中国前晚石炭世植物群的性质——对"前华夏植物群"的讨论

"前华夏植物群"一词由李星学等提出,原义指以西北地区下石炭统(臭牛沟组、靖远组为主)及华南相当地层中的植物总称。作者分析了当前古植物地理区划的有关理论,结合中国的具体情况,提出"前华夏植物群"的涵义不但可以代替欧美植物群中拟鳞木植物群(Lepidodendropsis flora),而且还可能包括自早志留世植物登陆以来至早石炭世,在中国大陆(或称华夏复合大陆)生长的、独立的植物群。文中以晚泥盆世—早石炭世的植物群中独特的科、属、种等地方性土著分子为例,以当前古植物地理区的有关理论为依据,认为"前华夏植物群区"可以从以往的"欧美植物群"或"拟鳞木植物群"区中单独划分出来成为独立的植物地理区。     

河南固始早石炭世杨山组植物群

系统描述了扬山组植物18属25种,其中以石松类及种子蕨和真蕨纲为主,仅少数属楔叶纲;石松类中发现不少叶座较小,叶痕相对较大的鳞木类植物,颇似华夏植物群中的鳞木类;首次报道了我国发现的古芦木孢囊穗.据对植物群综合分析,杨山组的时代为早石炭世中晚期.     

河南固始早石炭世杨山组植物群

系统描述了扬山组植物18属25种,其中以石松类及种子蕨和真蕨纲为主,仅少数属楔叶纲;石松类中发现不少叶座较小,叶痕相对较大的鳞木类植物,颇似华夏植物群中的鳞木类;首次报道了我国发现的古芦木孢囊穗.据对植物群综合分析,杨山组的时代为早石炭世中晚期.     

河南禹县山西组中麟木属( Lepidodendron )的两个新种

本文对华夏植物群鳞木属植物的研究现状进行了综述,讨论了华夏木属是否废除的问题。根据华夏木属与鳞木属基本特征相同,只是叶座形态、叶痕形态与鳞木属不同,这些特征只能作鳞木属分种的依据,同意《中国古生代植物》的处理意见。本文还描述了河南禹县山西组鳞木属的两个新种,即:Lepidod endron huayanense Ma(spnov.), L. yuxianense. Ma(sp. nov.).     

中国石炭纪和二叠纪植物群

本文总结和讨论了中国石炭纪和二叠纪植物群分布特征,在对植物群成分分析的基础上,认为中国早石炭世（杜内期、维宪期和纳缪尔A期）分布一个全球一致性的植物群,即拟鳞木植物群Lepidodendropsis flora。中国的晚石炭世（纳缪尔B_C期、维斯发期和斯蒂芬期）和二叠纪植物群为华夏植物群。本文还对北方华夏植物群亚区和南方华夏植物群亚区植物群进行了对比,并论述了这两个植物群在组成成分上的差异。     

中国石炭纪和二叠纪植物群

本文总结了和讨论了中国石炭纪和二叠纪植物群分布特征,在对植物群成分分析的基础上,认为中国早石炭世（杜内期、维宪期和纳缪尔A期）分布一个全球一致性的植物群,即拟鳞木植物群Lepidodendropsis flora。中国的晚石炭世（纳缪尔B-C期、维期发期和斯蒂分期）和二叠纪植物群为华夏植物群。本文还对北方华夏植物群亚区和南方华夏植物群亚区植物群进行了对比,并论述了这两个植物群在组成成分上的差异。     

论华夏孢粉植物群特征

根据我国已发表的晚古生代,尤其是石炭－二叠纪的孢粉资料,讨论了华夏植物群的孢粉特征及其渊源,认为至迟从中晚泥盆世开始,主要由于远洋地理隔离导至的植物分化,已与关系较密切的欧洲北美物群出相当的差异,出现了不少地方色彩成分,早石炭世这种差别所减弱,晚石炭世,特别是二叠纪,作为同属赤道或热带－亚热带植物群一部分的华夏植物群才与欧美植物群分异出来,显示出与欧美区的种种不同特征,初步总结了华夏孢粉植物群的组     

山西华夏植物群研究史

正华夏植物群(Cathaysia flora)简介华夏植物群同欧美植物群、安加拉植物群、冈瓦纳植物群统称为全球晚石炭世-二叠纪四大植物群。华夏植物群一词是瑞典古生物学家T.G.Halle(赫勒)于1935年提出的,源自德裔美籍地质学家A.W.Grabau(葛利普)于1923～1924年著的《中国地层学》一书中的一幅古地理图,借用华夏古陆(Cathaysia land)这一名称,将东亚一     

塔里木盆地西南缘纳缪尔期植物化石

本文首次描述了塔里木盆地西南缘石炭纪植物9属、13种(包括6未定种),其中以Mcsocalamites属的标本数量最多,这是欧美区纳缪尔期植物群的一个重要特征。对植物群成分的分析表明,其时代应属纳缪尔期,最大可能为纳缪尔A期。纳缪尔期植物群在塔里木盆地西南缘的发现,不但在古植物学和地层学上,而且在古植物地理学上具有重要的意义。这是一个典型的欧美型植物群,如Calamostachys,Alloiopteris等特征的欧美型植物是安加拉型纳缪尔期植物群所没有的,而安加拉植物群特有的Angarodendron、Chacasropteris和Angaropteridium在塔里木盆地纳缪尔期植物群中也未见踪迹。显然,塔里木盆地在早石炭世隶属于欧美植物区,从而更正了以往有的植物分区图中将早石炭世安加拉植物区与欧美植物区之间的界线置于塔里木盆地以南的划法。根据现有资料,作者将此界线划在塔里木盆地以北,这条界线与晚古生代显示岩相差异的地质构造线一致,这就使天山南北纳缪尔期地质发展史的解释有了可靠的古植物学证据。     

辽东早石炭世植物群埋藏类型及生存环境

通过对植物化石的保存及分选情况、植物体自身的抗破坏能力及分类群特征以及沉积环境的分析得出,辽东早石炭世植物群埋藏类型属原地埋藏或亚原地埋藏,其生存环境为湿热的淡水滨岸沼泽环境。     

山东太原组煤核中鳞木类茎——三点“鳞木”的解剖构造

描述了一种产自山东省南部的陶枣煤田和兖州煤田太原组煤核中的鳞木类茎的解剖构造特征。根据叶座的形态,该种茎曾被归入大青山“鳞木”(“Lepidodendron”tachingshanense Lee)种,但此次重新仔细研究后转归三点“鳞木”(“Lepidodendron”tripunctatum Stock.et Math.)种内。与欧美植物区和华夏植物区已有的具解剖构造的鳞木类茎进行了详细对比,认为与奇木属Diaphorodendron很接近,但叶座的形态和解剖差别较大。此外,当前标本的分枝方式还不清楚,因此,还不能将当前标本归入奇木属内。当前标本与奇木属的关系及其分类位置有待于今后对更多更好的标本进行深入研究。     

鳞皮鳞木Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao叶座的解剖构造

描述了贵州水城矿区汪家寨组(晚二叠世晚期)煤核中一种脱落的具解剖构造的鳞木类叶座.这些叶座在大小和形态上与鳞皮鳞木(Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao)很相似,很可能属于同一种植物的不同保存类型的叶座.将鳞皮鳞木与已知几个鳞木类植物叶座属,如鳞木属、鳞皮木属、封印木属和华夏木属进行了对比,认为鳞皮鳞木具有这几个属的混合特征,将其归入上述任何一属似乎都不太妥当.该类植物有可能代表了一个新属.由于茎的其他部分构造不明以及这些叶座与生殖构造的联系目前尚不清楚,因此,本文暂时采用鳞皮鳞木这一种名,其确切归属留待对其茎的其他部分的解剖构造以及与生殖器官之间的联系都清楚了以后再行决定.首次较详细地报道华夏植物区鳞木类植物叶座的解剖构造.     

Early Carboniferous Flora in Southeastern Henan

The fossil plants described and illustrated were collected from the Yangshan Formation in Shangcheng and Gushi districts of southeastern part of Henan Province, namely, Lepidodendron cf. aolungpylukense Sze, L. shanyangense Wu et He, L. . cf. subrhombicum Gu et Zhi, L. sp. a, L. sp. b, Bothrodendron sp. a, B. sp. b, Lepidostrobus ? sp., Stigmaria ficoides (Sternberg) Brongniart, Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus (Schlotheim) Seward, Cardiopteridium spetsbergense Nathorst, Triph yllopteris ? sp., Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense (Sze) Zhang, Zhao et Wu, Paripteris cf. pseudogigantea (Potonie) Gothan, P. ? sp., Cordaites schenkii Halle, Cardiocarpus cordai (Geinitz) Gu et Zhi and Carpolithus sp., including 18 species in 11 genera. They belonged to Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Filices, Pteridospermopsida, Cordaitopsida and Semina Gymnospermarum respectively , in which Lepidophytic plants of Lycopsida were the dominanance. The Yangshan Formation flora contains some typical Early Carboniferous elements, such as Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus, Cardiopteridium spetsbergense and Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense, which were fairly common from Visean to early Namurian; however, it also includes certain lepidophytic plants of the Cathaysian type, such as Lepidodendron cf. aolungpylukense, L. shanyangense and L. cf. subrhombicum, etc. On the basis of the floral composition, the geological age of the Yangshan Formation flora belonged to the late Early Carboniferous epoch, corresponding approximately to late Visean to early Namurian A. The present flora could be compared with contemporaneous floras from eastern Gansu, Shanyang of Shaanxi, South China and western Malaysia, which was closest to the Shanyang flora. In addition, the authors also discussed the distribution of late Early Carboniferous floras in other parts of the world.     

鳞皮鳞木Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao叶座的解剖构造

描述了贵州水城矿区汪家寨组 (晚二叠世晚期 )煤核中一种脱落的具解剖构造的鳞木类叶座。这些叶座在大小和形态上与鳞皮鳞木 (LepidodendronlepidophloidesYao)很相似 ,很可能属于同一种植物的不同保存类型的叶座。将鳞皮鳞木与已知几个鳞木类植物叶座属 ,如鳞木属、鳞皮木属、封印木属和华夏木属进行了对比 ,认为鳞皮鳞木具有这几个属的混合特征 ,将其归入上述任何一属似乎都不太妥当。该类植物有可能代表了一个新属。由于茎的其他部分构造不明以及这些叶座与生殖构造的联系目前尚不清楚 ,因此 ,本文暂时采用鳞皮鳞木这一种名 ,其确切归属留待对其茎的其他部分的解剖构造以及与生殖器官之间的联系都清楚了以后再行决定。首次较详细地报道华夏植物区鳞木类植物叶座的解剖构造。     

山东南部太原组一种新的具解剖构造的鳞木目茎--Diaphorodendron rhombicum sp.nov.

报道了产于山东枣庄矿区太原组16号煤层煤核(早二叠世早期或晚石炭世晚期)中一种具解剖构造的鳞木目茎.茎呈压扁状,长轴约6 cm,短轴约2.5 cm.中柱、外部皮层、周皮和叶座均保存.茎具原生中柱,无次生木质部发育,外部皮层由较发育的径向的厚壁的细胞条带和已经毁坏的薄壁的细胞区域交替排列构成.周皮较发育,厚约4～5 mm,由木栓层和栓内层构成.其中栓内层较厚,细胞构造均一,或在有些地方分化为弦向的薄壁的细胞条带和l厚壁的细胞条带,二者交替排列.其中薄壁的细胞条带常保存不好而形成弦向的裂隙.叶座的高和宽近相等,呈近正菱形.叶痕盔形或双凸镜形,位于叶座上部,微微突出于叶座表面之上.叶座表面平坦,未见明显的中脊和横皱纹.叶迹在叶座内近水平状延伸,但在近叶座表面处略向上然后向外弯曲成不太明显的"S"形进入叶痕内.径切面上叶舌穴略向上斜伸,具一宽大的基部,其开口直接位于叶痕顶角处.叶舌大,宽卵球形,长轴达1.2 mm,短轴达1 mm.与目前已知的鳞木目几个属的茎比较,当前标本与Diaphorodendron属的茎最为接近,仅在叶座上有些不同,本文将其归入该属内.Diaphorodendron属目前共有3个种,全分布于欧美植物区晚石炭世中期(威斯法期),它们与当前标本区别明显,因此,将当前标本归入新种D.rhombicum内.本文是国内首次报道Diaphorodendron属在华夏植物区的存在.其高和宽近相等的叶座形态可能表明了一种进化的特征,这从其所在地层的地质时代(早二叠世早期或晚石炭世晚期)较欧美植物区的3个种(晚石炭世中期)较新这一事实得到支持.     

Callospermarion ovules from the Early Permian of northern China: palaeofloristic and palaeogeographic significance of callistophytalean seed-ferns in the Cathaysian flora

A distinctive kind of anatomically preserved cardiocarpalean ovule is described from the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation of northern China. Ovules are small, have 180° rotational symmetry, and possess variably thick integuments with prominent secretory cavities that may be empty, filled with resinous materials and in several instances appear to contain animal coprolites. Comparisons show that (where known) these features conform to those of Callospermarion undulatum (Neely) Rothwell, to which they are assigned, previously only known from the Pennsylvanian of Euramerica. These fossils represent the first indisputable occurrence of the genus Callospermarion in the Early Permian Cathaysian floras, and show the presence of callistophytalean seed-ferns in this palaeofloristic realm for the first time. These data combined with results from previous investigations now support the Early Permian northern Cathaysian flora including the Taiyuan Formation having evolved from the Late Carboniferous and earliest Permian Euramerican flora, with which it shares far too many generic level similarities for these co-occurrences to be coincidental. Our hypothesis is therefore that the Early Permian flora of the northern Cathaysian realm represents the continued evolution of wetland Euramerican-type coal-swamp floras, and as such is likely to present a model for evolutionarily driven floral change as opposed to the climatically driven floral changes observed in the Euramerican flora after the demise of coal-swamp environments. The distribution of coprolites in and immediately around glandular cavities in this species suggests specialised syndromes of herbivory existed in Early Permian Cathaysian ecosystems, with herbivores preferentially selecting these areas of the ovule integument.     

The Cordaitean Fossil Plants from Cathaysian Area in China

The cordaitean plants distributed throughout the Carboniferous and Permian of Cathaysian in China. There are four modes of the cordaitean plant preservation, viz. by impression, compression, pith cast, and permineralization. The cordaitean plants preserved by the respective types are listed as follows: 1. By impression, Cordaites principalis, C. schenkii, C. borassifolia, C. vetted, C. sandlimorpha, C. linsiana, C. yujiaensis, C. albostriata, C. linearis, C. dengfengensis, C. oblongifolius; Cordaitanthus volkmannii, C. curtus, C. taiyuanensis, C. rigidus, C. digymois ; 2. By compression, Cordaites baodeensis, C. huainanensis, and one unnamed cuticle of Cordaites in the coal of Taiyuan Formation from Xuzhou Coalfield, Jiangsu Province; 3. By pith cast, Artisia approximata; 4. By pennineralization, including four organ assemblages in the coalballs, namely Shanxioxylon sinense assemblage, Sh. taiyuanense assemblage, Pennsylvanioxylon tianii assemblage and Penn. cf. nauertianum assemblage; and one silified cordaitean stem Dadoxylon ( Cordaites ) sahnii with a septate pith. Cordaitean leaves appeared at first in Visean (Early Carboniferous), but they did not become common until Stephanian (Late Carboniferous) and Early Permian and distributed throughout the south, north and northwest of China. Especially in Taiyuan Formation, Shanxi Formation and Lower Shihezi Formation, up to 13 species of the cordaitean leaves have been recorded. Besides some large leaves, such as Cordaites principalis and C. schenkii etc. and several small ones, such as C. vetteri, C. sandlimorpha, C. linsiana, C. albostriata, C. dentgfengensis and C. oblongifolius appeared in Early Permian. In the early kate Permian, cordaitean leaves were abundant only in the southern part of North China and some places of South China. And they became few in the late Late Permian in the whole region of Cathaysian Flora in China. Cones and seeds of cordaites now are mainly reported from the Lower Permian in north and northwest of China and so did the permineralized cordaitean plants.     

宁夏的(竹蜓)

宁夏的含(竹蜓)地层出露较好,剖面和柱状剖面有7处.含(竹蜓)地层自下而上为:下石炭统臭牛沟组、中卫组,上石炭统羊虎沟组,上石炭—下二叠统太原组.(竹蜓)动物群有15属68种及亚种,其中1新种.可建立(竹蜓)化石带 Eostaffella-Mediocris 带 (C_1), Profusulinella 带 (C_2~1) 及 Sphaeroschwagertna 带 (P_1~1),并与甘肃靖远及华北地台其它地区的(竹蜓)化石带对比.     

Late Paleozoic faunal, climatic, and geographic changes in the Baoshan block as a Gondwana-derived continental fragment in southwest China

The Carboniferous and Permian of the Baoshan block consist of three major depositional sequences: a Lower Carboniferous carbonate sequence, a Lower Permian siliciclastic sequence, and a Middle Permian carbonate sequence. These three sequences were interrupted by two major regressive events: first, the Namurian Uplift ranging in age from Serpukovian to Gzhelian, and second, the Post-Sakmarian Regression occurring probably at Artinskian time in the Baoshan block, although the precise time interval of the latter event is still unclear. The Baoshan block is characterized by warm-water, highly diverse and abundant faunas during the Early Carboniferous, by cold-water and low diversity faunas during the Early Permian, and by possibly warm-water but low diversity faunas during the Middle Permian. The Sweetognathus bucaramangus conodont fauna constrains the upper boundary of the diamictite-bearing siliciclastic deposits (Dingjiazhai Formation) to the Sakmarian to early Artinskian, as well as the eruption of the rifting basalts (Woniusi Formation) to, at least, the post-early Artinskian. Paleozoogeographically, affiliation of the faunas in the Baoshan block changed from Eurasian in the Early Carboniferous, to Peri-Gondwanan in the Early Permian, and to Marginal Cathaysian/Cimmerian in the Middle Permian. Cimmerian blocks have more or less comparable geohistory to one another in the Carboniferous and Permian. During the Middle Permian, the eastern Cimmerian blocks such as Sibumasu (s.s), Baoshan, and Tengchong are not far from the palaeoequator, but apparently more distant than the western Cimmerian blocks based on the presence or absence of some index taxa such as the fusulinaceans Eopolydiexodina and Neoschwagerina, and the corals Thomasiphyllum and Wentzellophyllum persicum.