人类人工染色体作为转基因载体的应用前景

自1997年首次成功构建人类人工染色体(human artificial chromosome,HAC)以来,对其理论、方法学问题的研究一直就是人们关注的焦点,并引起了科学家们的极大兴趣,目前已能采用不同的方法获得多种类型的HAC。与酵母人工染色体（YAC）、细菌人工染色体（BAC）等相比,HAC不整合到细胞的基因组中,以一个独立的功能性染色体单位而存在,并在细胞中进行正常的有丝分裂和减数分裂。迄今的研究表明：HAC可以携带大片段基因组DNA,是研究人类基因表达和调控、染色体功能基本单元的重要工具,也是建立HAC动物模型的重要手段。在未来的基因治疗方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

生物技术简讯

人工染色体和高等真核生物的新型通用载体 应用自发复制的环状质粒(用于构建遗传操作载体)可促进细菌和酵母的遗传操作。但在天然的高等真核生物细胞中未发现这种环状质粒分子,且人们在构建真核生物的人工环状DNA载体的尝试上也未获成功。事实上,迄今为止也尚未获得一个令人满意的,有利于高等真核生物细胞遗传操作的自发性复制载体。因此,人们假定,理想的真核生物载体也许是呈线型的,可模拟一条染色体。为了实现这一目标,现     

人工染色体研究进展

人工染色体研究进展刘峰陈受宜（中国科学院遗传研究所,北京１００１０１）人工染色体的研究近年来取得了迅速发展,尤其在基因组分析、基因功能鉴定、基因治疗以及研究染色体结构与功能关系等方面。本文介绍了人工染色体的产生、发展、必需成分以及构建策略,并展望了人工染色体的应用前景。１人工染色体的产生及发展１９８３年,Ｍｕｒｒａｙ等人［１］首次成功构建了包括着丝粒、端粒、复制子和外源ＤＮＡ总长度为５５ｋｂ...     

人基因组百万碱基级巨型YAC的构建

人基因组百万碱基级巨型ＹＡＣ的构建戴长虹,柴建华（复旦大学遗传学研究所,上海２００４３３）关键词人基因组;酵母人工染色体（ＹＡＣ）;百万碱基;巨型ＹＡＣ人类的全部遗传信息包含在３ｘ１０＇核着酸对（ｈｐ）中,共编码５００００～１０００００个基因。人类基...     

《科学》:科学家首次成功合成酵母染色体

<正>由美、英、法等多国研究人员组成的科研小组27日宣布,他们成功合成了第一条能正常工作的酵母染色体。这一成果被誉为攀上了合成生物学的新高峰,也是向合成人造微生物等生命体迈出的一大步。研究人员在新一期《科学》杂志上报告说,他们利用计算机辅助设计技术,历时7年成功构造了源于酿酒酵母的被称作synIII的染色体,尽管合成的仅仅是酿酒酵母16条染色体中最小的一条,但这是通往构建一个完整的真核细胞生物基因组的关键一步。最让研究人员自豪的是这条染色体被成功整合进活体酵母细胞之中。研究负责人、美国纽约大学的杰夫·伯克说:"携带这条合成染色体的     

利用酵母人工染色体(YAC)减数分裂同源重组构建人免疫球蛋白κ链基因组大片段

具有同源重叠区的酵母人工染色体(YAC)可以利用酵母细胞减数分裂进行同源重组,从而构建更大的人工染色体基因组,这对生命科学基础研究和生物技术应用研究有着非常重要的意义。本实验以两个含人免疫球蛋白κ链基因簇片段的YAC克隆为材料,通过酵母改型、异型接合、二倍体发孢、单孢子筛选和分子生物学鉴定等技术和方法,利用酵母菌减数分裂同源重组机制,构建了一条包含人的免疫球蛋白κ轻链32个Vκ基因、5个Jκ基因、Cκ基因、Eκ基因和κde基因的YAC重组体,长度约400kb。同时,本实验利用溶壁酶消化法获取单孢子重组体,代替了传统的显微分孢操作。使得利用酵母人工染色体减数分裂同源重组的技术更加简便可行。     

利用酵母人工染色体（YAC）减数分裂同源重组构建人免疫球蛋白κ链基因组大片段

具有同源重叠区的酵母人工染色体(YAC)可以利用酵母细胞减数分裂进行同源重组,从而构建更大的人工染色体基因组,这对生命科学基础研究和生物技术应用研究有着非常重要的意义。本实验以两个含人免疫球蛋白κ链基因簇片段的YAC克隆为材料,通过酵母改型、异型接合、二倍体发孢、单孢子筛选和分子生物学鉴定等技术和方法,利用酵母菌减数分裂同源重组机制,构建了一条包含人的免疫球蛋白κ轻链32个Vκ基因、5个Jκ基因、Cκ基因、Eκ基因和κde基因的YAC重组体,长度约400kb。同时,本实验利用溶壁酶消化法获取单孢子重组体,代替了传统的显微分孢操作。使得利用酵母人工染色体减数分裂同源重组的技术更加简便可行。     

第一条人工染色体建成

哈佛医校的两位研究人员Andrew Murray和Jack Szostak建成了世界上第一条能正常工作的人工染色体。酵母细胞忠实地复制了染色体并在细胞分裂时传给他们的子细胞。仅管Szostak对《新科学家》杂志说要应用还有几年,但这一工作为更有效地治疗遗传疾病展现了新的希望。     

PFGE在真菌基因研究中的应用

IPFGE与连锁群从酿酒酵母脉冲电场电泳研究到医学上重要酵母类真菌的分类,人们已逐渐建立了参数随菌种各异的PFGE电泳条件,以适于不同大小染色体的分离,获得了一系列酵母类及丝状真菌,包括四大纲以及非典型真菌的染色体核型及基因组大小（表1）,并利用已知基因探针进行染色体连锁群的定位。1987年,Sndth等l’吩离得到了粟酒裂殖酵母的3条巨大染色体,使PFGE的分辨能力达到Tgmb,极大促进了该菌株的基因图谱工作的进展。紧接着,他们又得到了假丝酵母类具有种特异性的电泳核型,并成为分子流行病学中酵母类致病真菌的分型依据。…     

Science:科学家培育合成酵母染色体

<正>由美、英、法等多国研究人员组成的科研小组3月27日宣布,他们成功合成了第一条能正常工作的酵母染色体。这一成果被誉为攀上了合成生物学的新高峰,也是向合成人造微生物等生命体迈出的一大步。研究人员在4月7日《科学》杂志上报告说,他们利用计算机辅助设计技术,历时7年成功构造了源于酿酒酵母的被称作synⅢ的染色体,尽管合成的仅仅是酿酒酵母16条染色体中最小的一条,但这是通往构建一个完整的真核细胞生物基因组的关键一步。     

人基因组YAC分子克隆库的构建及DMD基因YAC克隆的筛选

以pYAC4为载体,以正常人白细胞和含4条X染色体的细胞株GM1414为DNA源构建成人基因组YAC(Yeast Artificial Chromosome,酵母人工染色体)分子克隆库,已得到原始克隆近2万个,插入DNA片段长度在400—1000kb,从其中选出一组YAC克隆,它们含有DMD基因全部DNA顺序。     

Specific cytogenetic labeling of bovine spermatozoa bearing X or Y chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

X and Y specific probes were identified in order to apply the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique to bovine spermatozoa. For Y chromosome detection, the BRY4a repetitive probe, covering three quarters of the chromosome, was used. For X chromosome detection, a goat Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) specific to the X chromosome of bovine and goats and giving a strong FISH signal was used. Each probe labeled roughly 45% of sperm cells. The hybridization method will be useful for evaluating the ratio of X- and Y- bearing spermatozoa in a sperm sample and consequently can be used to evaluate the efficiency of sperm sorting by different techniques such as flow cytometry.     

INE: a rice genome database with an integrated map view

The Rice Genome Research Program (RGP) launched a large-scale rice genome sequencing in 1998 aimed at decoding all genetic information in rice. A new genome database called INE (INtegrated rice genome Explorer) has been developed in order to integrate all the genomic information that has been accumulated so far and to correlate these data with the genome sequence. A web interface based on Java applet provides a rapid viewing capability in the database. The first operational version of the database has been completed which includes a genetic map, a physical map using YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) clones and PAC (P1-derived Artificial Chromosome) contigs. These maps are displayed graphically so that the positional relationships among the mapped markers on each chromosome can be easily resolved. INE incorporates the sequences and annotations of the PAC contig. A site on low quality information ensures that all submitted sequence data comply with the standard for accuracy. As a repository of rice genome sequence, INE will also serve as a common database of all sequence data obtained by collaborating members of the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP). The database can be accessed at http://www. dna.affrc.go.jp:82/giot/INE.html or its mirror site at http://www.staff.or.jp/giot/INE.html     

Chromosomal engineering

Artificial chromosomes (ACs) are engineered chromosomes with defined genetic contents that can function as non-integrating vectors with large carrying capacity and stability. The large carrying capacity allows the engineering of ACs with multiple copies of the same transgene, gene complexes, and to include regulatory elements necessary for the regulated expression of transgene(s). Artificial chromosome based systems are composed of AC engineered to harbor and express gene(s) of interest and an appropriate recombination system for 'custom' engineering of ACs. These systems have the potential to become an efficient tool in diverse gene technology applications such as cellular protein manufacturing, transgenic animal production, and ultimately gene therapy. Recent advances in artificial chromosome technologies outline the value of these systems and justify the future research efforts to overcome the obstacles in exploring their full capabilities.     

~(60)Coγ线引起上海真厉螨染色体畸变的研究

本文首次报道用~(6O)Coγ线照射一种革螨——上海真厉螨引起的染色体畸变的研究。用~(6O)Coγ线(剂量1—50Krad)照射雌性革螨,引起的染色体畸变类型有:染色体裂隙、断片、微小体、环形染色体、粉碎化和多倍体,染色体断片是最常见的畸变类型,并观察到微核的形成。染色体畸变率随照射剂量增加而增高,辐射剂量与畸变率之间存在密切相关(相关系数为0.85,P<0.025),配得曲线回归方程为Y=3.27+14.49lg(X+1)。     

Resolution of Dicentric Chromosomes by Ty-Mediated Recombination in Yeast

We have integrated a plasmid containing a yeast centromere, CEN5, into the HIS4 region of chromosome III by transformation. Of the three transformant colonies examined, none contained a dicentric chromosome, but all contained a rearranged chromosome III. In one transformant, rearrangement occurred by homologous recombination between two Ty elements; one on the left arm and the other on the right arm of chromosome III. This event produced a ring chromosome (ring chromosome III) of about 60 kb consisting of CEN3 and all other sequences between the two Ty elements. In addition, a linear chromosome (chromosome IIIA) consisting of sequences distal to the two Ty elements including CEN5, but lacking 60 kb of sequences from the centromeric region, was produced. Two other transformants also contain a similarly altered linear chromosome III as well as an apparently normal copy of chromosome III. These results suggest that dicentric chromosomes cannot be maintained in yeast and that dicentric structures must be resolved for the cell to survive.--The meiotic segregation properties of ring chromosome III and linear chromosome IIIA were examined in diploid cells which also contained a normal chromosome III. Chromosome IIIA and normal chromosome III disjoined normally, indicating that homology or parallel location of the centromeric regions of these chromosomes are not essential for proper meiotic segregation. In contrast, the 60-kb ring chromosome III, which is homologous to the centromeric region of the normal chromosome III, did not appear to pair with fidelity with chromosome III.     

Genomic Instability in Wheat Induced by Chromosome 6b(s) of Triticum Speltoides

A massive restructuring of chromosomes was observed during the production of a substitution of chromosome 6B(s) from Triticum speltoides (Tausch) Gren. ex Richter for chromosome 6B of Chinese Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Deletions, translocations, ring chromosomes, dicentric chromosomes and a paracentric inversion were observed. Chromosome rearrangements occurred in both euchromatic and heterochromatic regions. Chromosome rearrangements were not observed either in the amphiploid between Chinese Spring and T. speltoides or in Chinese Spring. No chromosome rearrangements were observed in the backcross derivatives; however, after self-pollination of a monosomic substitution (2n = 41) of chromosome 6B(s) for wheat chromosome 6B, 49 of the 138 plants carried chromosome aberrations. Chromosome rearrangements were observed in both wheat and T. speltoides chromosomes. The frequency of chromosome rearrangements was high among the B-genome chromosomes, moderate among the A-genome chromosomes, and low among the D-genome chromosomes. In the B genome, the rearrangements were nonrandom, occurring most frequently in chromosomes 1B and 5B. Chromosome rearrangements were also frequent for the 6B(s) chromosome of T. speltoides. An intriguing aspect of these observations is that they indicate that wheat genomes can be subject to uneven rates of structural chromosome differentiation in spite of being in the same nucleus.     

Chromosomal assignment in mouse of matrix Gla protein and bone Gla protein genes.

Matrix Gla protein (MGLAP) and bone Gla protein (BGLAP) are calcium-binding, vitamin K-dependent proteins produced by cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Sequence homology suggests that the genes for these proteins evolved from a common ancestor. Somatic whole cell hybrids and karyotypically simple microcell hybrids were used to map Mglap to mouse Chromosome 6 and Bglap to mouse Chromosome 3. Human MGLAP has previously been mapped to chromosome 12p, a region with homology to mouse Chromosome 6, and human BGLAP has been mapped to chromosome 1q, a region with homology to mouse Chromosome 3. It appears that BGLAP is the third calcium-binding protein that maps to human chromosome 1q and mouse Chromosome 3.     

A comprehensive BAC resource

The Human Genome Project has generated extensive map and sequence data for a large number of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones. In order to maximize the efficient use of the data and to minimize the redundant work for the research community, The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) comprehensive BAC resource (cBACr) (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/BacResource/BAC_resourc e_intro. html) was built as an expansion of the TIGR human BAC ends database. This resource collects, integrates and reports the information on library, maps, sequence, annotation and functions for each human and mouse BAC. The current database contains 635 016 human BACs and 265 617 mouse BACs that were characterized by various approaches, among which 22 705 human clones and 1000 mouse clones have sequence and annotation data.     

Localization of the gene encoding myelin basic protein to mouse chromosome 18E3----4 and rat chromosome 1p11----p12.

The location of a gene encoding myelin basic protein in rat (MBP) and mouse (Mbp) was determined by in situ hybridization using the mouse Mbp cDNA labeled with biotin-11-dUTP as a specific probe. The localization of biotin signals in the mouse was found on Chromosome 18E2----3. The result is consistent with the previous report that the Mbp gene is located on the distal half of Chromosome 18. In the rat, the signals localized on chromosome 1p11----p12, suggesting homology between mouse Chromosome 18 and the short arm of rat chromosome 1.