棉花对大气CO2浓度升高的响应及其对棉蚜种群发生的作用

通过模拟试验研究了棉花对大气 CO2 浓度升高 (70 5 .0 μl/ L 和 10 32 .3μl/ L vs.387.4 μl/ L)的响应及其对棉蚜 (Aphisgossypii Glover)种群发生的作用机制。结果表明 :(1) CO2 浓度升高可以促进棉花的生长 ,显著提高棉花的株高和生物产量 ;(2 )CO2 浓度增加对棉花的光合作用十分有利 ,单株叶面积显著增加 ,同时 ,叶绿素含量也显著增加 ;(3)高的 CO2 浓度可明显影响棉花组织的营养成分和次生代谢物质的含量 ,游离脂肪酸和游离氨基酸显著增加 ,可溶性蛋白含量显著降低 ,此外 ,大气 CO2增加下棉花组织内棉酚和单宁含量也显著增加了 ;(4 )棉蚜的发育历期与棉花组织的游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、和棉酚的含量呈显著负相关 ;而棉蚜的繁殖力与组织含水量呈显著负相关 ,与游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸和棉酚的含量呈显著正相关。大气 CO2 浓度升高主要是通过影响棉花的营养组成和次生代谢物质含量 ,而间接作用于棉蚜 ;未来 ,随着大气 CO2 浓度增加 ,棉花组织营养物质的变化对棉蚜种群的发生和危害有加重的趋势     

烟草在PVY~N病毒与烟蚜作用下对高CO_2浓度的响应

以CO2浓度为主处理因子,研究了加倍CO2浓度和对照大气CO2浓度条件下,烟蚜、马铃薯Y病毒N株(PVYN)以及二者共同作用下烟草各指标的响应。结果表明,在当前CO2浓度条件下,PVYN、烟蚜及两者联合作用对烟草生物量影响不显著;而在未来高CO2浓度条件下,PVYN、烟蚜及两者联合作用对烟草生物量影响很大。CO2浓度升高后,PVYN和蚜虫二者联合作用显著降低烟草产量,危害加重,高CO2的"肥料"作用被极大地削弱。在有烟蚜、PVYN以及两者共同作用时烟草的化学物质及主要的次生代谢物烟碱的含量对CO2浓度升高的响应也发生一定的变化,表现在:高CO2浓度条件下,蚜虫、蚜虫与PVYN共同作用显著增加了烟草的含氮量;显著减少了烟叶含糖量;PVYN及其与蚜虫共同作用显著升高叶片可溶性蛋白含量;当高CO2浓度下,各处理的烟草烟碱含量均显著下降,而且PVYN感染的烟叶烟碱含量无论在哪一种CO2浓度条件下,都比无毒无虫的对照烟叶烟碱含量升高。结果显示,烟蚜和马铃薯Y病毒N株(PVYN)对烟草的产量、营养物质及防御物质都有影响;CO2浓度升高对烟草的生长有促进作用,增加了烟草的产量,但蚜虫的危害和PVYN感染使烟草产量下降,在高CO2浓度条件下,烟蚜和PVYN共同作用相对于目前CO2浓度对烟草产量的危害加重。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对植物-植食性昆虫的作用机制

大气二氧化碳浓度升高及其伴随的全球变暖引起国内外科学家的极大关注。CO2浓度升高主要通过改变植物的初级和次级代谢产物,影响以之为食的昆虫。本文结合作者近年来的研究成果,着重于以CO2浓度升高为作用因子,以植物和植食性昆虫的相互关系为对象,比较了咀嚼式口器昆虫与刺吸式口器昆虫对大气CO2浓度升高的响应特征,分析了不同取食类型昆虫-植物对大气CO2浓度升高的响应机制。     

不同土壤水分条件下CO2浓度对禾谷缢管蚜种群的影响

利用开顶式熏气室研究了不同土壤水分条件下不同CO2浓度对禾谷缢管蚜种群的影响,以期对未来大气CO2浓度升高条件下不同降雨地区的小麦－蚜虫关系发展趋势做出蚜虫关系发展趋势做出初步预测,结果表明,随CO2浓度从350ul.L^-1上升至550ul.L^-1时,60％土壤水分下的种群增长最快;当CO2浓度从550ul.L^-1上升到700ul.L^-1时,60％和40％土亍水分下的种群增长相近,且高于80％土壤水分下的增长,据此可以认为,随大气CO2浓度升高,禾谷缢管蚜种群会持续增长,从目前至下世纪中叶的时间内可能是蚜种群增长最快的阶段,特别在干旱,半干旱地区禾谷缢管蚜种群增长幅度较大,小麦受受较重。     

不同土壤水分条件下CO_2浓度对禾谷缢管蚜种群的影响

利用开顶式熏气室研究了不同土壤水分条件下不同CO2 浓度对禾谷缢管蚜种群的影响 ,以期对未来大气CO2 浓度升高条件下不同降雨地区的小麦 蚜虫关系发展趋势做出初步预测 .结果表明 ,随CO2 浓度升高 ,禾谷缢管蚜种群持续增长 ,但以CO2 浓度从 35 0 μl·L-1上升到 5 5 0 μl·L-1时增长最快 ;禾谷缢管蚜种群大小与土壤水分密切相关 ,各CO2 浓度下均以 6 0 %土壤水分的最大 ;当CO2 浓度从 35 0 μl·L-1上升到 5 5 0 μl·L-1时 ,6 0 %土壤水分下的种群增长最快 ;当CO2 浓度从 5 5 0 μl·L-1上升到 70 0 μl·L-1时 ,6 0 %和 40 %土壤水分下的种群增长相近 ,且高于 80 %土壤水分下的增长 .据此可以认为 ,随大气CO2 浓度升高 ,禾谷缢管蚜种群会持续增长 ,从目前至下世纪中叶的时间内可能是蚜虫种群增长最快的阶段 ,特别在干旱、半干旱地区禾谷缢管蚜种群增长幅度较大、小麦受害较重 .     

CO2浓度对棉铃虫及其天敌种间关系的影响

近日,中国科学家通过实验探讨春小麦一棉铃虫及其寄生天敌对CO2浓度升高的响应。研究人员用高CO2浓度处理下生长的小麦喂饲棉铃虫,并在棉铃虫幼虫低龄时接入它的寄生天敌一中红侧沟茧蜂,连续两代测定它们的种群参数、取食及寄生能力。结果显示,CO2浓度升高后,春小麦营养水平下降,导致棉铃虫生长发育延长,     

温室气体(CO_2和O_3)升高下转Bt棉凋落物对土壤甲螨种群数量的影响

【目的】Bt棉已在我国种植广泛。而温室气体(CO2和O3)浓度升高会进一步改变植物的化学成分,从而通过凋落物可能会引起土壤动物(甲螨)种群数量的变化。【方法】本文应用开顶式气室(OTC),研究了CO2和O3浓度升高下转Bt棉花凋落物对土壤甲螨种群数量的影响。【结果】研究结果发现,不同取样时间对甲螨种群数量有显著影响,甲螨种群数量的最高值出现在7月份的采样中。CO2浓度升高通过棉花凋落物显著降低了甲螨的种群数量。O3浓度升高通过棉花凋落物降低了常规棉凋落物中的甲螨种群数量,对转Bt作物凋落物中甲螨种群数量无显著影响。【结论】不同温室气体(CO2和O3)浓度升高对土壤甲螨作用不同,其中CO2浓度升高通过棉花凋落物可以显著降低土壤动物的种群数量,而O3浓度升高作用较小。转Bt作物可以缓冲温室气体(CO2和O3)浓度升高通过作物凋落物对土壤动物(甲螨)的影响。     

大气CO2浓度增加对昆虫的影响

大气CO2浓度增加已经受到国内外的极大关注.CO2浓度升高不但影响植物的生长发育,而且还改变植物体内的化学成分的组成与含量,从而间接地影响到植食性昆虫,并进而通过食物链影响到以之为食的天敌.根据国内外研究进展,结合多年的研究,系统介绍了CO2浓度变化对植物-昆虫系统影响的研究方法,论述了CO2浓度变化对植食性昆虫、天敌的作用规律及作用机理,探讨了CO2浓度变化对植物-植食性昆虫系统影响的特征,分析了未来研究发展的趋势及其存在的问题.     

大气CO2浓度升高对亚洲玉米螟生长发育及繁殖的影响

大气CO2浓度升高影响寄主植物的营养而间接影响节肢动物外,还直接影响许多昆虫的生长发育和繁殖。为探讨大气CO2浓度升高对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)生长发育和繁殖的影响,在CDCC-1型密闭式动态CO2气室内研究了当前大气CO2浓度375μl/L及大气CO2浓度分别升高0.5倍和1倍,即达到550μL/L和750μL/L条件下人工饲料饲养亚洲玉米螟实验种群生命表及其营养效应指标。结果表明,大气CO2浓度分别升高到550μL/L和750μL/L时,亚洲玉米螟幼虫成活率分别降低3.0%和8.9%;幼虫、蛹和成虫体重则没有显著差异;在750μL/L CO2浓度下幼虫和蛹历期分别显著延长13.1%和25.8%。虽然单雌产卵量和净增值率(R0)在大气高CO2浓度下有增加趋势,但未达到显著性差异。与当前大气CO2浓度相比,高CO2浓度下玉米螟的取食量分别增加9.1%和34.0%,排粪量分别增加42.3%和42.0%。     

大气中CO2含量增加对植物-昆虫关系的影响

近两百年来,大气中CO₂含量一直在不断地增加,而且增加的速度越来越快.CO₂浓度升高有利于C₃植物如水稻、小麦、大豆和棉花等光合作用和生产力的提高,但同时也减少了这些作物的含氮量,因而降低了它们对植食性昆虫的营养价值.现有的一些研究表明,在这种情况下,植食性昆虫会消耗更多的植物组织以补偿其对含氮物质的需要,导致昆虫对寄主植物为害的加重.     

Response of multiple generations of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, feeding on spring wheat, to elevated CO2

Abstract:  The growth, development and consumption of three successive generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), reared on milky grains of spring wheat grown under elevated CO₂ (double-ambient vs. ambient) in open-top chambers (OTCs) were examined. Decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content, and increases in total non-structure carbohydrates (TNCs) and ratio of TNC : nitrogen were found in wheat milky grains grown under elevated CO₂ conditions. Changes in quality of wheat grains affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera . Significantly longer larval lifespan for the third generation and lower pupal weight for all generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on milky grains of spring wheat grown under elevated CO₂ conditions. Bollworm fecundity was significantly decreased for the second and third generations under elevated CO₂ levels. The consumption, frass per larva and relative consumption rate significantly increased in elevated CO₂ compared with ambient CO₂ conditions. However, the potential population consumption was significant reduced by elevated CO₂ in the second and third generations. The results of this study indicate that elevated CO₂ levels adversely affect grain quality, resulting in consistently increased consumption per larva for a longer period to produce less fecund bollworm through generations, suggesting that net damage of cotton bollworm on wheat will be less under elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels because increased consumption is offset by slower development and reduced fecundity.     

Effects of elevated CO2 associated with maize on multiple generations of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera

Under elevated environmental carbon dioxide (CO₂), leaf chewers tend to compensate for decreased leaf nutritional quality with increased consumption; mortality and development times also increase and cause a reduction in the fitness of leaf chewers. However, the effect of elevated CO₂ on multiple successive generations of these and other insects is not well understood. Furthermore, information about the direct effects of increased environmental CO₂ on developmental time and consumption of herbivores is lacking. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that cascade effects of elevated CO₂ through plants, rather than the direct effects of elevated CO₂, are the main factors decreasing the fitness of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We used two series of experiments to quantify the growth, development, and consumption of H. armigera fed on an artificial diet or C₄ plants (maize) grown under two CO₂ levels (ambient vs. double ambient). In the first series of experiments, elevated CO₂ had no effect on the population abundance or individual consumption for three successive generations of cotton bollworms fed on an artificial diet. In the second series of experiments, elevated CO₂ reduced population abundance of cotton bollworm larvae for two successive generations when they were fed maize milky grains. The specific effects were longer larval duration, lower fecundity, and decreased r_m of cotton bollworms. Furthermore, elevated CO₂ increased individual consumption when cotton bollworm was fed maize milky grains for two successive generations and decreased the population’s total consumption in the first generation but increased it in the second generation. The results from this study indicate that: (1) The effects of elevated CO₂ on three successive generations of cotton bollworm fed on artificial diet were weak, or even non‐existent, and (2) elevated CO₂ increased the consumption when cotton bollworm were fed maize. Our study also suggests that the damage inflicted by cotton bollworm on maize (a C₄ plant) will be seriously affected by the increases in atmospheric CO₂, which is unlike our previous results for spring wheat (a C₃ plant).     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系.通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉.运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂———中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验.结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and transgenic Bt cotton on plant chemistry, performance, and feeding of an insect herbivore, the cotton bollworm

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ (double‐ambient CO₂) on the growth and metabolism of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), fed on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) cotton [Cry1A(c)], grown in open‐top chambers, were studied. Two levels of CO₂ (ambient and double‐ambient) and two cotton cultivars (non‐transgenic Simian‐3 and transgenic GK‐12) were deployed in a completely randomized design with four treatment combinations, and the cotton bollworm was reared on each treatment simultaneously. Plants of both cotton cultivars had lower nitrogen and higher total non‐structural carbohydrates (TNC), TNC:Nitrogen ratio, condensed tannin, and gossypol under elevated CO₂. Elevated CO₂ further resulted in a significant decrease in Bt toxin level in GK‐12. The changes in chemical components in the host plants due to increased CO₂ significantly affected the growth parameters of H. armigera. Both transgenic Bt cotton and elevated CO₂ resulted in a reduced body mass, lower fecundity, decreased relative growth rate (RGR), and decreased mean relative growth rate in the bollworms. Larval life‐span was significantly longer for H. armigera fed transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly reduced larval, pupal, and adult moth weights were observed in the bollworms fed elevated CO₂‐grown transgenic Bt cotton compared with those of bollworms reared on non‐transgenic cotton, regardless of the CO₂ level. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food and of digested food of the bollworm were significantly reduced when fed transgenic Bt cotton, but there was no significant CO₂ or CO₂× cotton cultivar interaction. Approximate digestibility of larvae reared on transgenic cotton grown in elevated CO₂ was higher compared to that of larvae fed non‐transgenic cotton grown at ambient CO₂. The damage inflicted by cotton bollworm on cotton, regardless of the presence or absence of insecticidal genes, is predicted to be more serious under elevated CO₂ conditions because of individual compensatory feeding on host plants caused by nitrogen deficiency.     

在高CO2浓度下生长的小麦对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

通过室内饲养实验研究了在高CO₂浓度（738.8±25.7μL/L）中生长的小麦对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)生长发育,繁殖以及营养效应的影响。结果表明： （1）取食高CO₂浓度大气中生长的麦粒的棉铃虫对食料的取食量和粪便排泄量增加,与对照相比,取食量和粪便排泄量分别增加46.3%（P<0.05）和37.8%;（2）大气CO₂浓度增加影响了麦粒中的营养成分的含量,其中,可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、葡萄糖和总糖的含量及碳氮比(C∶N)都显著增加,果糖和粗蛋白的含量都显著降低;（3）大气 CO₂浓度升高所导致的麦粒营养成分的变化影响了棉铃虫幼虫的食物利用效率,与对照组相比,棉铃虫幼虫对食物的毛转化率和净转化率分别降低27.2%和25.4%,对食物的相对取食率则显著提高58.8%（P < 00.1）。据此推测,未来高CO₂浓度的大气环境会降低春小麦的营养价值,从而影响棉铃虫的生长发育,加重其对小麦的危害。     

Elevated CO2 reduces the resistance and tolerance of tomato plants to Helicoverpa armigera by suppressing the JA signaling pathway

Both resistance and tolerance, which are two strategies that plants use to limit biotic stress, are affected by the abiotic environment including atmospheric CO(2) levels. We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO(2) would reduce resistance (i.e., the ability to prevent damage) but enhance tolerance (i.e., the ability to regrow and compensate for damage after the damage has occurred) of tomato plants to the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The results showed that elevated CO(2) reduced resistance by decreasing the jasmonic acid (JA) level and activities of lipoxygenase, proteinase inhibitors, and polyphenol oxidase in wild-type (WT) plants infested with H. armigera. Consequently, the activities of total protease, trypsin-like enzymes, and weak and active alkaline trypsin-like enzymes increased in the midgut of H. armigera when fed on WT plants grown under elevated CO(2). Unexpectedly, the tolerance of the WT to H. armigera (in terms of photosynthetic rate, activity of sucrose phosphate synthases, flower number, and plant biomass and height) was also reduced by elevated CO(2). Under ambient CO(2), the expression of resistance and tolerance to H. armigera was much greater in wild type than in spr2 (a JA-deficient genotype) plants, but elevated CO(2) reduced these differences of the resistance and tolerance between WT and spr2 plants. The results suggest that the JA signaling pathway contributes to both plant resistance and tolerance to herbivorous insects and that by suppressing the JA signaling pathway, elevated CO(2) will simultaneously reduce the resistance and tolerance of tomato plants.     

cAMP和cGMP对棉铃虫神经细胞高电压激活钙通道的调节作用

用全细胞膜片钳法研究了cAMP和cGMP对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫胸腹神经节细胞高电压激活钙通道的调节作用。细胞外液中加入腺苷酸环化酶（AC）激活剂福斯克林（forskolin） 0.1 mmol/L,对于Ba²⁺介导的钙通道电流激活电压、峰电压、峰电流变化以及通道激活和电流达到峰值的时间无影响。电极内液中加入1 mmol/L的cGMP则明显抑制峰电流,且抑制作用呈时间依赖性和浓度依赖性,而对激活电压、峰电压无影响。结果提示,棉铃虫神经细胞高电压激活钙通道的活动可能不受细胞内cAMP水平提高的影响,但被cGMP抑制。     

Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on the Growth and Foliar Chemistry of Transgenic Bt Cotton

A field study was carried out to quantify plant growth and the foliar chemistry of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton （cv. GK-12） exposed to ambient CO2 and elevated （double-ambient） CO2 for different lengths of time （1, 2 and 3 months） in 2004 and 2005. The results indicated that CO2 levels significantly affected plant height, leaf area per plant and leaf chemistry of transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly, higher plant height and leaf area per plant were observed after cotton plants that were grown in elevated CO2 were compared with plants grown in ambient CO2 for 1, 2 and 3 months in the investigation. Simultaneously, significant interaction between CO2 level x investigating year was observed in leaf area per plant. Moreover, foliar total amino acids were increased by 14%, 13%, 11% and 12%, 14%, 10% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Condensed tannin occurrence increased by 17%, 11%, 9% in 2004 and 12%, 11%, 9% in 2005 in transgenic Bt cotton after being exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3 months compared with ambient CO2 for the same time. However, Bt toxin decreased by 3.0%, 2.9%, 3.1% and 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.9% in transgenic Bt cotton after exposed to elevated CO2 for 1, 2 or 3months compared with ambient CO2 for same time in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Furthermore, there was prominent interaction on the foliar total amino acids between the CO2 level and the time of cotton plant being exposed to elevated CO2. It is presumed that elevated CO2 can alter the plant growth and hence ultimately the phenotype allocation to foliar chemistical components of transgenic Bt cotton, which may in turn, affect the plant-herbivore interactions.     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab棉对棉铃虫的控制作用及对天敌捕食烟粉虱功能反应的影响

文章以转Cry1Ac基因棉(中棉所41)和常规棉(中棉所49)为对照,研究了转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉(639020)在棉花生长的关键时期——蕾期(二代棉铃虫发生期)、花期(三代棉铃虫发生期)和花铃期(四代棉铃虫发生期)对棉铃虫的控制作用,同时研究了639020棉田主要捕食性天敌(中华草蛉幼虫、龟纹瓢虫、小花蝽和草间小黑蛛)对烟粉虱的捕食功能,明确了639020棉花在生长的关键时期对棉铃虫的控制效果及对棉田主要捕食性天敌捕食功能反应的影响。结果表明,639020棉花对二代和三代棉铃虫具有良好的控制作用,抗虫性分别比中棉所41提高了52.85%和16.22%,其中前者差异达显著水平,后者差异不显著。在棉花蕾期、花期和花铃期,639020棉田棉铃虫落卵量都比中棉所41棉田和中棉所49棉田低(除二代棉铃虫发生期);棉铃虫幼虫数量都极显著低于常规棉,且都低于防治指标,但与中棉所41棉田无显著差异。639020棉田中华草蛉、龟纹瓢虫、小花蝽和草间小黑蛛对烟粉虱的捕食功能与中棉所41棉田和常规棉田相比无显著变化。研究结果以期为新型转基因棉花环境安全性研究及其外源基因的抗虫遗传效应和生产应用前景进行安全性评价。     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系．通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉．运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂——中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验．结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致．