大肠杆菌L-酒石酸脱氢酶b亚基体外分子交联

通过PCR技术扩增大肠杆菌L-酒石酸脱氢酶b亚基(L-tartrate dehydratase beta subunit, TtdB)野生型与Cys/Ser突变型目的基因, 构建带6×His标签的诱导型表达载体pTrcHisC-TtdB。重组蛋白以包含体形式存在, 应用TALON固定化金属亲和树脂(Immobilized metal affinity chromatography, IMAC)以变性的方法纯化, 通过分步透析逐步去除变性剂的方法复性, 复性率可达70%。将复性后的两种蛋白通过热诱导去折叠和氧化重折叠方法进行体外蛋白质分子交联实验。SDS-PAGE分析表明: 野生型TtdB在其变性的临界温度反应时, 出现交联二聚体和多聚体; 在氧化重折叠后SDS-PAGE前加入100 mmol/L DTT时, 交联强度明显减弱。这种DTT打不开的交联即为异肽键交联; 若在其氧化重折叠反应液中加入DTT则没有任何交联。突变型TtdB在与野生型TtdB相同的热诱导去折叠条件下, 完全没有二聚体和多聚体的形成。     

大肠杆菌L-酒石酸脱氢酶β亚基体外分子交联

为证明高音等提出的蛋白质交联三步假说,通过PCR技术扩增大肠杆菌L-酒石酸脱氢酶β亚基（L—tartrate dehydratase beta subunit,TtdB）野生型与Cys／Ser突变型目的基因,构建带6×His标签的诱导型表达载体pTrcHisC-TtdB。重组蛋白以包含体形式存在,应用TALON固定化金属亲和树脂（Immobilized metal affinity chromatography,IMAC）以变性的方法纯化,通过分步透析逐步去除变性利的方法复性,复性率可达70％。将复性后的两种蛋白通过热诱导去折叠和氧化重折叠方法进行体外蛋白质分子交联实验。SDS—PAGE分析表明：野生型TtdB在其变性的临界温度反应时,出现交联二聚体和多聚体;在氧化重折叠后SDS—PAGE前加入100mmol／LDTT时,交联强度明显减弱。这种DTT打不开的交联即为异肽键交联;若在其氧化重折叠反应液中加入DTT则没有任何交联。突变型TtdB在与野生型TtdB相同的热诱导去折叠条件下,完全没有二聚体和多聚体的形成。这说明分子间二硫键的形成能促进随后分子间异肽键的形成。     

热休克蛋白90的N端与ATP类似物的晶体结构揭示其功能调控

分子伴侣热休克蛋白90(Hsp90)对于许多涉及细胞周期调控、信号转导以及细胞生长调控蛋白质的折叠、成熟及稳定是必需的．Hsp90的N端结构高度保守,包含一个ATP结合口袋并具有ATP酶活性,Hsp90的功能依赖于ATP与Hsp90结合后诱导的构象重排及之后的ATP水解．为了深入研究ATP与Hsp90结合后N端的结构及其功能状态,使用悬滴法共结晶了Hsp90的N端与ATP类似物AMPPNP及ATPγS的复合物,并利用分子置换法对其结构进行了解析．两个复合物晶体结构都捕获到了核苷酸的电子密度,尤其是γ-磷酸的电子密度,从而观察到γ-磷酸与蛋白质之间的相互作用．ATPγS中γ-磷酸的捕获证实了之前报道的结构中没有捕获到γ-磷酸是其处于无序状态而非被水解．单体状态下的人源Hsp90^N- AMPPNP与处于二聚体化的酵母Hsp90-AMPPNP结构对比可见S1和ATP lid的位置有明显区别,结构分析表明,E18-K100和N40-D127之间形成的氢键相互作用,在一定程度上阻碍了S1和ATP lid的摆动,很可能阻止了二聚体的形成．     

Hsp70核苷酸结合域突变体影响酶活的分子动力学模拟研究

分子伴侣蛋白Hsp70氮端核苷酸结合域（NBD, nucleotide-binding domain）的ATP酶活性变化对其行使分子伴侣功能具有重要作用。本文采用分子动力学模拟方法研究酵母分子伴侣Hsp70氮端NBD内残基A17,R23,G32和R167点突变对其ATP酶活性区域构象影响及功能关系。结果表明,突变体A17V,T23H,G32S的ATP结合口袋袋口的loopl（第一个转角,连接p1与p2）结构柔性增强,活性残基T11侧链明显向内移动,从而更加接近ATP的γ-磷酸基团,更容易使ATP水解。这可能蕞终导致ATP酶活性增强,从而引起分子伴侣功能的变化。     

Leu122对Hsp16.3组装过程中亚基相互作用的影响

小分子热休克蛋白是种类最多的热休克蛋白家族 ,它们均以寡聚体的形式存在 .研究表明 ,来自结核杆菌的小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16 3是以 3个三聚体的形式存在的九聚体 .为了探讨Hsp16 3体外组装过程中的亚基相互作用和识别 ,利用野生型Hsp16 3及其L12 2A突变体蛋白为模型 ,采用高效液相分子筛层析、非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和脲梯度凝胶电泳等方法进行研究 .结果表明 ,Hsp16 3在体外能自发地再组装成九聚体 .12 2位的亮氨酸残基对Hsp16 3体外再组装过程中的亚基相互作用有重要的影响 ,并且在Hsp16 3的组装过程中 ,亚基之间的相互识别是高度灵敏和特异的 ,野生型蛋白的亚基和L12 2A突变体蛋白的亚基并不能形成杂合体 ,只有完全相同的亚基才能组装成九聚体     

丙型肝炎病毒F蛋白磷酸化位点突变与细胞内分布

目的 探讨丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)F蛋白磷酸化位点突变对其在细胞内分布位置及功能的影响。方法 应用NetPhos2.0Server软件预测F蛋白的磷酸化位点,据此设计重叠引物,利用引物之间相互延伸获得突变型HCVf基因,该基因第13、14、114、121和124位密码子由野生型f基因的TCT突变为GAT,对应氨基酸由丝氨酸(S)突变为天冬氨酸(D)。将突变型f基因及野生型f基因定向克隆至pEGFP-N1,得到pEGFP-mf和pEGFP-f重组子。采用脂质体法将重组子转染HepG2细胞,再用激光共聚焦显微镜观察突变型F蛋白以及野生型F蛋白在细胞内的分布情况,拍照并进行半定量分析。结果 在HepG2细胞中,突变型F蛋白主要分布在细胞核内(90%),细胞质内有少量分布(10%),平均荧光强度分别为63.70±3.20和7.06±0.34,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,t=99.2);野生型F蛋白主要分布在细胞质内(94.9%),细胞核内有少量分布(5.1%),平均荧光强度分别为83.34±4.07和4.48±0.22,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,t=106.5)。结论 onclick="SelectDisplayDiv('ChDivSummaryMoreSummary','ChDivSummaryMore');DisplaySpanDiv('ChDivSummaryHuanYuan')"> HCVF蛋白在细胞内存在磷酸化和非磷酸化2种形式,其功能也不同。细胞质内以磷酸化F蛋白为主,非磷酸化F蛋白主要位于细胞核内。磷酸化F蛋白可能参与HCV复制调节,非磷酸化F蛋白可能影响细胞核内基因转录。     

m6A去甲基化酶ALKBH5对大鼠S1PR3基因3′-非编码区双荧光素酶活性的影响

[目的]明确m⁶A去甲基化酶ALKBH5对含S1PR3基因3′-非编码区(3′-UTR)双荧光素酶报告基因的调控作用。[方法]以大鼠前额叶皮层脑区cDNA为模板，利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增S1PR3基因3′-UTR中含有m⁶A修饰位点的目的片段。利用重叠延伸PCR方法将三个靶序列GGACT、GGACT、AGACT中的第三位A突变为C,并将野生型S1PR3-3′-UTR片段和突变型S1PR3-mut-3′-UTR片段分别正向插入到pmiR-RB-Report^TM vector载体中。将pcDNA3.1-ALKBH5或空载体pcDNA3.1与野生型和突变型双荧光素酶报告载体分别共转染PC12细胞，并检测荧光素酶活性。[结果]成功构建了包含S1PR3基因3′-UTR野生型双荧光素酶报告载体pmiR-S1PR3-3′-UTR和突变型双荧光素酶报告载体pmiR-S1PR3-mut-3′-UTR。荧光素酶活性分析表明与空载体pcDNA3.1组相比，ALKBH5可显著降低野生型及突变型C1和C2报告载体荧光素酶的活性(P<...     

平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶及ATP结合位点突变体对ATP酶活性的调节作用

目的：探寻MLCK的非激酶活性区域对MLCK活性的影响,进一步阐明MLCK的非激酶活性在调节平滑肌收缩过程中的分子机制。方法：利用编码MLCK全长的pColdI表达载体对其ATP结合位点进行定点突变,获得无激酶活性的MLCK突变体;应用Glycerol—PAGE鉴定肌球蛋白磷酸化水平;应用孔雀绿方法检测重组MLCK对肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的影响。结果：MLCK／△ATP（突变型）失去磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链的激酶活性;重组MLCK（野生型）和MLCK／AATP（突变型）均可以在非钙条件下激活非磷酸化肌球蛋白Mg2＋-ATP酶活性,抑制磷酸化肌球蛋白的Mg2＋．ATP酶活性,而且激活与抑制作用均随着MLCK浓度的增加而增大,但二者对肌球蛋白的ATP酶活性的作用没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶及ATP结合位点突变体具有激活非磷酸化肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的作用。     

Ser203在大鼠脑驱动蛋白水解ATP中重要作用的晶体学分析

鼠脑驱动蛋白（rat brain kinesin）是一种利用水解ATP所释放的能量在微管束上高速并且连续性运动的常规驱动蛋白. 它在神经突触的物质运输中起着重要作用. 研究驱动蛋白是如何将ATP中储藏的化学能转化为机械动能是理解其运动机能的重要课题. 本课题获得了鼠脑驱动蛋白单体与ATP结构类似物AMPPCP形成的复合物晶体结构. 将这个晶体结构与鼠脑驱动蛋白单体-另一种ATP结构类似物AMPPNP形成的复合物晶体结构以及鼠脑驱动蛋白单体-ATP水解产物ADP形成的复合物晶体结构进行相互比较,揭示了活性中心的开关区域I中丝氨酸203可能作为质子的供体,加速了ATP中gamma-磷酸和beta-磷酸的断裂,从而导致ATP的水解.     

讲授"呼吸过程中能量的储存和利用"的一点心得

呼吸作用是一个释能的过程,植物体如何储存能量和利用能量,是一个非常重要的问题.呼吸作用放出的能量,一部分以热能的形式散失到环境中,其余部分通过ADP磷酸化形成ATP,而暂时储存在高能磷酸键中.三磷酸腺苷中的高能磷酸键是最重要的能量携带者,呼吸过程中能量的储存和利用都要靠ATP.     

Histidine 89 is an essential residue for Hsp70 in the phosphate transfer reaction

Autophosphorylation of Hsp70 is detected in the process of substrate refolding in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the reaction mixture. But to date, the role and mechanism of Hsp70 autophosphorylation have not been elucidated. In this study we determined the site of histidine phosphorylation of Hsp70 as an intermediate in the process of phosphate transfer reaction by site-directed mutagenesis. We selected two possible sites (ie, His89 and His227) of intermediate histidine phosphorylation based on our hypothesis of the transfer of gamma-phosphoryl groups and replacement by glycine and serine. Although an acid labile autophosphorylation intermediate of Hsp70 and its cytidine diphosphate-dependent dephosphorylation were detected in wild-type Hsp70, they were markedly suppressed in the H89S mutation of Hsp70, but not on the H227S mutation. The ATPase activity and ATP synthesis activity of Hsp70 were almost completely suppressed in the H89S and H89G mutations. The role of His89 in the phosphate transfer reaction of Hsp70 is discussed.     

Protein phosphorylation corrects the folding defect of the neuroblastoma (S120G) mutant of human nucleoside diphosphate kinase A/Nm23-H1

Human nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase A is a 'house-keeping' enzyme essential for the synthesis of nonadenine nucleoside (and deoxynucleoside) 5'-triphosphate. It is involved in complex cellular regulatory functions including the control of metastatic tumour dissemination. The mutation S120G has been identified in high-grade neuroblastomas. We have shown previously that this mutant has a folding defect: the urea-denatured protein could not refold in vitro. A molten globule folding intermediate accumulated, whereas the wild-type protein folded and associated into active hexamers. In the present study, we report that autophosphorylation of the protein corrected the folding defect. The phosphorylated S120G mutant NDP kinase, either autophosphorylated with ATP as donor, or chemically prosphorylated by phosphoramidate, refolded and associated quickly with high yield. Nucleotide binding had only a small effect. ADP and the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue 5'-adenyly-limido-diphosphate did not promote refolding. ATP-promoted refolding was strongly inhibited by ADP, indicating protein dephosphorylation. Our findings explain why the mutant enzyme is produced in mammalian cells and in Escherichia coli in a soluble form and is active, despite the folding defect of the S120G mutant observed in vitro. We generated an inactive mutant kinase by replacing the essential active-site histidine residue at position 118 with an asparagine residue, which abrogates the autophosphorylation. The double mutant H118N/S120G was expressed in inclusion bodies in E. coli. Its renaturation stops at a folding intermediate and cannot be reactivated by ATP in vitro. The transfection of cells with this double mutant might be a good model to study the cellular effects of folding intermediates.     

The role of the invariant His-1069 in folding and function of the Wilson's disease protein,the human copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B

The copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B is essential for normal distribution of copper in human cells. Mutations in ATP7B lead to Wilson's disease, a severe disorder with neurological and hepatic manifestations. One of the most common disease mutations, a H1069Q substitution, causes intracellular mislocalization of ATP7B (the Wilson's disease protein, WNDP). His-1069 is located in the nucleotide-binding domain of WNDP and is conserved in all copper-transporting ATPases from bacteria to mammals; however, the specific role of this His in the structure and function of WNDP remains unclear. We demonstrate that substitution of His-1069 for Gln, Ala, or Cys does not significantly alter the folding of the WNDP nucleotide-binding domain or the proteolytic resistance of the full-length WNDP. In contrast, the function of WNDP is markedly affected by the mutations. The ability to form an acylphosphate intermediate in the presence of ATP is entirely lost in all three mutants, suggesting that His-1069 is important for ATP-dependent phosphorylation. Other steps of the WNDP enzymatic cycle are less dependent on His-1069. The H1069C mutant shows normal phosphorylation in the presence of inorganic phosphate; it binds an ATP analogue, beta,gamma-imidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AMP-PNP), and copper and undergoes nucleotide-dependent conformational transitions similar to those of the wild-type WNDP. Although binding of AMP-PNP is not disrupted by the mutation, the apparent affinity for the nucleotide is decreased by 4-fold. We conclude that His-1069 is responsible for proper orientation of ATP in the catalytic site of WNDP prior to ATP hydrolysis.     

Consequences of lysine 72 mutation on the phosphorylation and activation state of cAMP-dependent kinase

General strategies to obtain inactive kinases have utilized mutation of key conserved residues in the kinase core, and the equivalent Lys72 in cAMP-dependent kinase has often been used to generate a "dead" kinase. Here, we have analyzed the consequences of this mutation on kinase structure and function. Mutation of Lys72 to histidine (K72H) generated an inactive enzyme, which was unphosphorylated. Treatment with an exogenous kinase (PDK-1) resulted in a mutant that was phosphorylated only at Thr197 and remained inactive but nevertheless capable of binding ATP. Ser338 in K72H cannot be autophosphorylated, nor can it be phosphorylated in an intermolecular process by active wild type C-subunit. The Lys72 mutant, once phosphorylated on Thr197, can bind with high affinity to the RIalpha subunits. Thus a dead kinase can still act as a scaffold for binding substrates and inhibitors; it is only phosphoryl transfer that is defective. Using a potent inhibitor of C-subunit activity, H-89, Escherichia coli-expressed C-subunit was also obtained in its unphosphorylated state. This protein is able to mature into its active form in the presence of PDK-1 and is able to undergo secondary autophosphorylation on Ser338. Unlike the H-89-treated wild type protein, the mutant protein (K72H) cannot undergo the subsequent cis autophosphorylation following phosphorylation at Thr197. Using these two substrates and mammalian-expressed PDK-1, we can elucidate a possible two-step process for the activation of the C-subunit: initial phosphorylation on the activation loop at Thr197 by PDK-1, or a PDK-1-like enzyme, followed by second cis autophosphorylation step at Ser338.     

Role of the four conserved histidine residues in the amidotransferase domain of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, bicarbonate, and glutamine. The amidotransferase activity of this enzyme is catalyzed by the smaller of the two subunits of the heterodimeric protein. The roles of four conserved histidine residues within this subunit were probed by site-directed mutagenesis to asparagine. The catalytic activities of the H272N and H341N mutants are not significantly different than that of the wild-type enzyme. The H353N mutant is unable to utilize glutamine as a nitrogen source in the synthetase reaction or the partial glutaminase reaction. However, binding to the glutamine active site is not impaired in the H353N enzyme since glutamine is found to activate the partial ATPase reaction by 40% with a Kd of 54 microM. The H312N mutant has a Michaelis constant for glutamine that is 2 orders of magnitude larger than the wild-type value, but the maximal rate of glutamine hydrolysis is unchanged. These results are consistent with His-353 functioning as a general acid/base catalyst for proton transfers while His-312 serves a critical role for the binding of glutamine to the active site.     

Probing the role of arginines and histidines in the catalytic function and activation of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase by site-directed mutagenesis

A cluster of conserved histidines and arginines (His-62, His-167, Arg-21, Arg-38, and Arg-168) in 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) has been implicated as possibly involved in the binding of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and/or stabilization of the negatively charged transition state. The role of these residues in the catalytic function of yeast PGK and in the substrate- and sulfate-dependent activation was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The following substitutions, R21A, R21Q, H62Q, H167S, and R168Q, produced functional enzymes. In contrast, the R38A and R38Q mutations resulted in a complete loss of catalytic activity. These results demonstrate that of the basic residues studied, only arginine 38 is essential for the catalytic function of PGK. A moderate decrease in the catalytic efficiency as the result of the R21A, H167S, and R168Q mutations and an increased catalytic efficiency of the H62Q mutant rule out a possible role of a positive charge at these positions in the mechanism of phosphoryl transfer reaction. In contrast to the wild type PGK and the H62Q mutant, both of which are activated at low and inhibited at high sulfate concentration, the H167S, R168Q, and R21A mutants exhibited a progressive inhibition with increased concentration of sulfate. The activation observed at high concentration of either ATP or 3-PG as a variable substrate in the steady-state kinetics of wild type PGK was abolished as the result of the latter three mutations. The results of this work support the hypothesis that PGK has two binding sites for anionic ligands, the catalytic and regulatory sites for each substrate and the activatory and inhibitory sites for sulfate, and suggest that arginine 21, arginine 168, and histidine 167 are located in the activatory anion binding site, common for sulfate, 3-PG, and ATP. The increased Km values for both substrates and decreased specific activities of the mutants suggest that this regulatory site is close to the catalytic site.     

Mutational Analysis of the P1 Phosphorylation Domain in Escherichia coli CheA,the Signaling Kinase for Chemotaxis

The histidine autokinase CheA functions as the central processing unit in the Escherichia coli chemotaxis signaling machinery. CheA receives autophosphorylation control inputs from chemoreceptors and in turn regulates the flux of signaling phosphates to the CheY and CheB response regulator proteins. Phospho-CheY changes the direction of flagellar rotation; phospho-CheB covalently modifies receptor molecules during sensory adaptation. The CheA phosphorylation site, His-48, lies in the N-terminal P1 domain, which must engage the CheA ATP-binding domain, P4, to initiate an autophosphorylation reaction cycle. The docking determinants for the P1-P4 interaction have not been experimentally identified. We devised mutant screens to isolate P1 domains with impaired autophosphorylation or phosphotransfer activities. One set of P1 mutants identified amino acid replacements at surface-exposed residues distal to His-48. These lesions reduced the rate of P1 transphosphorylation by P4. However, once phosphorylated, the mutant P1 domains transferred phosphate to CheY at the wild-type rate. Thus, these P1 mutants appear to define interaction determinants for P1-P4 docking during the CheA autophosphorylation reaction.     

Reaction mechanism and structural model of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA synthetase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: evidence for a second active site histidine residue

In Archaea, acetate formation and ATP synthesis from acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by an unusual ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACD) (acetyl-CoA + ADP + P(i) acetate + ATP + HS-CoA) catalyzing the formation of acetate from acetyl-CoA and concomitant ATP synthesis by the mechanism of substrate level phosphorylation. ACD belongs to the protein superfamily of nucleoside diphosphate-forming acyl-CoA synthetases, which also include succinyl-CoA synthetases (SCSs). ACD differs from SCS in domain organization of subunits and in the presence of a second highly conserved histidine residue in the beta-subunit, which is absent in SCS. The influence of these differences on structure and reaction mechanism of ACD was studied with heterotetrameric ACD (alpha(2)beta(2)) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus in comparison with heterotetrameric SCS. A structural model of P. furiosus ACD was constructed suggesting a novel spatial arrangement of the subunits different from SCS, however, maintaining a similar catalytic site. Furthermore, kinetic and molecular properties and enzyme phosphorylation as well as the ability to catalyze arsenolysis of acetyl-CoA were studied in wild type ACD and several mutant enzymes. The data indicate that the formation of enzyme-bound acetyl phosphate and enzyme phosphorylation at His-257alpha, respectively, proceed in analogy to SCS. In contrast to SCS, in ACD the phosphoryl group is transferred from the His-257alpha to ADP via transient phosphorylation of a second conserved histidine residue in the beta-subunit, His-71beta. It is proposed that ACD reaction follows a novel four-step mechanism including transient phosphorylation of two active site histidine residues:     

ATPase domain of Hsp70 exhibits intrinsic ATP-ADP exchange activity

The chaperone activity of Hsp70 in protein folding and its conformational switching are regulated through the hydrolysis of ATP and the ATP-ADP exchange cycle. It was reported that, in the presence of physiological concentrations of ATP (approximately 5 mM) and ADP (approximately 0.5 mM), Hsp70 catalyzes ATP-ADP exchange through transfer of gamma-phosphate between ATP and ADP, via an autophosphorylated intermediate, whereas it only catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the absence of ADP. To clarify the functional domain of the ATP-ADP exchange activity of Hsp70, we isolated the 44-kD ATPase domain of Hsp70 after limited proteolysis with alpha-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1). The possibility of ATP-ADP exchange activity of a contaminating nucleoside diphosphate kinase (EC 2.7.4.6) was monitored throughout the experiments. The purified 44-kD ATPase domain exhibited intrinsic ATP-ADP exchange by catalyzing the transfer of gamma-phosphate between ATP and ADP with acid-stable autophosphorylation at Thr204.