紫茎泽兰根区土壤酚酸类物质组成及其对土传病菌的影响

紫茎泽兰根系释放的化感物质是导致其土壤环境发生变化的重要因素,可为其成功入侵提供有利条件.以空白土样为对照,提取健康和感染棉蚜的紫茎泽兰根区土壤酚酸类化感物质,采用GC-MS分析其组分和相对含量.结果表明：不同处理根区土壤酚酸类化感物质的种类没有变化,但相对含量发生了改变.其中,虫害处理土样中苯甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸的相对含量均显著高于对照,但对羟基肉桂酸的相对含量显著低于对照,且苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸和对羟基肉桂酸的相对含量在3种处理土样中的比例存在差异.用上述3种物质单体及它们在3个处理土样的比例复配进行抑菌试验发现：在较低浓度（50～150 mg·L^-1）下,3种化感物质对5种土传性病菌有显著的抑制作用,但复配后对5种病菌的抑制作用各不相同,虫害处理的复配对其中3种病原菌的抑制作用均低于对照和健康植株.     

紫茎泽兰乙醇提取物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖力的影响

采用室内生物测定法研究了紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng乙醇提取物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)生长发育和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,当给棉铃虫幼虫饲喂含紫茎泽兰提取物浓度分别为0.088、0.44、2.2和11 g/kg的饲料时,棉铃虫的死亡率显著高于对照,而羽化率和蛹重均显著低于对照（P≤0.05）。在棉铃虫成虫产卵实验中,0.08、0.4和2 g/L紫茎泽兰提取物对产卵有一定引诱作用,而10 g/L则对产卵有驱避作用。取食浓度分别为0.08、0.4、2和10 g/L紫茎泽兰提取物的棉铃虫卵孵化率降低。表明取食紫茎泽兰提取物对棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖有明显不利影响。     

松毛虫狭颊寄蝇对被害马尾松针叶挥发物的触角电位反应

松毛虫狭颊寄蝇Carcelia matsukarehaeShima是我国松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus(Walke)的重要天敌。通过对被害马尾松(Pinus massonianaLamb.)针叶挥发性物质的提取、鉴定以及对松毛虫狭颊寄蝇的电生理测定,结果表明,大多数的挥发性物质,包括绿叶性挥发物以及松针特有的单萜、氧化单萜和倍半萜,对雌蝇均有明显的电生理活性,其中以顺-3-己烯-1-醇最高,长叶烯最低。雌蝇对4大类挥发性物质的平均相对触角电位反应值,以绿叶性挥发物为最高,其余依次为单萜、氧化单萜和倍半萜。     

紫茎泽兰与4种功能型草本植物根系生长特征和竞争效应

研究了紫茎泽兰与非洲狗尾草、本地狗尾草、佩兰和小藜在野外单、混种条件下根系形态特征,并对相对竞争能力进行了分析.结果表明： 紫茎泽兰与非洲狗尾草混种条件下,紫茎泽兰根系长度、体积和表面积比单种时减小,而非洲狗尾草增大;紫茎泽兰混种时生物量比单种时降低了77.1%,而非洲狗尾草增加了80.4%;非洲狗尾草相对产量和竞争平衡指数高于紫茎泽兰,相对产量总和约为1.0,说明非洲狗尾草地下竞争能力强于紫茎泽兰.紫茎泽兰与本地狗尾草混种条件下,两物种根系长度、体积和表面积低于单种,生物量分别比单种降低了45.3%和22.8%;竞争效应参数表明两物种具有较强的竞争效应.紫茎泽兰与佩兰混种时,两物种根系长度、体积和表面积与在单种时无显著差异,生物量分别低于单种;竞争效应参数表明紫茎泽兰具有竞争优势.紫茎泽兰与小藜混种时,紫茎泽兰根系形态和竞争能力均占优势.从地下根系竞争来看,可以利用非洲狗尾草替代控制紫茎泽兰以及对紫茎泽兰入侵迹地进行生态修复.     

白茅对紫茎泽兰的竞争效应

外来生物的入侵可导致环境退化、生物多样性降低和食物及水资源短缺,利用本地植物或优良牧草进行替代控制是治理入侵植物的有效途径之一。采用本地禾本科植物白茅与紫茎泽兰等比例混合种植,研究了其对紫茎泽兰的竞争效应。结果表明:白茅与紫茎泽兰之间呈现很强的竞争作用,可用作紫茎泽兰的替代控制植物;白茅地上部分相对竞争力比紫茎泽兰强,其幼苗萌发早于紫茎泽兰,株高和单株平均叶面积均显著高于紫茎泽兰;二者混合种植可显著抑制紫茎泽兰的植株生长和分蘖,混合种植区紫茎泽兰的株高、单株平均叶面积和叶绿素含量分别只有其单种的49%、72%和77%;而混合种植对白茅植株生长的影响不显著,并可促进其分蘖,混合种植区的白茅分蘖数达单种区的132%。白茅的相对产量显著高于紫茎泽兰的对应指标,竞争效应参数相对产量总和1.0;随着混合种植时间的延长,两者的竞争关系将愈加显著。     

3种本地植物与入侵植物紫茎泽兰的竞争

为筛选替代控制紫茎泽兰的本地植物及探讨提高替代控制效率的方法,通过盆栽实验并利用相对产量(RY)和竞争攻击力系数(A)衡量了3种本地植物与紫茎泽兰的竞争关系,同时评估了活性炭(AC)、杀真菌剂(FC)和二者联合(AC+FC)对它们竞争的影响。结果表明：(1)不添加任何物质条件下：紫茎泽兰与南酸枣混种时,紫茎泽兰的生物量明显高于单种(P<0.05),其RY和A分别显著大于1和0(P<0.05);紫茎泽兰分别与假地豆和狗尾草混种时,紫茎泽兰的株高和生物量均明显低于单种(P<0.05),其RY和A均分别显著小于1和0(P<0.05)。说明紫茎泽兰的竞争力强于南酸枣而弱于假地豆和狗尾草,假地豆和狗尾草可以在一定区域作为替代控制紫茎泽兰的潜在目标植物。(2)与不添加任何物质相比,紫茎泽兰与南酸枣混种时,AC、FC及AC+FC处理增加了紫茎泽兰的根冠比,降低了其地上生物量比,也降低了南酸枣的生物量(P<0.05);紫茎泽兰与假地豆混种时,AC和AC+FC处理增加了假地豆的株高和生物量,FC处理增加了紫茎泽兰的株高(P<0.05);紫茎泽兰与狗尾草混种时,AC和A...     

施肥对苗期紫茎泽兰和黑麦草相对竞争力的影响

为种植黑麦草替代控制紫茎泽兰提供依据,运用取代实验法,研究了施肥(氮、磷)对苗期紫茎泽兰和黑麦草的相对竞争力以及生长表现的影响。结果表明:增施氮肥和磷肥均能够提高紫茎泽兰的相对竞争力,而仅磷肥对黑麦草的竞争力略有促进作用;但在各种施肥水平下,黑麦草的竞争力仍然明显强于紫茎泽兰。增施氮肥可以显著提高紫茎泽兰的株高、分枝数和干质量,而磷肥仅在较高时才显著提高其干质量;增施氮肥虽然可以提高黑麦草的分蘖数量,但对其干质量没有影响,而增施磷肥(2次)可以显著提高其干质量;在竞争中紫茎泽兰植株生长的能量分配(用根茎比表示)对磷肥不敏感。建议适当增施磷肥、不施或少施氮肥,以提高黑麦草的替代控制效果。     

CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长和营养成分的影响

利用人工气候箱设置两种CO_2浓度(400μL/L和800μL/L),在释放和未释放天敌泽兰实蝇两种情况下测定了紫茎泽兰的生长状况和营养成分。结果表明,在两种CO_2浓度下泽兰实蝇的寄生均可抑制紫茎泽兰的生长,但不同CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰株高、茎直径、节间距和各营养成分含量存在差异。在相同的寄生强度下,800μL/L CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰比400μL/L CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰的株高、节间距和茎直径分别增加了31.74%、6.70%和9.84%;CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇的寄生导致紫茎泽兰的游离氨基酸和淀粉含量显著降低(P0.01),分别较对照降低了25.81%和11.76%;在800μL/L CO_2浓度下紫茎泽兰形成的虫瘿和羽化出下一代泽兰实蝇的数量也显著低于400μL/L CO_2浓度下的处理植株,说明CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的抑制效果减弱。研究结果可为预测全球气候变化下泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的控制效应提供理论依据。     

华山松球果挥发性萜类成分研究

选择7月份的华山松球果。用GC-MS分析了健康果和受害果萜类挥发物成分。结果表明,华山松球果挥发成分25种,其中单萜17种。倍半萜8种,7种主要成分均为单萜组分,它们是a-蒎烯、β-非兰烯／4-侧柏烯、β-蒎烯、β-香叶烯、D-柠檬烯和异松油烯。球果受害后,单萜、倍半萜种类没有变化,除β-蒎烯含量减少外,单萜总量和各组分的含量明显增加。其中β-非兰烯／4-侧柏烯含量增加最多;而倍半萜各组分相对含量变化很小。同时,比较了水蒸气蒸馏和二氯甲烷浸提的分析结果。认为水蒸气蒸馏法不适合华山松球果挥发成分的研究。     

棉蚜和七星瓢虫对紫茎泽兰挥发物的行为反应及挥发物化学成分初步分析

田间调查 发现紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng上有一定数量的棉蚜Aphis gossypii寄生。从棉蚜是否可为紫茎泽兰的生物防治提供新思路的角度出发,研究了紫茎泽兰挥发性气味物质的化学组成及其对棉蚜和七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata行为的影响。棉蚜选择性试验结果表明：紫茎泽兰饲养的棉蚜对紫茎泽兰的趋向率为62.5%,对棉花的趋向率为37.5%。棉花饲养的棉蚜对紫茎泽兰的趋向率为30%,对棉花的趋向率为70%。在七星瓢虫对感染蚜虫植株的选择性实验中,七星瓢虫对感染蚜虫的紫茎泽兰植株气味趋向率为29.2%,对感染蚜虫的棉花植株气味趋向率为70.8%;七星瓢虫对除去植株的两种蚜虫气味选择率没有显著差异,对取食紫茎泽兰的蚜虫气味选择率为46.7%,对取食棉花植株的蚜虫气味选择率为53.3%。通过GC-MC分析了紫茎泽兰挥发性化学物质的组分及相对含量,其主要挥发物的成分是α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、2-蒈烯和α-水芹烯等。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.