土壤干旱对黄土高原乡土树种水分代谢与渗透调节物质的影响

以黄土高原4个乡土树种的幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟土壤干旱环境,研究土壤干旱对不同树种水分代谢与渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,大叶细裂槭、虎榛子叶水势、叶片含水量下降迅速,叶片离体保水能力降幅明显;白刺花、辽东栎则表现为叶水势、叶片含水量缓慢下降,组织相对含水量在中度胁迫下略有上升。白刺花在不同水分处理条件下离体叶片保水力明显高于其它树种。1个树种可溶性糖含量随土壤干旱程度加剧明显增加,可溶性蛋白质含量在树种之间变化较为复杂,无明显规律性。K^ 离子含量和游离脯氨酸含量在中度水分胁迫下均有不同程度升高。白刺花在土壤干旱进程中,可溶性蛋白质含量、K^ 离子含量和游离脯氨酸含量均明显高于其它树种。综合水分代谢和渗透调节物质来看,水分胁迫条件下,白刺花以保持高水势、减少组织水分散失和增加渗透调节物质来提高细胞原生质浓度,增强其抗旱性。     

土壤干旱对黄土高原4个乡土树种生长及干物质分配的影响

研究了不同土壤水分条件对黄土高原4个乡土树种幼苗生长及干物质分配的影响.结果表明,中度干旱(50%～55%θf)下虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana Decne.)和白刺花(Sophora viciifolin Hance)的生物量比适宜水分下(70%～75%θf)增加20.23%和3.93%,而大叶细裂槭(Acer stenolobum Rehd.var.megalophyllum Fang et Wu)和辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.)生物量分别降低13.59%和35.25%;重度干旱(40%～45%θf)对幼苗生长均有明显抑制作用.白刺花地上部与地下部的生长受水分胁迫影响较小,较其他树种具有更强的耐旱性;干旱对辽东栎地上部生长的影响较地下部大,重度干旱下其生长明显受抑制.随干旱程度加剧幼苗的根冠比增大,在重度干旱下大叶细裂槭根冠比达2以上.虎榛子整体生长速度较慢,对干旱的适应可能更多表现在生理上的耐旱.     

辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)幼苗对土壤干旱的生理生态适应性研究

用盆栽方法人工模拟土壤干旱条件,研究辽东栎天然萌生幼苗对土壤干旱的生理生态反应。结果表明:随土壤含水量的减少,辽东栎幼苗的耗水量明显下降,耗水高峰期提前,在重度干旱下耗水峰形由单峰变为双峰。在干旱胁迫前期辽东栎叶水势变化较平缓,后期则急剧下降,尤其在严重干旱下,水势变化趋势呈"M"形,叶片含水量较稳定,对土壤水分含量变化不敏感。在中度干旱下辽东栎叶片的持水力有所增加。辽东栎属低蒸腾速率树种,平均仅为2.98μg cm^-2·s^-1。不同生长季节蒸腾速率日进程不同, 8月份的蒸腾速率日进程在适宜水分下是双峰曲线,在中度干旱下是单峰曲线,重度干旱下蒸腾速率一直维持在较低水平,呈波状起伏;9月份的蒸腾速率下降近50%,仍有明显的单峰(适宜水分下)和双峰(中度干旱下)。对蒸腾速率与环境因子的简单相关分析表明:在适宜水分和中度干旱下,光照强度对辽东栎幼苗蒸腾速率影响最大,在重度干旱下,大气温度对辽东栎的蒸腾速率影响较大。随土壤含水量减少,辽东栎幼苗的蒸腾速率在中度干旱时上升,重度干旱时急剧下降,光合速率、瞬时水分利用效率、羧化效率均下降;地上部生长受抑,根冠比加大, WUE₁下降,而WUE₂在中度干旱下升高,在重度干旱下下降。其幼苗不耐高温强光,高温强光对其光合和蒸腾有抑制作用,特别是在土壤严重干旱下表现更明显。     

黄土丘陵区辽东栎群落优势种和主要伴生种树干液流动态特征

运用Granier热扩散探针法(TDP),于2011年5月对黄土丘陵区延安市南郊公路山辽东栎群落优势种(辽东栎)和3个伴生种(山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛)树干液流进行连续测定,并同步监测气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度)和土壤水分动态,比较分析辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛的树干液流通量密度日变化动态及其对环境因子的响应特征。结果表明,辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化动态特征总体上反映了气象环境因子变化的昼夜规律性,呈单峰或双峰型曲线,但辽东栎与山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化规律存在一定的差异。辽东栎液流启动时间较早,通常在5:00左右,而山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流启动时间均晚于辽东栎一个小时以上。辽东栎液流达到峰值的时间也较其它树种早,通常出现在9:00前后;细裂槭、桃叶卫矛和山杏液流通量密度达到峰值的时间分别在10:00、11:00和13:00前后。细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化曲线峰值较窄。除此之外,土壤水分状况对伴生种的影响程度要比优势种的大。相关分析表明,树干液流通量密度与太阳辐射和空气水汽压亏缺均呈极显著正相关。优势种与伴生种的液流动态差异可能与树木本身特性以及群落对光能的限制性再分配有关。     

土壤干旱胁迫对毛鸡骨草幼苗生长及某些生理特性的影响

以毛鸡骨草幼苗为试验材料,测定毛鸡骨草在不同水分条件下的生长状况和相关的生理生化指标,结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的增加,毛鸡骨草幼苗的株高、茎粗、复叶长等呈递减趋势,根直径、须根数呈递增趋势;根、叶片脯氨酸含量和叶片可溶性糖的含量均呈先降低再上升的趋势,水势随干旱胁迫的加剧呈先上升后降低的趋势,根系活力随干旱胁迫的加剧呈递减趋势。但是,在严重干旱胁迫下,各生长指标的增长均受到明显的抑制。     

种子大小和干旱胁迫对辽东栎幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

在温室内遮阴条件下,设置80%、60%、40%和20%田间持水量(对照、轻度、中度和重度干旱)4个处理,研究种子大小和干旱胁迫对盆栽辽东栎幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明: 大种子(3.05±0.38 g)幼苗的单株叶面积、总干质量和根冠比在所有处理均显著大于小种子(1.46±0.27 g)幼苗,前者的株高、基径、叶片数、比叶面积、相对生长率和净同化率等生长参数在轻度、中度和重度干旱处理均不同程度大于后者。大种子幼苗叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均高于小种子幼苗,前者叶片丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量和叶绿素总量在部分干旱处理显著大于后者。除根冠比外,其他生长参数均随干旱胁迫增强逐渐减小,重度干旱处理大、小种子幼苗总干质量分别比对照降低19.4%和20.0%。POD、CAT和SOD活性均随干旱胁迫增强先升后降,在中度干旱处理,大、小种子幼苗POD活性分别显著高于对照126.7%和142.1%,CAT活性分别显著高于对照170.0%和151.9%。在重度干旱处理,大、小种子幼苗MDA含量分别显著高于对照86.5%和68.9%。可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量和叶绿素总量均随干旱胁迫增强先升后降,在中度干旱处理,大、小种子幼苗可溶性蛋白含量分别显著高于对照320.7%和352.7%。辽东栎大种子幼苗可依赖其生长和生理方面的优势比小种子幼苗具有更强的干旱耐受性,在退化次生林人工辅助实生更新中应优先选用抗逆性更强的大种子幼苗。     

翅果油树幼苗抗旱性

通过盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollis）幼苗的生长、叶水分和丙二醛含量等各项生理指标的变化。结果表明,轻、中度干旱（30％～35％、45％～50％）胁迫时叶片含水量和叶绿素含量下降幅度较小,水势较高,丙二醛含量较低,翅果油树幼苗能保汪基本的生长,表现出耐旱植物的生理特征;在重度干旱胁迫（20％～25％）条件下,叶含水量和叶绿素含量下降较显著,水势最低,丙二醛含量最高,植株矮小,颜色发黄,表明翅果油树幼苗受到干旱伤害严重,不能正常生长。     

水分胁迫和胁迫后复水对玉米叶片生长速率的影响

玉米叶片延伸速率(LER)对水分状况的变化很敏感。快速干旱处理,水分消耗迅速,LER从最大到零需5h,叶水势改变0.5～0.6 MPa,缓慢干旱处理,水分消耗较慢,LER从最大到零需20h,叶水势改变1 MPa。缓慢干旱植株叶片成熟部位的渗透势,在任何LER下,均比快速干旱叶片更负。LER为零时,快速干旱叶渗透势为-1.3 MPa,缓慢干旱为一1.6MPa左右。短时间水分胁迫后复水,LER迅速增加,有部分补偿前期胁迫减少的生长量能力;长时间水分胁迫后复水,LER在6 h内不可能恢复到正常水平。     

短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同生育期短期干旱处理对水稻叶水势、光合作用和干物质分配的影响．结果表明,干旱胁迫后,水稻叶水势低于对照,午后叶水势回升缓慢。凌晨叶水势随土壤含水量的降低而降低,表现为阈值反应。叶片净光合速率与凌晨叶水势密切相关,低于凌晨叶水势临界值,水稻叶片净光合速率急剧下降在水稻抽穗期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率显著下降的凌晨叶水势临界值为-1.04和-1．13MPa,对应的土壤含水量阈值分别为饱和含水量的61.0％和50．9％,土壤水势分别为-0．133和-0．240MPa干旱胁迫下单叶净光合速率的日变化规律表现为：胁迫较轻时,单叶净光合速率在正午附近出现低谷;胁迫严重时,净光合速率全天低于对照,且不及对照的一半。短期干旱后,水稻叶、根、穗的分配指数均降低,茎鞘的分配指数升高。本研究可为水稻节水灌溉管理和水分限制下水稻的生长模拟提供生理基础和理论依据。     

干旱胁迫对科尔沁沙地榆树幼苗C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理(即80%、65%、50%和35%田间持水量),研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量的影响.结果表明:与适宜水分处理相比,干旱胁迫导致C含量在叶、茎、粗根和细根中增加,N含量在叶、茎和粗根中增加,P含量在叶、茎和粗根中下降,在细根中增加,C:N在叶和茎中下降,C:P及N:P在叶、茎和粗根中增加,在细根中下降.各器官间C含量呈显著正相关,而各器官间N与P相关性均不显著.土壤含水量与各器官C含量,叶N含量,细根P含量及C:N,叶、茎和粗根C:P及N:P呈显著负相关,而与细根N含量,叶、茎和粗根P含量,细根C:P及N:P呈显著正相关.因此,干旱胁迫影响榆树幼苗对N、P的吸收及向上运输,幼苗生长主要受N限制;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶、茎和粗根生长受P限制作用增强.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.