not seem to be great enough to account for the high degree of isolation. It is likely that species isolation depends primarily on the female's choice of a mate. It is suggested that, as specific cues, she uses the differences in call-note tones, and the colour of the back (and perhaps also of the eye-ring), or both. Herring Gulls and Lesser Black-backs are adapted to slightly different niches. The overlap is so great, however, that any hybrid is unlikely to be at a disadvantage; but the overlap can only have arisen very recently, as a result of both species taking advantage of the increased availability of human refuse. It is possible that the isolation mechanism was evolved to cope with earlier conditions, when food was more limited, and the species' niches more sharply defined.