红景天甙生物合成途径：酪醇合成的起始反应及其糖基化

红景天甙(Salidroside)生源途径分子机制的解析是利用基因工程、代谢工程技术合成目标化合物的基础。糖基化是红景天甙生物合成的最后一步反应。在前期工作中,本课题组率先报道了与红景天甙生物合成相关的3个尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶(UGTs)基因,在体外酶学性质研究的基础上,利用根癌农杆菌和发根农杆菌介导分别建立了相关转基因体系,鉴别了红景天甙生物合成最适UGT及植物和毛状根生物反应器系统合成红景天甙的效率差异;酪醇(Tyrosol)是红景天甙糖基化反应的甙元底物分子,其具体的代谢通路及其调控机制仍不明确。针对酪醇生物合成来源主要存在两种观点:一是酪醇可能来自于苯丙烷代谢途径产生的4-香豆酸,该途径起源于苯丙氨酸;二是生物碱代谢途径的中间产物酪胺可能是酪醇生物合成的前体,该途径则起源于酪氨酸。在后续工作中,否定了酪醇来源于苯丙烷代谢途径的可能性,进一步的工作证实酪氨酸脱羧酶(TyrDC)在酪醇生物合成的起始反应中担负着重要功能,酪醇作为一种苯乙烷类化合物衍生物,其生物合成来源于生物碱代谢途径。     

高山红景天细胞悬浮培养中红景天甙生物合成代谢的调控 Ⅰ:前体的影响

探索了高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor)细胞培养中红景天甙生物合成的途径,认为甙元酪醇是经由莽草酸途径生成的。在此基础上研究了酪醇、L-酪氨酸与L-苯丙氨酸三种前体加入对红景天甙生物合成的调控作用。结果表明,酪醇、酪氨酸等前体易被多酚氧化酶氧化成褐色,用与前体浓度为1:1的V。来防止褐化效果显著;浓度为0.5mmol/L的酪醇,酪氨酸及苯丙氨酸在细胞培养15d时添加,使红景天甙含量由0.336％分别提高到1.43％、1.11％、0.85％。     

非水相介质中β-葡萄糖苷酶催化合成红景天甙的研究

本文探讨了在非水相介质中酶催化逆水解反应合成红景天甙的新方法,研究了非水相反应体系、酪醇浓度、D-葡萄糖浓度、反应时间、pH值对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化酪醇和D-葡萄糖合成红景天甙的影响,优化了酶法合成红景天甙的条件,使其转化率达到了17．7％,即7．39g/L,远远高于米曲霉整体细胞催化的产量（0．7g／L）。该方法可望应用于其它具有生理活性糖苷类化合物的高效酶促合成,具有潜在的应用价值。     

利用高山红景天培养细胞生物转化外源酪醇生产红景天甙的研究

高山红景天（ＲｈｏｄｉｏｌａｓａｃｈａｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＡ．Ｂｏｒ．）培养细胞中,甙元酪醇在细胞生长静止期大量积累,而此时糖基化反应的效率很低,因而红景天甙（ｓａｌｉｄｒｏｓｉｄｅ）产量较低。考虑到培养细胞中酪醇葡萄糖基转移酶的活性在指数生长期达到最高,考察了在指数生长期添加外源酪醇生物转化生产红景天甙的可能性,并探讨了酪醇添加浓度、添加方法及细胞密度对酪醇转化率及红景天甙产量的影响。结果表明,细胞在酪醇浓度为１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的培养基中培养２４ｈ后可使酪醇转化率达到９５％;过高的酪醇浓度（＞３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对细胞生长及酪醇转化率都有明显抑制作用;通过较低浓度酪醇的３次重复添加,可使细胞密度为６ｇＤＷ／Ｌ、１２ｇＤＷ／Ｌ及１８ｇＤＷ／Ｌ的培养物中的红景天甙产量分别达到１３２０ｍｇ／Ｌ、１７４０ｍｇ／Ｌ和１９８０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

高山红景天细胞悬浮培养中红景天甙生物合成代谢的调控：Ⅰ …

探索了高山红景天细胞培养中红景天甙生物合成的途径,认为甙元酪醇是红由莽草酸途径的。在此基础上研究了酪醇,Ｌ－酪氨酸与Ｌ－苯丙氨酸三种前体加入对就天甙生物合成的调控作用。结果表明,酪醇,酪氨酸等前体易被酚氧化成褐色,用与前体浓度为１：１的ＶＣ来防止褐化效果显著;     

帕里红景天的化学成分研究

从帕里红景天根茎的石油醚和乙醇提取部分共分得１４种结晶性化合物,经光谱分析和化学反应,分别鉴定为二十二醇、二十六酸、十九醇、β－谷甾醇、二十九醇、红景天甙、麦芽糖、棉皮素－８－葡萄糖甙、胡萝卜甙、酪醇、咖啡酸、没食子酸、形花内酯和新化合物帕里甙。     

固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶催化合成红景天甙的研究

目的:利用海藻酸钠和壳聚糖固定β-葡萄糖苷酶,催化合成红景天甙,并对固定化条件的选择、固定化酶催化合成红景天甙的条件优化进行研究.方法:采用正交实验方法寻求最佳固定化条件,以转化率为指标对合成条件进行优化.结果:固定β-葡萄糖苷酶的最佳条件为:壳聚糖浓度1.5%,吸附时间9h,交联时间12h,戊二醛浓度1.0%,吸附温度O℃,酶活力回收率达74.38%.催化合成红景天甙的最佳条件为:反应介质pH 5.8醋酸缓冲液/叔丁醇(1:9),底物浓度酩醇5g/L,D-葡萄糖与酪醇摩尔比为1:1,反应时间50h,反应温度50℃,红景天甙的转化率最高可达到71.9%.结论:固定化酶催化合成红景天甙的转化率得到较大的提高,为工业化生产提供了可靠的理论依据.     

红景天苷生物、化学和生物催化合成的分子理论及应用

红景天苷是红景天属植物的主要活性成分之一,研究红景天苷的高效合成具有重要的科研和应用价值。本文全面概述近年来合成红景天苷的研究状况,主要包括生物合成途径、化学合成途径、生物催化合成途径。对生物合成途径中红景天苷的代谢合成途径、关键酶及基因、实践现状进行了分析;总结了以Koenigs-Knorr法为理论基础的化学合成的研究进展;对具有广泛发展前景的体外生物催化合成状况进行了理论与实践的概述。通过对这些合成方法的展望,为人们了解合成红景天苷的研究现状、进一步深入研究提供参考。     

超临界CO2萃取红景天中红景天苷、苷元酪醇的研究

采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法相比较, 研究从红景天中提取红景天苷、苷元酪醇的工艺条件, 结论是:采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法能萃取出红景天生药中红景天苷的1.2%, 提取率不高, 但该方法能萃取出80%的苷元酪醇, 萃取液中苷元酪醇的相对含量可达45.68%;乙醇常温浸提法能将红景天苷、苷元酪醇同时有效萃取, 且得率较高, 但是萃取液中两物质相对含量较低, 进一步分离纯化将有难度。本研究结果表明, 将超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法有效结合, 可实现两物质的有效分离, 推进红景天有效成分的产业化进程。     

大花红景天多元酚类化学成分的研究

从大花红景天Rhodiola crenulata (HK.f.et thoms)H.Ohba的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离出12个多元酚类化合物。其中六个经光谱分析和化学方法鉴定为没食子酸(gallic acid,1),酪醇(p-tyrosol,2),6-氧-没食子酰基红景天甙(6-O-galloylsalidroside,3),1,2,3,4,6-五氧-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-gluco pyranoside,4),草质素-7-氧-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖甙(rhodionin,5),草质素-7-氧-(3-氧-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖甙(rhodiosin,6),1和4具有抗毒肝素的活性,4还有抗脂质过氧化的活性,2,5,6具有提高机体抗逆境能力的活性。     

不同来源高山红景天材料中有效成分的HPLC分析

本文用HPLC测定、比较了5种不同来源的高山红景天材料中有效成分—红景天甙及其甙无酪醇的含量,并建立了高山红景天有效成分分析的样品制备方法,结果表明:固体培养、液体培养及反应器培养的高山红景天组织中均含有上述两种有效成分.其中固体培养的材料中有效成分的含量最高.三种提取方法比较表明,用索氏提取器连续回流提取明显优于冷浸提取和批式回流提取.     

Multi-modular engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high-titre production of tyrosol and salidroside

Tyrosol and its glycosylated product salidroside are important ingredients in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. Despite the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to naturally synthesize tyrosol, high yield from de novo synthesis remains a challenge. Here, we used metabolic engineering strategies to construct S. cerevisiae strains for high-level production of tyrosol and salidroside from glucose. First, tyrosol production was unlocked from feedback inhibition. Then, transketolase and ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase were overexpressed to balance the supply of precursors. Next, chorismate synthase and chorismate mutase were overexpressed to maximize the aromatic amino acid flux towards tyrosol synthesis. Finally, the competing pathway was knocked out to further direct the carbon flux into tyrosol synthesis. Through a combination of these interventions, tyrosol titres reached 702.30 ± 0.41 mg l⁻¹ in shake flasks, which were approximately 26-fold greater than that of the WT strain. RrU8GT33 from Rhodiola rosea was also applied to cells and maximized salidroside production from tyrosol in S. cerevisiae. Salidroside titres of 1575.45 ± 19.35 mg l⁻¹ were accomplished in shake flasks. Furthermore, titres of 9.90 ± 0.06 g l⁻¹ of tyrosol and 26.55 ± 0.43 g l⁻¹ of salidroside were achieved in 5 l bioreactors, both are the highest titres reported to date. The synergistic engineering strategies presented in this study could be further applied to increase the production of high value-added aromatic compounds derived from the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway in S. cerevisiae.     

Studies on Chemical Constituents of Rhodiola phariensis (H. Ohla) S. H. Fu

Rhodiola phariensis (H. Ohla) S. H. Fu is native to China. This species is distributed in Xizang of China. So far no datum of its chemical constituents has been recorded. Fourteen crystalline substances were isolated from the petroleum ether and ethanol extractions of the rhizome of this plant. Thirteen of them were identified as 1-docosanol, cerotic acid, 1-nonadecanol, β-sitosterol, 1-hepacosanol, salidroside, maltose, gossypin, daucosterol, tyrosol, caffeic acid, gallic acid, umbelliferone by chemical and spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C- NMR, and MS) analysis. Ⅹ was a new compound named pharienside. It' s structure was elucidated as p-O-galloy salidroside by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and chemical reactions. Gossypin was obtained from the genus Rhodiola L. for the first time.     

Production of Salidroside Through Biotransformation of Exogenous Tyrosol in Rhodiola sachalinensis Cell Suspension Cultures

In Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bot. cell cultures, low yields of salidroside was supposed to be associated with the low efficiency of glucosylation reaction at the stationary phase of cell growth, when large amounts of the substrate, aglycon tyrosol, were accumulated. Considering the activity of tyrosol glucosyhransferase being the highest at the exponential growth phase, the author added exogenous tyrosol into the cultures at this time so as to produce salidroside through biotransformation. The effects of tyrosol concentration, the way of tyrosol addition as well as the cell density on the transformation rate and salidroside yield were investigated. It was found that the transformation rate attained 95 % after cells were incubated in the medium containing 1 mmol/L tyrosol for 24 h. Excess high concentrations of tyrosol in medium ( > 3 mmol/L) caused inhibition of transformation rate and cell growth. By 3 repeated additions of tyrosol in low concentrations, the salidroside yields of 1 320 mg/L, 1 740 mg/L and 1 980 mg/L to the cell densities of 6 g DW/L, 12 g DW/L and 18 g DW/L were obtained respectively.     

Production of salidroside and tyrosol in cell suspension cultures of Rhodiola crenulata

Salidroside and its aglycone tyrosol are important compounds found in Rhodiola plants. In this study, callus derived from Rhodiola crenulata was induced and grown when explants were incubated on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing various concentrations of 6-benzyaldenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and thidiazuron (TDZ). Callus was easily initiated from juvenile leaves in half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BA and 3.0 mg/L NAA, while full strength MS containing 0.5 mg/L TDZ and 0.5 mg/L NAA was the best for callus subculture and subsequent cell suspension culture. The activities of l-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and β-d-glucosidase, two key enzymes in salidroside synthesis, increased at first and subsequently decreased in cell suspension cultures. The salidroside and tyrosol levels in the cell suspension cultures were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. High levels of salidroside and tyrosol were detected in cell suspension cultures of R. crenulata extracted with 75 % methanol, demonstrating that the biotechnological production of these compounds using plant cell suspension cultures derived from R. crenulata may be an attractive alternative to harvest-based production.