苔藓植物对环境变化的响应及适应性研究进展

苔藓植物由于其结构相对简单,对环境变化的反应较为敏感,是一类良好的生物指示植物.本文综述了水分、光照、温度等方面的环境因子变化对苔藓植物的影响以及苔藓植物对环境污染的响应及适应的最近研究进展,以期促进国内深入开展苔藓植物对环境污染和全球变化的响应、适应及其生态指示作用等研究.     

苔藓植物相互作用的研究进展

综述了苔藓植物种内和种间正相互作用、种内和种间竞争、生态位与共存等的研究现状及其进展.苔藓植物常为严酷环境中的优势植物,并在保持水分和获取光及养分资源两方面存在权衡.因严酷环境中竞争的重要性相对较低,苔藓植物的正相互作用较为多见.然而,在苔藓植物种内、种间及其与维管植物之间,均不乏竞争的实例.在严酷性较低的环境如过湿的泥炭地中,竞争的重要性增加.多种苔藓植物间可存在竞争等级,该等级往往随环境的变化而变化.随机过程、物种的殖民本质以及更新策略的差异可导致苔藓植物生态位的重叠与共存,但竞争导致生态位分化也是苔藓植物共存的机理之一.苔藓植物不应简单地归类于耐压-杂草型生活史策略者,竞争仍是构建某些苔藓植物群落及其与维管植物共存群落的重要因子之一.     

苔藓植物对环境变化的影响及适应性研究进展

苔藓植物由于其结构相对简单,对环境变化的反应较为敏感,是一类良好的生物指示植物,本文综述了水分、光照、温度等方面的环境因子变化对苔藓植物的影响以及苔藓植物对环境污染的响应及适应的最近研究进展,以期促进国内深入开展苔藓植物对环境污染和全球变化的响应、适应及其生态指示作用等研究。     

树附生苔藓植物多样性及其影响因素

树附生苔藓植物是一类附生在树木上的苔藓植物,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在维持生物多样性和生态系统功能等方面发挥着重要的作用。由于树附生苔藓植物结构简单,对环境变化尤为敏感,常在大气污染、气候变化、森林干扰等方面作为指示生物。随着全球变化的加剧,其多样性势必会受到影响。因此,研究树附生苔藓植物多样性分布及其对不同环境因子的响应,对于全球变化背景下树附生苔藓植物的保护和利用具有重要的指导性意义。首先对树附生苔藓植物多样性和空间分布现状进行阐述,然后从附主树木特征、森林群落特征和全球变化等3个方面探讨树附生苔藓植物多样性与影响因素之间的关系,以期从"个体-群落-全球"不同尺度进行分析,为树附生苔藓植物的保护和利用等研究提供借鉴和参考。     

重庆主城区地面苔藓植物群落特征及其与环境的关系

通过对重庆主城区44个样地的地面苔藓植物进行样方调查,应用物种多样性指数和典范对应分析(CCA),研究了该地区苔藓植物种类组成、物种多样性和群落与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 石生群落共有苔藓植物25科43属86种;土生群落共有苔藓植物22科28属46种.相比公园、风景区和缙云山国家级自然保护区,大学校园的石生和土生苔藓植物物种多样性水平较高.双向指示种分析结果将石生群落划分为3种类型,土生群落划分为2种类型.典范对应分析显示,林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和人为干扰程度是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子.土壤〖JP2〗pH值、人为干扰程度和林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园土生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和土壤含水量是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内土生苔藓植物的主要因子.     

苔藓植物的化学元素含量及其特点

苔藓植物是化学元素最有效的积累者,在指示环境质量变化方面有其独到之处。本文阐述了苔藓植物体内地球化学元素的组成、含量、来源及其特点,用以揭示影响苔藓植物地球化学元素的因素,从而为苔藓植物作为指示生物提供更可靠的理论依据。苔藓植物体内所含的元素种类很多,主要来自大气沉降(如降水、降尘、扬尘、树冠淋溶等)和生长基质(如土壤、岩石等),元素含量受到区域空间、生态系统、苔藓种类以及时间季节的影响。苔藓植物体内地球化学元素含量可以指示环境条件(如区域空间、生态系统和时间)的差异。     

苔藓植物对全球变化的响应及其生物指示意义

苔藓植物由于其结构相对简单,对大气成分浓度和全球气候等各方面的环境变化非常敏感,因此苔藓植物可以作为全球变化、环境污染、养分状况、森林整体性有生态系统健康等方面的生物指示材料,国内应深入开展苔藓植物对全球变化的响应与适应及其生物指示作用等研究。     

喀斯特石漠化过程中苔藓植物多样性及分布与环境关系

2012 年7 月对云南锅盖山喀斯特石漠化区进行野外调查, 共采集样品100 份, 采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析了该区苔藓植物种类组成、物种丰富度、α 多样性指标、β 多样性指标、均匀度指数和石漠化过程中苔藓植物分布与主要环境因子的关系。结果表明: 该区有苔藓植物9 科17 属51 种; 山顶苔藓植物丰富度最高(0.595), 石芽区苔藓植物丰富度最低(–1.663), α 多样性指标和均匀度指数呈现出相同趋势: 石芽区到山脚明显增加, 其他样地间的变化不明显, β 多样性显示出物种从山腰到山顶变化最快, 群落从山脚到山腰变化变化最快; 不同石漠化等级区样地影响苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子为: 石芽区是干扰度和pH, 山脚和山腰是灌木度和草木度, 山上是海拔和乔木度。为该区喀斯特石漠化过程中苔藓植物分布状况提供参考, 并为保护喀斯特石漠化地区苔藓植物多样性提供基础数据。     

城市习见苔藓植物——以北京为例

苔藓植物是体型较小的高等植物,分布广泛.苔藓植物的识别主要基于配子体的色泽、叶排列、叶形、叶细胞结构特点等形态结构资料以及配子体生长的生境、基质等环境特征,也适当考虑孢子体形态、结构等特征.重点对北京城区常见的苔藓植物做了介绍,以便相关人员在识别鉴定时参考.     

藏东南色季拉山(西坡)地面生藓类植物物种组成的初步研究

正苔藓植物能适应多种环境,裸露的岩石、干热的沙漠、寒冷的极地、各种类型的森林、沼泽和各种水体均有分布,同时也是生物多样性的重要组成成分,与森林演替密切相关[1-2]。苔藓植物对环境变化敏感,在植被变迁、水土保持、环境监测和森林更新等方面有重要指示作用。随着社会经济发展,环境不断恶化,苔藓植物的生存与发展受到严重威胁,许多特有属明显衰减,苔藓植物多样性的保护受到极大关注[3-7]。西藏色季拉山广泛分布原始森林和苔藓植物,为研究亚     

Environmental drivers of the bryophyte propagule bank and its comparison with forest-floor assemblage in Central European temperate mixed forests

Species richness, composition and abundance of the bryophyte diaspore bank of Central European temperate mixed forests were compared with the forest-floor bryophyte assemblage. The impact of environmental variables and anthropogenic disturbances, including tree species composition, stand structure, microclimate, light conditions, soil and litter properties, management history, and landscape properties, potentially influencing bryophyte diaspore bank assemblages were explored. Thirty-four, 70–100 years old mixed stands with differing tree species composition were examined in the ?rség National Park, Western Hungary. The diaspore bank was studied by soil collection and cultivation, and data were analysed by multivariate methods. Contrary to the forest-floor bryophyte assemblage, where substrate availability, tree species composition and stand structure were the most influential environmental variables, the composition and abundance of the diaspore bank was mainly affected by site conditions (microclimate, litter and soil properties). Species richness of the bryophyte diaspore bank was lower than that of the forest-floor bryophyte assemblage. Short-lived mosses (colonists, short-lived shuttles) were dominant in the diaspore bank, as opposed to the forest-floor bryophyte community, where perennial mosses dominated. In the studied forests, the importance of the bryophyte diaspore bank was relatively low in the regeneration and maintenance of the forest-floor bryophyte vegetation.     

On the influence of water conductivity,pH and climate on bryophyte assemblages in Catalan semi-natural springs

Bryophytes are some of the most sensitive biological indicators of environmental change. Springs have a significant presence of bryophytes and so are ideal habitats for studying their relationship with the environment. We tested whether bryophyte assemblages can be explained with macro-, meso- and micro-ecological variables (i.e. seasonal climate, altitude, water pH and conductivity) sampling bryophytes from 198 semi-natural springs distributed along montane regions in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula. We tested the influence of environmental variables on bryophyte assemblages in springs using sparse Partial Least Squares. Our results show that variability in bryophyte assemblages is explained by seasonal climate (temperature and precipitation from winter, spring, summer and autumn and temperature and precipitation seasonality), altitude and water conductivity. The results obtained by the present study will be useful for predicting bryophyte diversity in springs using simple and easy to obtain variables such as climate, water pH and conductivity.     

Relationships between species richness patterns in deciduous forests at the north Estonian limestone escarpment

Abstract. The flora of the deciduous forests at the base of the north Estonian limestone escarpment is species rich, with an exceptionally high number of rare bryophyte species. Relationships between species richness of bryophyte and herb layers and biotic and environmental conditions were studied, using General Linear Mixed Models. Human disturbance (waste deposit, tree damage etc) was significantly negatively correlated with species richness of both plant layers. Soil nitrogen content was negatively and soil water retention positively correlated with bryophyte species richness, while herb richness was unrelated to soil factors. After eliminating the effects of environment, negative correlations in species richness and cover between the bryophyte and herb layers were discovered on finer scales (1 m²), referring to biotic interactions. This relationship was obscured with the simple correlation analysis. On the other hand, the positive correlation in species pools between the bryophyte and herb layers (0.1 ha) was insignificant. The species pools of both bryophyte and herb layers were significantly positively correlated with the species richness of the tree layer. In summary, bryophyte and herb layer richness responded differently to environmental conditions, but human disturbance significantly decreased the richness of both layers. Due to the uniqueness and small area of these forests we recommend protection and restoration of disturbed sites.     

Identifying indicator species for bryophyte conservation in fragmented forests

It is important to conserve bryophyte diversity in fragmented forests, due to the vulnerability of this group to environmental change. In this study, the utility of bryophyte functional groups (taxonomic classes, substrate classes, and life-forms) was examined as indicators for planning urban area conservation of bryophyte diversity. The study sites comprised 27 fragmented forests in Kyoto City, Japan. Using linear regression models, it was found that the species richness of almost all functional groups was positively correlated with patch size. Furthermore, two types of bryophyte life-form (fans and thalloid mats) were significantly correlated with environmental factors considered important for conservation planning. The species richness of fan bryophytes was positively correlated with the presence of natural forest patches and was negatively correlated with distance from mountainous areas. Similarly, the species richness of thalloid mat bryophytes was negatively correlated with maintenance practices. These results may be explained by the vulnerability of these two bryophyte groups to environmentally caused drought stress, accompanied by decreasing patch size, maintenance practices, disturbance, and/or loss of natural vegetation. Considering that drought stress represents a major threat to bryophyte diversity in fragmented forests, the species richness of hygrophilous life-forms (e.g., fans and thalloid mats) may be used as an indicator of fragmented forests that are less affected by drought stress, and these species should be preferentially conserved to maintain high levels of bryophyte diversity.     

冷杉天然林下地表主要苔藓斑块生物量及其影响因素

调查分析了大渡河上游藓类-冷杉天然林下5种主要地表苔藓斑块(锦丝藓、赤茎藓、大羽藓、塔藓及锦丝-大羽藓)的生物量, 同时测定了各斑块相关环境因子(斑块表面气温、空气湿度、光照强度及基质湿度等)。对苔藓生物量和相关环境因子进行综合分析表明, 不同苔藓斑块的生物量有差异, 且不同斑块环境因子也表现出一定的差异性。对斑块生物量与环境因子进行相关分析显示, 苔藓斑块生物量与环境因子之间相关性较显著, 苔藓生物量特征受空气温度、空气湿度、光照强度、灌木层盖度及草本层盖度等因素影响较大。但不同环境因子对不同斑块苔藓生物量的影响水平有差异。     

Distance,environmental and substrate factors impacting recovery of bryophyte communities after harvesting

Aims

Bryophyte re‐colonization after disturbance is largely governed by environmental conditions within disturbed forests. In particular, distance to a forest edge is an important predictor of bryophyte community re‐colonization, through either direct constraints, such as dispersal limitation, or indirectly by altering environmental conditions. This study examines a range of factors – environmental, distance to an edge, substrate specific environment or local‐level environment – to determine which are important in the re‐colonization of bryophyte communities after forest harvesting. As bryophyte communities vary with the particular substrate inhabited, responses were examined across four substrates (rock, exposed roots, ground and CWD).

Location

Tasmanian southern forests, Australia.

Methods

Bryophyte composition was examined on four substrates (ground, coarse wood debris, exposed roots, rocks) within three ages (~7, ~27 and ~45 years post‐disturbance) of harvested wet eucalypt forest. Re‐colonization success of bryophyte communities was determined by comparing communities in regeneration forest to mature forest communities using axis scores from one‐dimensional constrained ordination. The importance of various environmental conditions for re‐colonization success was then modelled. Finally, path analysis was used to determine whether the impact of distance to a forest edge was meditated through its effects on key environmental variables.

Results

Multiple environmental factors impacted re‐colonization of mature bryophyte communities. Local‐level conditions such as microclimate (temperature, humidity and VPD) and LAI were the most important in determining re‐colonization across substrates. Path analysis showed that distance to a forest edge had a significant impact on re‐colonization success, but only a relatively small part of this was mediated through its impact on environmental factors.

Conclusions

Bryophyte re‐colonization is driven by a combination of microclimate conditions and factors related to distance from a forest edge (most likely dispersal distance). While some substrate‐specific factors impact bryophyte re‐colonization success, the consistent impact of local environmental factors across substrates suggests that harvesting management strategies that develop more ‘mature’ microclimate conditions and increase proximity to nearby mature forest patches will be beneficial for all bryophytes communities. As bryophyte re‐colonization was correlated with temporally dynamic environmental conditions, we suggest that forest age needs to be considered in future work.     

重庆主城区住宅小区苔藓组成与多样性

目前对于人造生活环境中的苔藓植物组成与多样性所知甚少。本文报道了城市住宅小区中的苔藓植物多样性, 以丰富重庆市苔藓植物区系资料, 为小区环境质量评估提供依据, 为认识苔藓植物对新环境的适应能力提供科学基础。通过对重庆主城九区23个住宅小区进行详细调查, 报道苔藓植物19科33属84种。种类组成以土生的丛藓科和真藓科为主。常见种类包括小凤尾藓(Fissidens bryoides)、大叶石灰藓(Hydrogonium majusculum)、细叶小羽藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)、鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum)和绿片苔(Aneura pinguis)共5种。各住宅小区苔藓物种数介于5-25种之间。物种相似性程度非常低, 群落间差异较为显著, 多样性较高。苔藓生活型以丛集型为主。典范对应分析排序结果显示, 住宅小区居住户数对其苔藓物种多样性影响最大, 其次是绿地面积。研究结果表明, 住宅小区是城市苔藓植物的重要分布区域之一。地理环境差异、城市化水平、小区内部小生境条件和人为干扰程度可能是造成各住宅小区苔藓组成差异的原因。     

浙江金华市区地面苔藓植物分布与环境因子关系研究

金华市区地面苔藓植物共计有26科、68属、132种。计测了30个样点中主要苔藓植物的盖度和7种环境指标,应用典范对应分析(ccA)对所获得的数据进行了分析,作出了反映苔藓植物分布与环境关系的双向排序图,并讨论了主要的地面苔藓植物的生态分布特点。依据环境因子与前两个排序轴的相关系数大小,发现影响本地区地面生苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子分别为林冠层郁闭度、土壤水分、交通频度、草本层盖度、土层厚度和土层松散程度。     

长白山哈泥泥炭地七种苔藓植物生态位

采用Levins和Pianka公式,对哈泥泥炭地7种苔藓植物的生态位进行了研究.结果表明：7种苔藓在泥炭的全氮、全磷、Ca²⁺、K⁺、沼泽水的pH和电导率、乔木郁闭度、灌木盖度以及水位埋深9个环境因子梯度上的平均生态位宽度排序为：沼泽皱缩藓＞喙叶泥炭藓＞中位泥炭藓＞尖叶泥炭藓、桧叶金发藓＞大泥炭藓＞锈色泥炭藓.锈色泥炭藓倾向于特化种,沼泽皱缩藓倾向于泛化种.在各种环境因子中,以电导率平均重叠值最高,水位埋深、乔木郁闭度、pH和灌木盖度梯度上平均重叠值最低,是影响苔藓分布的主要环境因子.多数苔藓在这4个梯度上产生生态位分异.少数苔藓种对在所有环境因子梯度重叠值均较高,是由于苔藓之间存在水分协作关系.这为苔藓植物的种间竞争提供了间接证据.