小鞘指环虫种群的聚集性研究

本文中建立了一个衡量聚集性的指标－聚集度Ａ,并用该指标结合方差／均数和负二项分布的参数ｋ值分析了小鞘指环虫（Ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｇｙｒｕｓｖａｇｉｎｕｌａｔｕｓ）种群在其宿主鲢（Ｈｙｐｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｍｏｌｉｔｒｉｘ）种群中分布的聚集程度与感染率和丰度的关系。结果表明该虫种群的聚集程度随感染率及丰度的上升而呈现下降的特点,作为衡量聚集性的指标,聚集度要优于ｋ值,而后者又优于方差与均数之比,     

发育起点温度的概念和应用问题

发育起点温度的概念和应用问题唐业忠,朱建国,况荣平（中国科学院昆明动物研究所,６５０２２３）ＯｎＴｈｅＣｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｏｎａｎｄＡｐｐｌｌｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＢａｓｅＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｆｏｒＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ￥ＴａｎｇＹｅｚｈｏｎｇ;ＺｈｕＪｉａｎ－ｇｕｏ;Ｋｕａｎｇｒｏｎｇｐｉｎｇ（ＫｕｎｍｉｎｇＩｎｓｉｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＺｏｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｋｕｎｍｉｎｇ,６５０２２３）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：７０－７２．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｄｅａｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓａｎｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｂａｓｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｆｏｒｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．Ｉｔｉｓｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｏｍｅｃｏｎｆｕｓｉｏｎｓｏｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｂａｓｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ,ａｎｄｐａｒａｄｏｘｂｅ－ｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｂａｓｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｆｏｒｖａｒｉｏｕｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｓｔａｇｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,ｉｔｉｓｓｕｇ－ｇｅ     

福建武夷山甜槠群落能量的研究

在生物量、生产力研究基础上,对武夷山甜槠（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｅｙｒｅｉ（Ｃｈａｍ ｐ．ｅｘ Ｂｅｎｔｈ．） Ｔｕｔｃｈ．）群落各组分的热值、群落能量现存量、能量年净固定量以及太阳能转化效率进行了研究。结果表明：（１）甜槠群落各组分样品的干重热值具有一定的差异,树皮热值最高,细根热值最低。（２）甜槠群落的能量现存量达７８０５８４．１ ｋＪ·ｍ － ２,其中地上部分为６７８９１３．８ ｋＪ·ｍ － ２,占总量的８６．９８％ ;地下部分为１０１６７０．３ ｋＪ·ｍ － ２,占１３．０２％ 。（３）甜槠群落的能量年净固定量（１９９２年）为２６８５６．２ ｋＪ·ｍ － ２·ａ－ １,林地太阳光合有效辐射能的转化效率为１．２９６％ 。     

空气污染对植物病虫害的影响

空气污染对植物病虫害的影响吴亚,金翠霞（江苏省农科院植物保护研究所,南京２１００１４）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｂｅｒｉｃＰｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎＰｌａｎｔＤｉｓｅａｓｅｓａｎｄＰｅｓｔｓ￥ＷｕＹａ;ＪｉｎＣｕｉｘｉａ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏ－ｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＪｉａｎｇｓｕＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１００１４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：４９－５３．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｍａｉｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓＯ＿３,ＳＯ＿２,ｆｌｕｏｒｉｄｅｓ,ａｃｉｄｒａｉｎｅｔｃ．ｏｎｐｌａｎｔｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｉｃｍｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓ;ｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆａｉｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒａｎｃｅａｎｄｉｎｆｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｈｙｔｏｐｈａｇｕｓｉｎｓｅｃｔｓ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＣＯ＿２ｏｎｔｈｅｏｕｔｂｒｅａｋｏｆｐｅｓｔｓ。Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉ     

持续农业与中国的生态农业

持续农业与中国的生态农业李萍萍,章熙谷（南京农业大学农学系,２１００１４）ＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＣｈｉｎａ’ｓＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ￥．ＬｉＰｉｎｇｐｉｎｇ;ＺｈａｎｇＸｉｇｕ（ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌ－ｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,２１００１４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａＪｏｆＥｃｏｌｅｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１６－１８．Ｔｈｅｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄ,ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔａｎｄｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｒｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ,ａｎｄｉｔｓｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｔｏＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｒｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ．Ｉｔ’ｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉ－ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓａｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄａｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ－ｍｅｎｔ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔ     

青海海北地区高山嵩草草甸植物群落生物量动态及能量分配

对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草（Ｋｏｂｒｅｓｉａｐｙｇｍａｅａ）草甸、矮嵩草（Ｋ．ｈｕｍｉｌｉｓ）草甸、藏嵩草（Ｋ．ｔｉｂｅｔｉｃａ）沼泽化草甸地上生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年际动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示：Ｗｉ＝Ｋｉ／（１＋ｅｘｐ（Ａｉ－Ｂｉｔ））植物群落地上、地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的地上净生产量依次为３６８．４ｇｍ－２ａ－１、４１８．５ｇｍ－２ａ－１和５１８．４ｇｍ－２ａ－１,所固定的太阳能值依次为６６５５．１６ｋＪｍ－２ａ－１、７６１０．０９ｋＪｍ－２ａ－１、９４８８．７７ｋＪｍ－２ａ－１。光能利用率分别为０．１０９７％、０．１２５６％、０．１５６８％。     

曲周县饲料资源及其利用率的分析

曲周县饲料资源及其利用率的分析曹志平（北京农业大学生物学院,１０００９４）ＦｏｄｄｅｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄＴｈｅｉｒＵｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎＥｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙＩｎＱｕｚｈｏｕＣｏｕｎｔｙ￥ＣａｏＺｈｉｐｉｎｓ（ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００９４）。ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｍａｌＥｃｏｆｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：５７－５８．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｎａｌｙｚｅｓｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆｆｏｄｄｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｉｎＱｕｚｈｏｕｃｏｕｎｔｙａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎａｍｏｕｎｔａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｂｙｖａｒｉｏｕｓｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｌｉｖｅｓｔｏｃｋｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅ－ｔｗｅｅｎｆｏｄｄｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｎｄｌｉｖｅｓｔｏｃｋｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｓａｌｓｏｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｆｏｄｄｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ,ｌｉｖｅｓｔｏｃｋｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ,Ｑｕｚｈｏｕｃｏｕｎｔｙ．１引言我     

农业系统生产力（ASP）的量化及其现状分析

农业系统生产力（ＡＳＰ）的量化及其现状分析卢进登,韩纯儒（北京农业大学农学系,１０００９４）ＱｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ（ＡＳＰ）ａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｉｔｓＣｕｒｒｅｎｔＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｂｉｎａ￥．ＬｕＪｉｎ－ｄｅｎｇ;ＨａｎＣｈｕｎｒｕ（ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００９４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：２１－２２．ＢａｓｅｄｏｎａｂｒｉｅｆａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＡＳＰ,ｉｔｓｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｓｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄａｎｄａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｉｎｄｉ－ｃａｔｏｒｆｏｒｉｔｓｑｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ—ＡＳＰ２ｉｓｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｓ．Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｏｓｅ,ｔｈｅＡＳＰｌｅｖｅｌｓｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａａｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄａｎｄ８ｌｅｖｅｌｓａｒｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｂｙｕｓｉｎｇ．Ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ．Ｉｔ’ｓ：ｃｌａｒｉｆｉｅｄｔｈａｔＡＳ－ＰＩｉｓａｍｏｒｅ     

黄土高原的土壤水分利用与生态环境的关系

黄土高原的土壤水分利用与生态环境的关系韩仕峰,黄旭（中国科学院西北水土保持研究所,陕西杨陵７１２１００）（水利部西北水土保持研究所,陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐＢｅｔｗｅｅｎＳｏｉｌＷａｔｅｒＵｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅＬｏｅｓｓＰｌａｔｅａｕ￥ＨａｎＳｈｉｆｅｎｇ;ＨｕａｎｇＸｕ（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｅａｔｉｏｎ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｙａｎｇｌｉｎｇ,ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７１２１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：２５－２８。Ｉｔ＇ｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｂｙｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｔｈｒｅｅｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＬｏｅｓｓＰｌａｔｅａｕ：１．ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｅｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓｏｆｄｒｙｓｏｉｌｌａｙｅｒｄｕｅｔｏｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｗａｔｅｒａｂｓｏｒｐ－ｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ     

中药王不留行化学成分的研究Ⅲ

从经产麦蓝菜（Ｖａｃｃａｒｉａ ｓｅｇｅｔａｌｉｓ（Ｎｅｃｋ）Ｇａｒｃｈｅ．）的种子王不留行中分离得到５个化合物,经波谱分析和化学方法分别鉴定为化学方法分别鉴定为：ＶａｃｃａｒｏｓｉｄｅＢ（１）、Ｃ（２）、Ｄ、（３）,６－Ｎ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌａｄｅｎｏｓｉｎｅ（４）和Ｎ,Ｎ－ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌ－Ｌ－ｔｒｙｐｔｏｐｈａｎ（５）。其中化合物４和５为首次从该植物中分得。     

Response of Resistant Soybean Plant Introductions to Meloidogyne arenaria Races 1 and 2

Resistant plant introductions, PI 230977 and PI 200538, and partially resistant Jackson and susceptible CNS were evaluated for seed yield in response to races 1 and 2 of Meloidogyne arenaria. Initial soil population densities (Pi) of the nematode were 0, 31, 125, and 500 eggs/100 cm³ soil. At the highest Pi, yield suppressions of CNS, Jackson, PI 230977, and PI 200538 were 55, 28, 31, and 29%, and 99, 86, 66, and 58% for races 1 and 2 compared with uninfested controls. Numbers of second-stage juveniles (J2) present in roots 14 days after planting increased as Pi increased, but did not differ between the two races. At the highest Pi, fewer race 1 (40-57%) and race 2 (53-68%) J2 were present in roots of the plant introductions than in roots of Jackson. Soil population densities of race 1 J2 at 135 days after planting were 83-89% lower on the resistant genotypes than on CNS. These numbers did not differ for race 2. Reproductive factors were considerably higher for race 2 compared to race 1 for all genotype by Pi combinations, except for CNS at the highest Pi.     

Physiology,gene expression,and metabolome of two wheat cultivars with contrasting submergence tolerance

Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to complete submergence are not well understood as research has focused on waterlogging (soil flooding). The aim of this study was to characterize the responses of 2 wheat cultivars differing vastly in submergence tolerance to test if submergence tolerance was linked to shoot carbohydrate consumption as seen in rice. Eighteen‐day‐old wheat cultivars Frument (intolerant) and Jackson (tolerant) grown in soil were completely submerged for up to 19 days while assessing responses in physiology, gene expression, and shoot metabolome. Results revealed 50% mortality after 9.3 and 15.9 days of submergence in intolerant Frument and tolerant Jackson, respectively, and significantly higher growth in Jackson during recovery. Frument displayed faster leaf degradation as evident from leaf tissue porosity, chlorophyll_a, and metabolomic fingerprinting. Surprisingly, shoot soluble carbohydrates, starch, and individual sugars declined to similarly low levels in both cultivars by day 5, showing that cultivar Jackson tolerated longer periods of low shoot carbohydrate levels than Frument. Moreover, intolerant Frument showed higher levels of phytol and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde relative to tolerant Jackson. Consequently, we propose to further investigate the role of ethylene sensitivity and deprivation of reactive O₂ species in submerged wheat.     

Biomass accumulation and allocation in soybean associated with genotypic differences in tolerance of nitrogen fixation to water deficits

Nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is more sensitive to water deficits than many physiological processes and may therefore limit yield under nonirrigated conditions. Tolerance of nitrogen fixation to water deficits has been observed in the cultivar Jackson, however, the physiological basis for this is unclear. It was hypothesized that genotypes that could continue biomass production on limited soil water would prolong nitrogen fixation by continued photosynthate allocation to nodules. An initial greenhouse experiment compared biomass and N accumulation in six genotypes over an 8 d water deficit. Low stress intensity minimized genotypic expression of water-deficit tolerance; nevertheless, Jackson was clearly one of the most tolerant genotypes. In a second experiment, Jackson was compared to SCE82-303 at more severe stress levels. Biomass and N accumulation continued during water deficits for Jackson but ceased in SCE82-303. Individual nodule mass tended to increase during water deficits in Jackson and tended to decrease in SCE82-303, indicating greater allocation of photosynthate to Jackson's nodules in response to water deficits. Biomass accumulation of Jackson was contrasted with the USDA plant introduction (PI) 416937, which also has demonstrated tolerance to water deficits. For water-deficit treatments, total biomass accumulation was negligible for PI416937, but biomass accumulation continued at approximately 64% of the control treatment for Jackson. Transpirational losses for Jackson and PI416937 were approximately the same for the water-deficit treatment, indicating that Jackson had higher water use efficiency (WUE). Isotopic discrimination of ¹³C relative to¹² C also indicated that Jackson had superior WUE during water deficits. Carbon-14 allocation in Jackson was compared to KS4895, a cultivar that was identified as sensitive to water deficits in an initial experiment. The comparison of water-deficit treatments of Jackson with KS4895 indicated that Jackson exported significantly greater amounts of¹⁴ C from labeled leaves and allocated approximately four times greater amounts of ¹⁴C per g of nodule. Results indicated that Jackson's sustained biomass production during water deficits resulted in the continued allocation of photosynthate to nodules and prolonged nitrogenase activity.     

Assessment of some genetic non-MHC differences with GVHR-induced anti-listeria activity of macrophages

Parental cells A injected into (A × B)F₁ heterozygotes induce a graftversus-host reaction (GVHR) which induces systemic activation of anti-Listeria-bactericidal capacity of host macrophages. When donor lymphocytes differ from parent A with respect to various non-H-2 genetic markers, they may or may not be able to induce a GVHR. Some, but not all, known and some unknown non-H-2 differences can be assessed by this method within nine to 12 days. The method is described and some of the following non-H-2 differences are shown to influence GVHR-induced macrophage activation: male H-Y antigen, H-3 or H-4 (but not H-1 or H-9), and as yet underlined differences that apparently exist between mouse substrains of the same or similar designation, but obtained from different breeding establishments.Abbreviations used in this paper: H histocompatibility - GVHR graft-versus-host reaction - MHC major histocompatibility gene complex - SCRF Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation - J Jackson Laboratory - St Strong Foundation - Cum Cumberland View Farm - Ola Olac - Gh Dr. G. Haughton, Chapel Hill - Sal Dr. M. Cohn, La Jolla.     

Metabolic properties of erythrocytes of normal and genetically anemic mice

The murine hemolytic anemias microcytosis (gene symbol mk), normoblastosis (nb), spherocytosis (sph), and hemolytic (ha) are inherited as autosomal recessive diseases and resemble the human hereditary hemolytic anemias caused by defective enzyme activities in erythrocytes. The activities of 14 different enzymes of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways were compared in erythrocytes from normal and anemic mice, but no quantitative differences suggesting enzyme deficiency were found. There were no major changes in reduced glutathione, NAD, NADP, or methemoglobin content. The rate of entry of glucose into the glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt pathways of intact erythrocytes was higher in mk/mk erythrocytes than predicted. Interpretation of studies of erythrocytes from anemic mice is generally complicated by the extremely high reticulocyte and nucleated cell counts in ha/ha, sph/sph, and nb/nb mice.Investigations in Kentucky (Dr. Hutton) were supported by Research Career Development Award 1-K4-AM-70, 186-01 and NIH Research Grant AM 16013-01 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, and those at The Jackson Laboratory (Dr. Bernstein) by NIH Research Grant HD-00254 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(30-1)-1800, and in part by the George W. Perkins Memorial Fund and by income from the Endowment Funds of The Jackson Laboratory. The Jackson Laboratory is fully accredited by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

Physiological responses of resistant and susceptible reproductive stage soybean to soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) feeding

We examined the physiological responses of four soybean genotypes (KS4202, K-1639-2, ‘Jackson,’ ‘Asgrow 2703’) to soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) feeding in reproductive stage soybeans (R1, beginning bloom). Photosynthetic capacity was evaluated by taking survey measurements at 7, 17, 24, and 28 days after aphid introduction and by measuring assimilation/internal CO₂ (AC_i) curves at 29 days after aphid introduction. There were no significant differences in survey measurements between the control and infested KS4202, K-1639-2, Jackson, and Asgrow 2703 plants at 7, 17, 24, and 28 days after aphid introduction. At 29 days after aphid introduction, Asgrow 2703 plants showed a significant reduction in photosynthetic capacity compared to its control plants, while infested KS4202 plants had photosynthetic rates similar to control plants, suggesting the plant’s ability to compensate for aphid feeding. Differences in gas-exchange parameters, specifically J_max and CE, between control and infested Asgrow 2703 plants showed that soybean aphid feeding negatively impacts the carbon-linked/dark reactions, specifically rubisco activity and RuBP regeneration. This research also investigated the role of peroxidases in the defense response of soybeans to the soybean aphid. Enzyme kinetics studies documented the up-regulation of peroxidase activity for both Asgrow 2703 and KS4202 aphid-infested plants compared to their respective uninfested control plants at 24 and 28 days after aphid introduction. Peroxidase expression profiles identified differences in the isozyme profiles of aphid-infested and control plants for Asgrow 2703 and KS4202. Differences between physiological responses of infested KS4202 and Asgrow 2703, particularly temporal changes in photosynthesis activity, imply that KS4202 tolerates some impacts of soybean aphid feeding on photosynthetic integrity.     

Penetration and Post-infectional Development and Reproduction of Meloidogyne arenaria Races 1 and 2 on Susceptible and Resistant Soybean Genotypes

Penetration, post-infectional development, reproduction, and fecundity of Meloidogyne arenaria races 1 and 2 were studied on susceptible (CNS), partially resistant (Jackson), and highly resistant (PI 200538 and PI 230977) soybean genotypes in the greenhouse. The ability to locate and invade roots was similar between races, but more juveniles penetrated roots of susceptible CNS than the resistant genotypes. At 10 days after inoculation, 56% and 99% to 100% of race 1 second-stage juveniles were vermiform or sexually undifferentiated in CNS and the resistant genotypes, respectively. In contrast, only 2%, 42%, 44%, and 62% of race 2 juveniles had not initiated development in CNS, Jackson, PI 200538, and PI 230977, respectively. By 20 days after inoculation, 88% to 100% of race 2 nematodes in roots of all genotypes were females, whereas only 25% and 1% of race 1 were females in CNS and the resistant genotypes, respectively. For all four genotypes, race 1 produce 85% to 96% fewer eggs per root system 45 days after inoculation than race 2. At 45 days after inoculation race 2 produced more eggs on CNS than the other genotypes.     

Ventilatory behavior during sleep among A/J and C57BL/6J mouse strains.

The pattern of breathing during sleep could be a heritable trait. Our intent was to test this genetic hypothesis in inbred mouse strains known to vary in breathing patterns during wakefulness (Han F, Subramanian S, Dick TE, Dreshaj IA, and Strohl KP. J Appl Physiol 91: 1962-1970, 2001; Han F, Subramanian S, Price ER, Nadeau J, and Strohl KP, J Appl Physiol 92: 1133-1140, 2002) to determine whether such differences persisted into non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Measures assessed in C57BL/6J (B6; Jackson Laboratory) and two A/J strains (A/J Jackson and A/J Harlan) included ventilatory behavior [respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, mean inspiratory flow, and duty cycle (inspiratory time/total breath time)], and metabolism, as performed by the plethsmography method with animals instrumented to record EEG, electromyogram, and heart rate. In all strains, there were reductions in minute ventilation and CO2 production in NREM compared with wakefulness (P < 0.001) and a further reduction in REM compared with NREM (P < 0.001), but no state-by-stain interactions. Frequency showed strain (P < 0.0001) and state-by-strain interactions (P < 0.0001). The A/J Jackson did not change frequency in REM vs. NREM [141 +/- 15 (SD) vs. 139 +/- 14 breaths/min; P = 0.92], whereas, in the A/J Harlan, it was lower in REM vs. NREM (168 +/- 14 vs. 179 +/- 12 breaths/min; P = 0.0005), and, in the B6, it was higher in REM vs. NREM (209 +/- 12 vs. 188 +/- 13 breaths/min; P < 0.0001). Heart rate exhibited strain (P = 0.003), state (P < 0.0001), and state-by-strain interaction (P = 0.017) and was lower in NREM sleep in the A/J Harlan (P = 0.035) and B6 (P < 0.0001). We conclude that genetic background affects features of breathing during NREM and REM sleep, despite broad changes in state, metabolism, and heart rate.     

Chlorophyll loss caused by soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on soybean

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a worldwide pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Studies to find control methods were initiated in 2000 when it was first detected in North America. A. glycines can reduce yields by as much as 50%, and it is the vector of several viral diseases. A. glycines removes phloem sap, which can result in a reduction of chlorophyll content. Quantification of chlorophyll loss caused by A. glycines feeding on soybean is of vital importance. The SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter is a device that has been used to measure chlorophyll loss caused by nonchewing insects. Chlorophyll loss was studied in no-choice tests on the infested and uninfested leaves of a susceptible check (KS4202). The minimum combined number of days and aphids needed to detect significant chlorophyll loss was 30 aphids confined for 10 d. In a similar experiment, seven resistant entries and two susceptible checks were evaluated. There was no significant chlorophyll reduction between infested and uninfested leaves of five of the resistant entries (K1621, K1639, Pioneer 95B97, Dowling, and Jackson). Percentage of loss of chlorophyll in the susceptible checks was approximately 40%; Jackson and Dowling had a significantly lower percentage loss (13 and 16%, respectively) compared with the susceptible checks. The percentages of chlorophyll loss of K1621, K1639, and Pioneer 95B97 were not statistically different from the percentage of loss of Jackson.     

Changes in species composition of phytoplankton due to enrichment by N,P, and Si of water from a North Florida Lake

Water samples were collected from Lake Jackson, near Tallahassee, Florida, and enriched with N, P, N + P, and Si in the laboratory in April, 1969 and January, 1970. After time intervals of 3 and 6 days in April, and 13 days additionally in January, phytoplanktonic algae in the cultures were enumerated as to species composition and cell numbers with an inverted plankton microscope. Controls, to which no nutrients were added, were also maintained to determine changes arising from culture-room conditions. The addition of N and P, alone or in combination, caused increased numbers of algae, along with differences in species composition. This indicated that these two nutrient elements were limiting to production in Lake Jackson besides exerting a chemical control on succession. Si additions increased diatom numbers, but also stimulated Anacystis cyanea to grow in the April sample. Species attributed as indicators of organic pollution were found to be stimulated by inorganic sources of N, P, or Si. Such changes indicated caution must be exercised in interpreting long-term nutrient enrichment experiments using natural phytoplankton communities.