稀土元素在药用植物细胞和组织培养中的应用

介绍了稀土元素对药用植物细胞、组织的生长及次生代谢产物合成的作用,探讨了稀土的作用机理。大量的实验证明,稀土在药用植物细胞和组织培养中具有广泛的应用前景。     

MicroRNA与药用植物

MicroRNA（miRNA）是一类长度约为19～25个核苷酸的内源性非编码小分子单链RNA,对植物生长发育、次生代谢产物的生物合成以及抗逆性等有重要作用.近年来关于植物中miRNA的研究进展异常迅速,尤其是药用植物,目前已从一些药用植物中鉴定出miRNA,并分析了其在药用植物中的调控作用,这对药用植物的研究具有重要意义.本文综述了miRNA在植物中的产生途径、作用机制,同时重点介绍了miRNA在药用植物中的研究情况,使人们对药用植物中miRNA有更深的认识,为药用植物研究拓展新思路.     

稀土元素对生物机体剂量效应机理的研究

综述了稀土元素对生物机体剂量效应的机理,从稀土对细胞质膜、细胞周期及细胞凋亡、CaM水平调节的作用到对蛋白质、DNA的影响等不同层次和水平进行了探讨,以期为稀土在生物学领域的进一步广泛应用奠定理论基础.     

药用植物细胞的选育与培养生产次级代谢产物

目前,在医药行业的销售和研发领域中,植物药是健康产业的热点。然而长期的盲目采挖已造成我国当前药用植物资源的匮乏。为解决这一问题,实现药用植物资源的可持续利用,人们从药用植物细胞的选育、细胞培养生产药用植物药用成分等方面进行了研究。本文概述国内外药用植物细胞的选育和大规模培养技术研究中已取得的进展,并提出了目前存在的问题和今后研究的发展方向。     

稀土多元复合肥和三种稀土元素的遗传毒性研究

采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术,研究市售稀土多元复合肥和稀土元素镧、铈、铒的化合物对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性和细胞毒性。结果表明,稀土复合肥和三种稀土元素均可诱发微核效应,在一定浓度下可损伤细胞,影响根尖的正常生长,其中稀土复合肥的微核效应表现出明显的剂量-效应关系。稀土复合肥和稀土元素镧、铈、铒的化合物对蚕豆根尖细胞具有一定的遗传毒性作用和细胞毒性作用,在施用稀土微肥和使用稀土制品时应引起重视。 Abstract：This paper presents the study of genetic toxicity and cell toxicity that is give n by rare earth multi-element compound fertilizer and a chemical compound of rar e earth elements-La3＋、Ce4＋、Er3＋ in root tip cells of Vicia faba.The technique used is micronucleus in root tip cells of Vicia faba.The experiment statistical result shows that both the rare earth compound fertilizer and the three kinds of rare earth elements can cause micronucleus ef fect and under certain concentration,they can hurt cells, affect root tip gro wth .The micronucleus effect of the rare earth compound fertilizer shows a clear relation of dosage-effect. The conclusion is that rare earth compound fertilize r and the chemical compound of rare earth elements La3＋、Ce4＋、E r3＋cause certain genetic toxicity and cell toxicity effect to root tip cells of Vicia faba.Therefore a close attention should be paid when the rar e earth multi-fertilizer and other things made by rare earth are used.     

药用植物细胞的大规模培养技术

对药用植物细胞和器官进行大规模培养生产各种次生代谢药物的技术进行了简要介绍.     

药用植物细胞悬浮培养与新药研发进展(综述)

本文概述药用植物细胞悬浮培养技术研究进展,讨论药用植物细胞悬浮规模培养技术,展望该技术在新药研发中的应用前景。     

药用植物的细胞悬浮培养技术与应用

<正>化学工业出版社出版李永成、蒋志国编著。本书从植物细胞悬浮培养的意义、药用植物组织培养的基本方法、植物悬浮细胞的大规模培养、植物细胞悬浮培养的研究方法与有效成分的提取与分析等方面,系统介绍了药用植物细胞悬浮培养的基本理论与工艺路线、悬浮细胞合成     

中国瓦韦属药用植物的叶表皮观察

利用光学显微镜对中国瓦韦属（Lepisorus）17种药用植物及邻近2属3种植物的叶表皮微形态进行了观察。结果表明,瓦韦属药用植物不同种间的叶表皮特征具有一定的共性,表现为气孔器全部分布在叶下表皮,即全为下生气孔。此外,所研究的瓦韦属植物的基本气孔器类型为极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型及聚腋下细胞型。瓦韦属不同药用植物在叶表皮细胞的大小、形态、垂周壁式样以及气孔器类型、气孔器大小、气孔指数等特征上存在差异,据此可以划分为4种类型。叶表皮特征研究为中国瓦韦属药用植物的分类以及合理开发利用其药用价值提供了新的依据。     

中国瓦韦属药用植物的叶表皮观察

利用光学显微镜对中国瓦韦属(Lepisorus)17种药用植物及邻近2属3种植物的叶表皮微形态进行了观察。结果表明,瓦韦属药用植物不同种间的叶表皮特征具有一定的共性, 表现为气孔器全部分布在叶下表皮, 即全为下生气孔。此外, 所研究的瓦韦属植物的基本气孔器类型为极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型及聚腋下细胞型。瓦韦属不同药用植物在叶表皮细胞的大小、形态、垂周壁式样以及气孔器类型、气孔器大小、气孔指数等特征上存在差异, 据此可以划分为4种类型。叶表皮特征研究为中国瓦韦属药用植物的分类以及合理开发利用其药用价值提供了新的依据。     

稀土元素对植物的生物效应及其作用机理

综述了稀土元素对植物根系发育、生物量、品质和抗逆性的影响.适量稀土浓度可促进植物生长,提高种子萌发能力和根系发育,提高植物生物量,并改善植物果实的品质.施用适量稀土元素还可以增强植物的抗逆性并且对一些植物病害有一定防治作用.介绍了植物对稀土元素的吸收特性和稀土元素在植物体内的含量、分布、存在形式及细胞定位.重点探讨了稀土元素对植物光合作用、叶绿素形成、植物吸收营养元素、稀土元素与钙相关性和稀土元素对细胞膜及酶的作用机理,内容包括稀土元素可提高植物叶绿素含量,增强光合效率,从而增加植物生物量.适量的稀土元素能够促进植物对营养元素的吸收、转化和利用.稀土元素有类似钙的功能,可置换出酶中的钙离子而参与酶的反应.稀土离子可以维持细胞膜的透性和稳定性,提高膜的保护功能,增强植物对不良环境的抵御能力.最后,对稀土元素的研究前景进行了展望.     

Accumulation of rare earth elements in maize plants (Zea mays L.) after application of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum

Rare earth elements are applied in China to improve crop production, and the distribution patterns of individual rare earth elements in native plants have widely been reported. But our knowledge is still limited about the dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth elements in agricultural crops after application of rare earth elements. Effects of lanthanum and mixtures of rare earth elements were studied in pot experiments on the accumulation of individual rare earth elements in maize plants. All plant samples were divided into plant tops and roots. On addition of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum to the soil, a significant dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth element(s) was found in the roots and in the plant tops. Application of mixtures of rare earth elements at >10 mg kg^–1 soil, resulted in a significant increase in contents of light rare earth elements in the roots, and at a dose of 50 mg kg^–1 soil, a similar phenomenon was found in the plant tops. When mixtures of rare earth elements were replaced by lanthanum alone, at a dose higher than 10 mg La kg^–1 soil, a significant increase in La content occurred in the roots and in the plant tops. The content ratio of La to Ce in maize plants appeared to increase as the application doses of rare earth element(s) increased. At a highest dose (50 mg kg^–1soil), the transport of the absorbed La from the roots to the plant tops might be substantially reduced after treatment with lanthanum alone, compared with mixtures of rare earth elements. Increasing the application doses of rare earth element(s) appeared to cause a positive Gd and negative Ce anomaly in the roots and in the plant tops, and the anomaly was more obvious in the plant tops than in the roots. The results indicated that the Gd and Ce anomaly in corns might be considered as important parameters for the safety assessment of agricultural application of rare earth elements.     

应用稀土调控藏红花胚性愈伤组织的生长与分化

为提高藏红花（Crocus sativus）胚性愈伤组织的繁殖系数与出芽率,以建立藏红花离体快繁体系,解决其资源短缺问题,采用两步法,用稀土调控其胚性愈伤组织的生长与分化。结果表明,在添加了0.25mg·L-1NAA、3mg·L-16-BA和400mg·L-1CH的B5固体培养基中,0.04mmol·L-1La3＋促进胚性愈伤组织生长的效果最佳,繁殖系数为12,是不添加稀土处理组的1.48倍;在添加了0.25mg·L-1NAA、3mg·L-16-BA和400mg·L-1CH的1/2B5固体培养基中,0.06mmol·L-1Ce3＋促进胚性愈伤组织分化出芽的效果最佳,出芽率高达84.5%,是不添加稀土处理组的1.81倍,且高于国外报道的出芽率（40%）。初步解决了藏红花胚性愈伤组织生长慢和出芽率低等问题,为建立高效稳定的藏红花离体快繁体系奠定了基础。     

Research of the entry of rare earth elements Eu3+ and La3+ into plant cell

Whether rare earth elements can enter into plant cells remains controversial. This article discusses the ultracellular structural localization of lanthanum (La³⁺) and europium (Eu³⁺) in the intact plant cells fed by rare earth elements Eu³⁺ and La³⁺. Eu-TTA fluorescence analysis of the plasmalemma, cytoplast, and mitochondria showed that Eu³⁺ fluorescence intensities in such structures significantly increased. Eu³⁺ can directly enter or be carried by the artificial ion carrier A23187 into plant cells through the calcium ion (Ca²⁺) channel and then partially resume the synthesis of amaranthin in the Amaranthus caudatus growing in the dark. Locations of rare earth elements La³⁺ and Eu³⁺ in all kinds of components of cytoplasmatic organelles were determined with transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The results of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis indicated that Eu³⁺ and La³⁺ can be absorbed into plant cells and bind to the membranes of protoplasm, chloroplast, mitochondrion, cytoplast, and karyon. These results provide experimental evidence that rare earth elements can be absorbed into plant cells, which would be the basis for interpreting physiological and biochemical effects of rare earth elements on plant cells.     

Effect of Lanthanum on Rooting of In Vitro Regenerated Shoots of Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir

In present study, the effect of lanthanum (La) on the rooting of regenerated shoots of Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir was analyzed. Rooting occurred from regenerated shoots inoculated on a medium supplemented with La, the plant rooting hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or both La and IAA together. The highest rooting efficiency (96%), root number/shoot (8.5), and root length (63 mm) were recorded in shoots cultured on medium containing 2.5 μM IAA combined with 100 μM La(3+). In order to elucidate the mechanism of rooting enhancement by La, we examined dynamic changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in plant tissue over time in culture. We found that the activities of peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly higher in plant tissue cultured in IAA plus La than in La or IAA alone. At the same time, the highest H(2)O(2) content was detected in plant tissue in the presence of 2.5 μM IAA plus 100 μM La(3+). In light of these data and previous results, we speculate that La enhanced IAA-induced rooting by acting as a mild abiotic stress to stimulate POX and SOD activities in plant cells. Then, IAA reacted with oxygen and POX to form the ternary complex enzyme-IAA-O(2) that dissociated into IAA radicals and O(2)(-). Subsequently, IAA-induced O(2)(-) readily converted to hydroxyl radical (HO·) via SOD-catalyzed dismutation. Finally, cell wall loosening and cell elongation occurred as a consequence of HO-dependent scission of wall components, leading to root growth. The treatment of IAA combined with La resulted in the highest plantlet survival (80%) compared to single treatments with IAA or La alone. These data suggest that rare earth elements enhance root morphogenesis and the growth of S. involucrata.     

应用稀土调控藏红花胚性愈伤组织的生长与分化

为提高藏红花(Crocus sativus)胚性愈伤组织的繁殖系数与出芽率, 以建立藏红花离体快繁体系, 解决其资源短缺问题, 采用两步法, 用稀土调控其胚性愈伤组织的生长与分化。结果表明, 在添加了0.25 mg·L^–1 NAA、3 mg·L^–1 6-BA和400 mg·L^–1 CH的B₅固体培养基中, 0.04 mmol·L^–1 La³⁺促进胚性愈伤组织生长的效果最佳, 繁殖系数为12, 是不添加稀土处理组的1.48倍; 在添加了0.25 mg·L^–1 NAA、3 mg·L^–1 6-BA和400 mg·L^–1 CH的1/2 B₅固体培养基中, 0.06 mmol·L^–1 Ce³⁺促进胚性愈伤组织分化出芽的效果最佳, 出芽率高达84.5%, 是不添加稀土处理组的1.81倍, 且高于国外报道的出芽率(40%)。初步解决了藏红花胚性愈伤组织生长慢和出芽率低等问题, 为建立高效稳定的藏红花离体快繁体系奠定了基础。     

新疆北塔山地区药用植物资源及多样性分析

经野外调查、查阅文献和标本鉴定,对新疆北塔山地区药用植物资源及多样性进行了研究。结果显示,该研究区内共有药用植物24科44属60种,其中珍稀濒危药用植物16种,集中分布于单种科和单种属内;区系成分以温带成分为主且与地中海、西亚至中亚分布及其变型联系紧密,热带成分有微弱渗入;生活型以多年生草本植物类型为主,共计29种,占该研究区总种数的48.33%,兼具部分一年生草本和灌木类型;生态型以中生植物为主,但旱生性特征明显;植物的药用部位多样,但集中于全草、根类和茎叶,分别为43.33%、15%和11.66%。本研究为北塔山地区药用植物的保护提供了重要的本底资料,也为该地区生物多样性的研究提供了科学依据。     

稀土元素对酥梨叶片氮、磷、钾及其同化能力的影响

本文报道了稀土元素对酥梨叶片中氮、磷、钾含量,叶绿素含量及其光合效率的影响。结果表明,稀土元素有效地促进树体对氮、磷、钾的吸收。其中对磷的促进作用更显著。同时,增加了叶绿素含量,提高了光合强度。从而,提高了果实产量和品质。     

稀土元素对短叶对齿藓生理生化的研究

通过测定分析3个主要生理指标过氧化物酶（POD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶绿素含量的变化,研究了短叶对齿藓组培苗在6个不同浓度梯度的轻稀土La³⁺,Ce⁴⁺和重稀土Y³⁺单一元素胁迫下的生理响应和变化。结果如下：（1）短叶对齿藓体内的过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量各处理组均低于对照组;Ce⁴⁺元素在3.55×10^-2 mmol·L^-1时显著提高了POD活性,在7.1×10^-2 mmol·L^-1时显著增加了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量。表明短叶对齿藓对Ce⁴⁺元素胁迫响应较强;而La³⁺元素各处理浓度间POD的变化较为平缓,胁迫响应较弱;Y³⁺处理居中。（2）较低浓度的La³⁺（1.8×10^-2 mmol·L^-1）和Ce⁴⁺（3.55×10^-2 mmol·L^-1）时显著提高叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量;3种稀土元素在较高浓度时叶绿素的含量均有明显下降。本研究为进一步探明白云鄂博稀土矿区的苔藓植物生长发育受稀土元素的影响奠定了基础。