4种不同生活型湿地植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

选择4种湿地植物菖蒲、香蒲、浮萍和金鱼藻,研究单一及组合湿地植物对高浓度污水(污水处理厂进水)、低浓度污水(污水处理厂出水)中营养物质的去除效果.结果表明: 水体中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度呈现试验前期快速下降,后期缓慢下降的趋势,表明湿地植物能有效净化污水中的TN、TP、COD,但不同湿地植物及湿地植物组合的净化效果存在差异.多种湿地植物组合比单种湿地植物对TN的净化作用强,其中香蒲＋浮萍＋金鱼藻对TN的净化效果最佳;高浓度污水中,单种挺水植物对TP的净化效果较好,低浓度污水中,则是多种湿地植物组合对TP的去除率较高;高浓度污水中,湿地植物对COD的去除率为85.1%～96.0%,其中菖蒲、香蒲去除效果最佳,低浓度污水中,湿地植物对COD去除率为76.9%～94.8%,以菖蒲＋浮萍＋金鱼藻去除效果最好.总体看来,湿地植物对高浓度污水中TN、TP、COD的净化效果好于低浓度污水,两种水体的pH都得到改善.     

Growth and nutrient removal of three macrophytes in response to concentrations and ratios of N and P

Wastewater from different sources shows great differences in concentrations and ratios of N and P. In order to choose suitable plant species to remove excess N and/or P from polluted waters, it is important to know the performances of these plants under different N and P concentrations. In this study, we investigated the growth and N and P removal rate of three macrophytes, Coix lacryma-jobi, Iris wilsonii, and Arundo donax under six N and P combination treatments. C. lacryma-jobi preferred higher N and P concentrations (16 mg N L^?1 and 3.2 mg P L^?1), and increasing N supply could increase its P removal rate. I. wilsonii exhibited a growth preference at a combination of moderate N and P concentrations (8 mg N L^?1 and 0.8 mg P L^?1). A. donax could grow well at all combinations of N and P and had significantly higher relative growth rate and N and P removal rates than the other two species. These results showed A. donax is a promising species to treat various polluted waters and the other two species can be used specifically to treat certain types of wastewater.     

柊叶和象草波式潜流人工湿地的对比研究

为探索柊叶和象草在人工湿地中的应用及其净化机理,该研究以柊叶和象草为人工湿地植物分别构建了波式潜流人工湿地系统,分析了柊叶和象草波式潜流人工湿地对生活污水中COD_(cr)、TN和TP的净化效果,观察了柊叶和象草两种植物在不同季节的生长状况。结果表明:经过15个月的连续运行,在表面水力负荷约0.3 m·d~(-1)的条件下,柊叶和象草波式潜流人工湿地平均去除率是COD_(cr)分别为66.1%和70.1%,TN分别为60.4%和63.7%,TP分别为74.1%和75.1%。两种植物生长良好,根系发达,象草的地上生物量是柊叶的2.1倍,地下生物量相当;冬季象草生长缓慢,柊叶部分叶片的四周干枯,但二者都不会枯亡。这说明两个人工湿地对COD_(cr)、TN和TP都具有较好的去除效果,但无显著性差异,柊叶和象草能明显提高潜流人工湿地的净化效果。     

铁-碳内电解质下4种水生植物的净水效果

为比较湿地生态系统中常见水生植物的净水效果,在铁-碳内电解质下以凤眼莲、睡莲、菖蒲、芦苇4种水生植物为研究对象,比较分析植物及其组合在不同试验时间(1～5 d)对污水中铵氮、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)的净化效果.结果表明:与无植物的对照相比,铁-碳内电解质下单种水生植物对污水中的铵氮、COD、TP去除效果更好,但物种间存在明显差异.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲对铵氮的去除率达到100%;3 d时,铵氮在菖蒲水体中的浓度接近0;各类型植物组合对铵氮的去除效果均较好.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲的水体COD浓度接近0,菖蒲次之,凤眼莲-菖蒲组合水体的COD浓度降为最低(4.33 mg·L^-1),去除率为85.1%.在处理4 d时,凤眼莲的TP浓度最低,芦苇次之;处理2 d时,凤眼莲-菖蒲水体的TP浓度最低.内电解质与植物的组合效果比单纯内电解质对污水的净化效果好,植物的配置应依据污染物水平进行优化.     

一株脱氮细菌鉴定及其效果研究

针对传统人工湿地治理污染河湖水工艺中存在的脱氮效率低、环境安全性差等问题，从污水处理厂生化池污泥中分离纯化获得菌株TY（CGMCC1.18865，该菌种已于2020年在中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心入库），通过配水试验，验证菌株脱氮特性，并进一步以火山岩为填料，采用湿地模拟系统装置对比附配TY菌的湿地系统与传统湿地系统对污染水体的脱氮效果的差异；通过16S rRNA基因序列分析，鉴定获得的菌株TY，同时对其表现出的反硝化作用进行分析研究。结果表明：分离获得的TY菌株为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.），配水试验中对氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为84.2%和93.6%。通过对模拟湿地系统出水氨氮、总氮和化学需氧量（COD）监测，发现30 d平均去除率分别可提升至94.3%、88.0%和82.3%，较传统湿地分别提高27.9%、28.8%和7.3%。研究表明，TY菌脱氮过程中有少量的硝态氮和亚硝态氮的积累，可降低对环境的不利影响、有利于脱氮反应连续进行，从而提高人工湿地脱氮效率，具有进一步探究的前景。     

北京地区人工湿地植物活力及污染物去除能力

研究了北京地区常见9种水生植物在水平流潜流型人工湿地中的污染物去除能力和生活力.结果表明,前边湿地单元对COD、TP、TN等污染物的去除贡献大于后边湿地单元.供试植物均可在人工湿地中正常生长,稳定生长112 d后,不同植物的氮磷含量和生物量差异显著（P<0.05）,多数植物氮磷含量地下部高于地上部,地下地上部生物量比（U/A）接近或大于1.植物体内的氮磷累积量为1.36～7.89 g·m^-2和0.19～1.07 g·m^-2.植物生物量对氮磷累积量的影响力大于氮磷含量对氮磷累积量的影响力.水生鸢尾应为北京地区首选人工湿地植物,菖蒲、香蒲和荻等次之.泽泻和芦竹在人工湿地中不能越冬成活.     

几种湿地植物净化生活污水COD、总氮效果比较

以无植被、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地为对照,研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种类型植被、基质均为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水COD、总氮的效果．结果表明,在污水COD浓度小于200mg·L^-1、总氮浓度小于30mg·L^-1的低浓度范围里,无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地对污水中COD、总氮均有很好的去除效果,两者差异不大,其COD去除率均达90％以上,总氮的去除率达80％以上．随着污水中COD和总氮浓度的增加,无植被人工湿地和有植被人工湿地去除COD和总氮的效果均有不同程度下降,两者差异明显,有植被的人工湿地能维持较高的COD、总氮的去除效果,无植被的人工湿地COD和总氮去除效果下降很快,植被在人工湿地系统去除污水COD和总氮过程中起着重要的作用．在整个试验阶段,石菖蒲植被人工湿地COD和总氮平均净化效率分别为80．46％和77．77％、灯心草人工湿地分别为75．53％和71．17％、蝴蝶花人工湿地分别为70．50％和66．38％,无植被人工湿地分别为61．39％和55．81％．同无植被人工湿地COD和总氮净化效果相比,石菖蒲植被人工湿地净化效果最好;其次为灯心草植被人工湿地,再次为蝴蝶花植被人工湿地．不同类型植被的人工湿地净化污水中COD和总氮的效果与其生物量关系密切,这与植被系统吸收同化有机物质和总氮数量、根际微生物分解有机物质和硝化-反硝化作用有关。     

Impacts of sedimentation and nitrogen enrichment on wetland plant community development

Many factors influence which plant species are found in a particular wetland. The species pool is composed of the species present in the seed bank and species able to disperse into the wetland, and many abiotic and biotic factors interact to influence a species performance and abundance in the plant community. Anthropogenic activities produce specific stressors on wetland systems that alter these abiotic and biotic interactions, potentially altering species composition. We simulated three common wetland hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclasses in a greenhouse to examine the effects of two stressors-sedimentation and nitrogen (N) enrichment-on the performance of 8 species grown in artificial communities. Species establishment, height, biomass, and foliar N and P concentrations were measured to explore species responses to stressors and competition, as well as the potential impacts of changes in species composition on ecosystem processes. Species were affected differently by sedimentation and N enrichment, and there were differences in overall community sensitivity to stressors between wetland subclasses. Sedimentation generally reduced seedling establishment, while N enrichment produced variable effects on height and biomass. Interspecific competition had little effect on establishment but significantly reduced most species biomass. Sedimentation generally lowered community biomass, diversity, and richness, while enrichment increased community biomass. Establishment, biomass, and foliar nutrient concentrations significantly differed between many species, suggesting that shifts in species composition may impact ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and carbon storage. Phalaris arundinacea, an aggressive clonal graminoid, universally dominated all wetland subclasses. This dominance across a range of environmental conditions (sedimentation, fertility, and hydrology) has important implications for both restoration and predicting the impacts of human activities on species composition. Our results suggest that, in regions where P. arundinacea is common, restoration projects that establish communities from seeds and human activities that cause vegetation removal are likely to become dominated by P. arundinacea.     

云南高原湖滨带3种挺水植物对水体N的净化能力及响应

以云南常见湖滨带挺水植物水葱、芦苇、茭草为待试植物,通过静水培养试验,分析了3种湖滨带挺水植物在TN浓度为10～10.5mg·L^-1污水中的生长特征及其与净化能力的相互关系.研究表明,植物的生长、生理反应和净化能力间有较好的相关性,水葱、茭草和芦苇的相对生长速率分别为0.0023/d、0.0012/d和0.0017/d,水葱株高增长率为茭草的1.4倍,芦苇的1.84倍,水葱的生长量为(干重)3.53g,为芦苇的1.76倍,茭草的2.22倍;对N的累积能力分别比芦苇和茭草高1.1倍和1.3倍,对氮的同化利用率显著高于芦苇和茭草.水葱、芦苇、茭草对污水氮的净化率分别为86.59%、76.32%和74.83%,对氮的吸收率分别为23.81%、8.55%、11.30%;电导率和MDA比值分别为1.136,2.214和1.413;0.962,1.629和2.06,水葱均表现出较好的净化效果和较强的抗逆性.结果表明,植物对环境的适应及功能的发挥,一方面取决于自身的生物学特性,另一方面受生长环境的影响,环境胁迫导致其生长不良,不能有效发挥其湖滨水体净化功能.     

生物浮岛与漂浮植物对开放池塘水质净化效果

采用自主研发流量可控的密闭漂浮性水槽开展河道原位模拟实验, 研究了挺水植物菖蒲(种植于浮岛上)与漂浮植物凤眼莲对受到城市污水污染的开放池塘水质净化效果以及系统中氮磷等污染物的归趋。结果表明, 菖蒲和凤眼莲对水体藻类密度和叶绿素a削减率达到90%以上, 对COD_Mn浓度削减率达到45%以上。经过10 m长水槽后, 种植了凤眼莲的水槽水体其TN和TP浓度分别由3.71和0.24 mg/L降低至1.71和0.09 mg/L, 而设置有菖蒲浮岛的水槽其水体TN和TP浓度则分别降低至2.69和0.16 mg/L。在水体N、P的总削减量中, 凤眼莲吸收作用分别占84.31%和77.52%, 而在菖蒲浮岛系统中, 菖蒲的吸收作用仅分别占7.72%和8.55%, 菖蒲净化系统中氮、磷的物理沉淀量显著高于凤眼莲组, 分别达到35.26%和51.58%, 但仍有57%和39%以上的氮和磷去向未知, 推测可能与浮岛上生长的生物膜有关。研究结果可为选用凤眼莲和浮岛植物修复技术进行污染水体生态修复理论研究与实践运用提供借签和参考。