在上树时间序列过程中,油松毛虫越冬幼虫扩散型变化的趋势分析

本文在测定油松毛虫越冬幼虫静态空间格局及其抽样技术研究的基础上,为了进一步揭示越冬幼虫在上树时序过程中扩散或聚集的变化趋势,本研究从越冬幼虫上树开始到结束,随着幼虫由树下逐渐向树上转移,分别以株为单元,轮为单元和枝为单元进行了3种抽样的调查,通过测定其种群聚集度指标,根据Mont Lloyd(1967)给出的判断法,并在此基础上应用谐波分析法来研究越冬幼虫种群与其环境之间所表现的种的特性反应和行为。     

杨树粒肩天牛幼虫的空间格局

运用聚集度指标、回归模型、零频率等方法对福建闽北地区杨树粒肩天牛幼虫的空间格局进行测定。结果表明该天牛幼虫在杨树林中呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分为个体群,个体之间相互吸引。用零频率方法分析得出,粒肩天牛种群类型为“聚集度零频率制约型”。并确定了该天牛幼虫林间调查的最适理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。     

思茅松毛虫幼虫空间格局与抽样技术的初步研究

采用聚集度指标法和回归分析法,对思茅松毛虫幼虫在林间的空间格局进行测定,并用刀切法对聚集度指标进行估计和检验,结果表明,思茅松毛虫幼虫在林间呈聚集分布,分布的基本成份为个体群．并计算了林间调查的理论抽样数,列出序贯抽样分析表。     

黑角直缘跳甲幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术的研究

通过运用二种回归方法和六种聚集度指标对黑角直缘跳甲幼虫的空间格局和抽样技术进行了研究。所有的指标表明黑角直缘跳甲幼虫在林间呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群,且个体间相互吸引。在空间分布型研究的基础上提出了理论抽样数和序贯抽样方案。通过不同抽样方式的精确度比较,表明对角线抽样方式最佳。     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫空间分布型和田间抽样技术

通过田间调查和计算,明确了美洲斑潜蝇幼虫呈聚集分布,且以负二项分布为主,理论抽样数当t＝1．00,D＝0．2时,n＝26．08／X＋16．12,如果防治指标定为10头／株,则最大抽样数为19株,序贯抽样的累积幼虫数量界限为．田间随机取样以平行线和Z字形为最佳。     

沙棘木蠹蛾的幼虫空间分布与抽样技术

利用常用的聚集度指标 ,对沙棘木蠹蛾HolcocerushippophaecolusHua ,Chou ,FangetChen幼虫的分布进行了分析。结果显示 ,该幼虫的空间分布格局为聚集型分布。通过Iwao的m - x回归检验方程 ,确定了其最适抽样数和最佳样方大小。采用对角线、之字型、五点式、棋盘式和平行线等 5种抽样方法对沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的抽样技术分别进行了研究 ,结果表明 :最佳的抽样方法为棋盘式。     

三叶斑潜蝇幼虫种群空间格局及抽样技术研究

三叶斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii是我国重要的园艺及蔬菜害虫,研究三叶斑潜蝇种群的空间格局和抽样技术,可为该虫的危害调查与防治提供理论依据。应用Iwao m*-m回归分析法、Taylor的幂法则及6个聚集指标,对三叶斑潜蝇幼虫在番茄和豇豆上的空间分布型和抽样技术进行了研究,并做了影响因素分析。结果表明:三叶斑潜蝇幼虫在番茄和豇豆上均呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分是以个体群形式存在,通过分布型参数,采用Kc法、Iwao法及Taylor幂法计算出了在不同精度下三叶斑潜蝇田间的理论抽样数。     

大袋蛾幼虫空间分布型及其应用研究

大袋蛾幼虫在桐粮间作的泡桐林中,为聚集分布,对其进行抽样时宜采用“Z字形”或“品字形”调查法,其最适抽样数,最大抽样数,其防治的上下限并可用有虫株率对平均密度进行简易估计,其公式为:     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫在苗期玉米田的空间分布格局及其抽样技术

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是2019年1月新入侵我国的重要害虫,研究并明确空间格局对确定该虫田间抽样技术、调查虫情具有指导意义。本研究调查获得了玉米苗期喇叭口初期、大喇叭口期草地贪夜蛾幼虫空间分布数据,应用多个聚集指标、Iwao m~*-m模型、Taylor幂法则等方法分析明确了该虫幼虫空间格局,发现苗期整体上幼虫个体群为聚集分布,喇叭口初期为聚集分布而大喇叭口期为均匀分布;苗期整体上及大喇叭口期幼虫聚集度对密度不具依赖性,而喇叭口初期幼虫聚集度对密度具依赖性;同一幼虫密度和误差条件下不同苗期抽样数量显著不同,玉米生育期越早则抽样数量越大。     

柠条重要害虫四线奇尺蛾天津亚种幼虫的空间分布研究

四线奇尺蛾天津亚种是近几年新发现的危害柠条的重要害虫,研究四线奇尺蛾种群的空间格局和抽样技术,可为该害虫的危害调查与防治提供理论依据。本文应用6个聚集指标和Taylor幂法则及Iwao的m~*-m回归分析法,对四线奇尺蛾天津亚种幼虫的空间分布型和抽样技术进行了研究,并做了影响因素分析。结果表明:四线奇尺蛾天津亚种幼虫在6个样地均呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群,通过分布型参数,采用Iwao法计算出了在不同精度下幼虫抽样数公式和序贯抽样模型,该模型可为四线奇尺蛾天津亚种的预测预报及防治提供理论依据。     

Comparing four simple,inexpensive methods for sampling forest arthropod communities

Terrestrial arthropods are diverse, and quantifying their availability to consumers is important for understanding both consumer and insect distribution, abundance, and communities. However, characterizing arthropod communities in complex forest ecosystems is challenging. We compared arthropod communities in a wet‐limestone forest in Jamaica during the dry season sampled by four methods: branch clips, sweep netting, and sticky traps applied to tree trunks and hanging free of vegetation. We found no effect of relative height in the canopy for the two methods that could be used at different heights, i.e., hanging sticky traps and branch clips. In addition, the arthropod community sampled changed over time (season) for sweep nets and branch clips. We also found that branch clips and sweep nets sampled more arthropod taxa than the two sticky‐trap methods. In addition, branch clips and sweep nets sampled more ants and spiders than the two sticky‐trap methods, whereas collar sticky traps on tree trunks sampled more bark lice (Psocoptera), and hanging sticky traps more flies (Diptera) than the other methods. Percentages of flying insects and strong‐flying insects sampled did not differ between sweep netting and branch clipping, but a higher percentage of both groups were captured with collar and hanging sticky traps. Because we found that the different methods sampled different subsets of the arthropod community, both taxonomically and in terms of aerial versus non‐aerial taxa, investigators should choose the arthropod sampling methods that most closely align with their focal species and study questions. For example, investigators might use collar traps for studies of bark gleaners, hanging sticky traps for aerial foragers, and branch clips or sweep nets for foliage gleaners. Alternatively, if a focal species is known to prefer certain prey items, investigators may instead select a method that effectively samples those prey taxa. Finally, for some studies, using multiple sampling methods may be the best option.     

嵌套式回归建立树木生物量模型

 该文介绍了一种建立树木生物量模型的简单快速方法——嵌套式回归。基本原理是以枝轴为基本单位, 逐级拟合。过程是把枝条分解成枝轴, 从枝轴到枝条, 再到单株, 拟合不同层次或尺度的生物量模型。建立枝轴生物量方程, 估计各级枝轴生物量, 将枝轴生物量(实测值或模拟值)总和起来便得到枝条生物量。由于样本单元之间有包含关系, 实际测定的样本很小, 具有快速实用的特点。检验结果显示, 模型预测值和实测值具有较高的一致性。     

The relation between fine root density and proximity of stems in closed Douglas-fir plantations on homogenous sandy soils: implications for sampling design

Studies have been carried out in two fully stocked, fast growing Douglas-fir plantations of the Dutch ACIFORN project in three consecutive years, to obtain information on fine root densities (Olsthoorn 1991). For the present paper, data collected in early summer 1987 were used to study the relation of fine root density and proximity to the nearest tree or the dominant tree. A large number of samples (37 in one site and 55 in another) was collected in a small plot (10 × 11 m). Two distances were measured at each sampling point: the distance to the nearest tree and the distance to the tree with a dominant crown above that point. There was large variability in fine root density in the samples. Tests with different regression models showed a distinct rooting pattern for one of the two locations. It is concluded that systematic errors in the assessment of fine root density can arise when sampling points are chosen at a constant distance from trees. For Douglas-fir, this systematic error could have been an overestimation of the fine root density by up to 10%. These systematic errors can be avoided easily, using a stratified random design or a random sampling design. When trees are spaced irregularly, a grid sampling design is also appropriate. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dramatically elevated rate of mitochondrial substitution in lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)

Few estimates of relative substitution rates, and the underlying mutation rates, exist between mitochondrial and nuclear genes in insects. Previous estimates for insects indicate a 2-9 times faster substitution rate in mitochondrial genes relative to nuclear genes. Here we use novel methods for estimating relative rates of substitution, which incorporate multiple substitutions, and apply these methods to a group of insects (lice, Order: Phthiraptera). First, we use a modification of copath analysis (branch length regression) to construct independent comparisons of rates, consisting of each branch in a phylogenetic tree. The branch length comparisons use maximum likelihood models to correct for multiple substitution. In addition, we estimate codon-specific rates under maximum likelihood for the different genes and compare these values. Estimates of the relative synonymous substitution rates between a mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (EF-1alpha) gene in lice indicate a relative rate of several 100 to 1. This rapid relative mitochondrial rate (>100 times) is at least an order of magnitude faster than previous estimates for any group of organisms. Comparisons using the same methods for another group of insects (aphids) reveals that this extreme relative rate estimate is not simply attributable to the methods we used, because estimates from aphids are substantially lower. Taxon sampling affects the relative rate estimate, with comparisons involving more closely related taxa resulting in a higher estimate. Relative rate estimates also increase with model complexity, indicating that methods accounting for more multiple substitution estimate higher relative rates.     

基于不同预测变量的天然椴树可加性地上生物量模型构建

森林生物量是森林生态系统的最基本数量特征,生物量数据是研究许多林业问题和生态问题的基础,因此,准确测定生物量对于计算碳储量以及研究气候变化、森林健康、森林生产力、养分循环等十分重要.目前,测算森林生物量常用的方法为生物量模型估算法.本研究基于小兴安岭地区和张广才岭地区97株实测生物量数据,建立了3个天然椴树立木可加性生物量模型系统(基于胸径的一元可加性生物量模型系统、基于胸径和树高的二元可加性生物量模型系统、基于最优变量的最优可加性生物量模型系统),采用非线性似乎不相关回归法进行参数估计,用加权方法解决模型的异方差问题,并采用“刀切法”进行模型检验.结果表明: 3种可加性生物量模型系统均能较好地对椴树各部分生物量进行拟合和预测(调整后确定系数R_a²>0.84,平均预测误差百分比MPE<8.5%,平均绝对误差MAE<16.3 kg,平均百分标准误差MPSE<28.5%),其中,树干和地上生物量的拟合效果优于树叶、树枝和树冠;在引入树高和树冠因子后,提高了模型的拟合效果和预测能力(R_a²提高0.01～0.04,MAE降低0.01～4.55 kg),缩小了预测值置信区间的范围,树干、树叶和地上生物量提高较多,树枝和树冠提高较少.总体来看,最优生物量模型系统效果最好,其次为二元生物量模型系统,再次是一元生物量模型系统,添加树高和树冠因子进行生物量模型的构建十分必要.     

Reproductive investment in male and female Eurya japonica (Theaceae) at tree and branch levels

Intersexual differences in reproductive investments (RIs) (dry mass of reproductive tissue) at tree and branch levels in Eurya japonica were examined during two successive years. Mean total RIs per tree for males and females (adjusted for the mean trunk diameter in the combined sample trees, 25.7 mm) were 3.47 and 5.67 g dry mass. Females generally allocated about 1.6 times more biomass per tree to reproduction than males. On the other hand, male total RI per terminal branch averaged 51.6 mg dry mass and female averaged 226.6 mg. Females generally allocated about 4.4 times more biomass per terminal branch to reproduction than males. Thus, the magnitude of sexual difference at the tree level was much lower than that at the branch level. There were negative correlations between interyear fluctuation of total RI and stem diameter for both sexes. Interyear fluctuation of RI was greater for females than males in all size categories. This study revealed that conclusions from tree measures of RI differed from branch measures and suggested the importance of evaluating the average RI at the tree level for woody plants. I discussed the importance in adopting an effective sampling strategy for evaluating the RI at the tree level.     

长白落叶松含碳率分析及含碳量异速生长模型

森林碳储量约占陆地碳储量的45%,准确评估森林碳储量对于森林的科学经营管理及规划具有重要意义。基于2015—2018年黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗、尚志帽儿山、小九林场以及东京、林口林业局的77棵人工长白落叶松的解析木数据,分析5种树木成分(即干材、树皮、树枝、树叶和树根)的含碳量分配及含碳率变化,构建了长白落叶松总量及各分项的一元及二元可加性含碳量模型,模型参数估计采用非线性似乎不相关回归模型方法,并采用“刀切法”对模型进行检验,评价其预测能力。结果表明:各分项加权平均含碳率差异显著,树枝(49.3%)>树皮(48.7%)>树叶(48.5%)>干材(48.2%)>树根(47.1%)。地上含碳量约占总含碳量的80%,地下含碳量约占20%。可加性含碳量模型的调整后确定系数R_a²大于0.89,平均绝对误差(MAE)小于4.1 kg,绝大多数模型的平均绝对误差百分比(MAE%)小于30%。引入树高变量,可以有效地提高大部分含碳量模型的拟合效果和预测能力。其中,总量、地上、干材和树皮含碳量模型拟合效果较好,树枝、树叶、树根和树冠含碳量模型拟合效果相对较差。     

利用线性混合效应模型模拟杉木人工林枝条生物量

基于福建省将乐林场45株人工杉木解析木的572组枝条生物量数据,采用线性混合效应模型方法,建立杉木人工林枝条总生物量和枝、叶生物量的预测模型,并利用独立样本数据对模型进行检验.结果表明： 线性混合效应模型比传统多元线性回归模型的拟合精度高.不同随机效应参数的组合,其混合模型的精度不同.考虑异方差结构的混合模型能够消除数据间的异方差性,其精度更高,其中,对于枝条总生物量和叶生物量模型,以指数函数作为异方差结构时的模型精度最高;对于枝生物量模型,以常数加幂函数作为异方差结构时的模型精度最高.模型检验结果表明：对于杉木人工林枝条生物量预测模型,考虑随机效应和异方差结构的线性混合模型的检验精度比传统多元线性回归模型的精度有明显提高.