不同强度疏伐改造对马尾松林分水源涵养功能时空格局的影响

为了解马尾松林分改造过程中水源涵养功能的动态变化,提升林分的生态服务功能,1994年在福建省尤溪国有林场城镇景观林中选择22年生的马尾松林,通过方差分析分析20%强度疏伐改造、35%强度疏伐改造、50%强度疏伐改造和对照4种处理间林分持水量的变化,结果表明:随着改造时间的推移,各处理林分水源涵养量显著升高(P0.05),疏伐改造强度越大林分水源涵养量增加越明显。土壤层持水量占林分总持水量的95.89%—97.18%,改造前5 a不同处理间土壤层0—20 cm和土壤层20—40 cm持水量差异均不显著(P0.05),改造10 a后改造林分土壤层0—20 cm和土壤层20—40 cm持水量均显著高于对照林分(P0.05)。林分地上部分持水量仅占林分水源涵养量的2.82%(45.64 t/hm~2)—4.11%(76.81 t/hm~2),但改造后存在显著变化(P0.05)。林冠层在林分改造10a后持水量显著高于对照林分(P0.05),但疏伐改造强度越大其持水量越小;林下植被层在林分改造5 a后持水量显著低于对照林分(P0.05),同样疏伐改造强度越大其持水量越小;凋落物层在林分改造5 a后持水量显著高于对照林分(P0.05),持水量随疏伐改造强度增大而增大。林冠层和凋落物层持水量比重随着改造时间的推移呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),林下植被层则呈显著下降趋势(P0.05)。以上结果表明,改造初期林分持水量变化强烈,疏伐改造强度越大林分持水量越低;但长期来看,改造林分更有利于林分水源涵养功能的提升。     

四川盆地四种柏木林分类型的水文效应

四川盆地丘陵区是长江上游水土流失最严重地区之一,该区大面积柏木纯林林分结构不合理、天然更新不良、林分稳定性差、产品产量和水土保持功能低,急需进行结构调整。通过群落样地调查和坡面径流场观测,对比分析了四川盆地4种柏木林分类型的水文效应。结果表明:(1) 4种林分类型林冠截留量与降水量呈幂函数关系; 林冠截留率随雨量级的增大而减小,对次降雨的最大截留量为栎柏混交林 (9.5 mm) > 桤柏混交林 (9.2 mm) > 松柏混交林 (8.8 mm) > 柏木纯林 (8.5 mm)。(2) 4种林分类型之间未分解层和半分解层枯落物持水量随浸泡时间的变化存在极显著差异;枯落物总存储量变化范围为4.06-7.62 t/hm²,枯落物总持水量排序为栎柏混交林 (17.07 t/hm²) > 桤柏混交林 (13.26 t/hm²)> 松柏混交林 (8.89 t/hm²) > 柏木纯林 (7.57 t/hm²)。(3) 4种林分0-40 cm土层非毛管孔隙度变化范围为 4.21%-6.94％,土壤最大持水量排序为栎柏混交林(1820.83±124.80) t/hm² > 松柏混交林(1686.85±76.15) t/hm² > 桤柏混交林(1644.45±119.84) t/hm² > 柏木纯林(1574.14±119.89) t/hm²;4种林分类型雨季产沙量变化范围在534.2-1467.9 kg/hm²之间。综合分析表明,栎柏混交林是4种柏木林分类型中水土保持效果最优的;因此,该区柏木纯林的结构调整应以促进栎柏混交林的演替为目标。     

柏木低效林不同改造模式下细根分布特征

以四川省德阳市旌阳区低效柏木林改造8年后的3种模式(即:柏木+桤木+杂交竹模式(柏+竹+桤)、柏木+麻栎模式(柏+栎)、柏木+杂交竹模式(柏+竹))作为研究对象,柏木纯林作为对照,调查了柏木低效林不同改造模式的细根生物量。结果表明:不同改造模式与土层对细根生物量的影响非常显著(P0.01),柏+竹与柏+竹+桤模式细根生物量显著高于纯柏模式,柏+栎模式细根生物量最小。在不同改造模式中,柏木细根生物量在土壤层次上的分布也存在显著差异,柏+竹与柏+竹+桤模式中柏木细根生物量随着土层的加深呈上升趋势,而柏+栎模式中则随着土层的加深呈下降趋势,柏+栎模式中柏木死细根的比重明显高于其他模式。几种模式中,柏+竹+桤模式细根生物量分布相对稳定,而柏+栎模式的稳定性较差。     

不同林龄桤-柏混交林生态系统的碳储量及其分配

选取代表性的10、15、20和25年生桤(Alnus cremastogyne)柏(Cupressus funebris)混交林及由桤-柏混交林演替而来的30年生纯柏林为研究对象, 探讨了川中丘陵区人工桤-柏混交林生态系统碳储量的变化动态及其分配规律.结果表明：桤-柏混交林的植被碳储量在10～30年间持续增加,30年时达到52.40 t·hm^-2,5个林龄中乔木层碳储量所占比例均在85.59%以上;桤-柏混交林的土壤碳储量(0～40 cm)在10～15年间显著增加(P<0.05),15年时达最大值84.79 t·hm^-2,15～25年间显著下降(P<0.05),25～30年间趋于稳定(P>0.05);桤-柏混交林生态系统碳储量在15年时达最大值118.13 t·hm^-2,15～25年间缓慢下降,25～30年间有所增加;植被碳储量所占比例在10～30年间持续增加,土壤碳储量则相反.与我国其他类型人工林相比,桤-柏混交林的碳储量偏低.     

带状采伐对毛竹地下构件养分含量的影响

选择立地条件基本一致的毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)纯林,分别设置宽度为6 m、8 m、10 m,垂直长度为30 m的样地进行条带式采伐,在采伐带相邻的位置设置相同宽度的保留带,另随机选取3块不进行采伐的常规经营毛竹林作为对照,测定不同宽度带状采伐毛竹竹鞭、鞭根、竹篼和篼根的养分情况,分析毛竹地下构件在不同宽度采伐后的恢复潜力,探寻合理的带状采伐宽度,为毛竹林的科学管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)采伐带毛竹地下竹鞭、鞭根和篼根有机碳含量均随采伐带宽的增加先增后降,竹篼有机碳含量则持续上升;3种宽度采伐带篼根、8 m采伐带鞭根和10 m采伐带竹篼有机碳含量均显著高于保留带(P<0.05),8 m采伐带鞭根、3种带宽采伐带竹篼和篼根有机碳含量均与对照差异显著;6 m和10 m采伐带篼根、8 m采伐带鞭根有机碳含量所占地下构件有机碳比例较保留带有大幅提升。(2)3种采伐带宽中竹鞭、鞭根和竹篼全氮含量均表现为8 m>6 m>10 m,篼根全氮含量则随着带宽的增加持续上升;8 m采伐带鞭根和10 m采伐带竹篼与保留带有显著差异,3种带宽鞭根、竹篼和篼根全氮含量均与对照有差异;各构件总氮含量所占比例均基本表现为竹鞭>竹篼>鞭根>篼根,8 m采伐带鞭根和10 m采伐带竹鞭、鞭根、篼根总氮所占比例显著增加。(3)采伐带毛竹竹鞭、竹篼和篼根全磷含量均随带宽的增加呈先增后降的趋势,而鞭根全磷含量持续上升;8 m采伐带竹鞭全磷含量显著高于对照,其竹篼全磷含量显著高于相应保留带和对照;8 m和10 m采伐带均以竹篼全磷含量所占比例最高,6 m采伐带则是竹鞭全磷占比最高。(4)采伐带毛竹地下构件全钾含量均以8 m带宽最高,8 m采伐带的竹篼和篼根全钾含量分别显著高于6 m采伐带17.69%和106.90%,显著高于10 m采伐带102.87%和121.12%;8 m采伐带竹鞭、鞭根和篼根全钾含量均显著高于保留带和对照;随着带宽的增加,全钾含量占比在采伐带竹鞭和竹篼中呈下降趋势,在鞭根中则呈上升趋势,在篼根中则先上升后降低。研究认为,带状采伐处理能促进毛竹地下构件的发育,且8 m采伐带毛竹地下构件对养分的吸收效率显著增加,养分元素含量相对较高,可以为竹林恢复生长提供大量能量和生长潜力,有利于采伐后毛竹林的快速恢复,是较为合理的采伐带宽度。     

人工桤柏混交林生态系统的能量特征

对川中丘陵区 1 1年生人工桤柏混交林生态系统能量特征的研究表明 ,植物热值含量随植物种类、器官、分布层次以及季节等的变化而变化 ;生态系统的能量现存量为2 37.53× 1 0 1 0 J·hm- 2 ,每年以凋落物形式归还的能量为 7.55× 1 0 1 0 J·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,其中凋落叶是系统能量归还的主要形式 ,其能量归还量占能量归还总量的 70 .2 9% ;生态系统能量净固定量为 2 6.73× 1 0 1 0 J·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,能量转化效率为 2 .34% ,可见人工桤柏混交林具有较高的能量固定能力和太阳能转化效率 .     

黄土丘陵区主要林分生物量及营养元素生物循环特征

以黄土丘陵区子午岭为研究区域 ,用标准木法和收获法对暖温带森林优势群落辽东栎林、油松林及刺槐人工林的生物量、营养元素生物循环量及循环特征进行了研究。结果表明 :黄土丘陵区子午岭油松林、辽东栎林和刺槐人工林 3林分总生物量为 :86 .2 4 7、12 9.0 0 5 t/ hm2和 14 4 .795 t/ hm2 ,乔木层生物量分别为 :85 .2 2 3、12 6 .989t/ hm2和 14 2 .4 88t/ hm2 ,随群落针阔树种转化替代 ,群落总生物量呈现明显的增加趋势。年均生长量为 3.2 75～ 5 .6 99t/ hm2。生物量和年生长量排序为刺槐人工林 >辽东栎林 >油松林。 3林分林下植被层生物量、凋落物贮量表现为刺槐林 >辽东栎林 >油松林 ,林下植被层生物量的差异主要是由林分郁闭度和林下凋落物的不同引起的 ;刺槐林和辽东栎林林下植被层发达的根系和较高的凋落物量有利于提高土壤肥力、保持水土。同化器官的各种元素含量高于其它器官 ,茎中营养元素的含量最低。乔木层营养元素积累量分别为 :0 .74 5、1.378t/ hm2和 1.80 5 t/ hm2 。不同林分不同营养元素的积累量差别较大。因采伐而引起的 3林分林地养分流失量分别达 6 5 .4 5 %、5 3.76 %和 2 5 .1%。 3林分林下植被层和凋落物层的营养元素积累量排序为 :刺槐林 >辽东栎林 >油松林。凋落物营养元素贮     

中国东部森林样带典型森林水源涵养功能

通过对我国东部森林样带四个森林生态系统定位研究站（长白山站、北京站、会同站和鼎湖山站）的九种森林类型水源涵养监测数据的分析,研究了水热梯度下不同森林生态系统水源涵养功能。结果表明：在生长季的5-10月份,各森林类型的水源涵养特性表现出较大差异。林冠截留率的大小依次为：阔叶红松林＞杉木林＞常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞季风常绿阔叶林＞落叶阔叶混交林＞马尾松林＞落叶松林＞油松林,最高的长白山站阔叶红松林的截留率是最低的北京站油松林的2.2倍。森林降雨截留量与林外降雨量呈显著的正相关,林冠截留率与降雨量呈显著负相关。枯落物最大持水深（5-10月份）以北京站落叶阔叶林最大,为6.0mm;鼎湖山站的季风常绿阔叶林最小,为1.0mm。0-60cm土层蓄水量最大的是会同站的人工杉木林,为247mm;最小的是北京站的落叶松林,仅为45.5mm;林分总持水量依次为：杉木林＞阔叶红松林＞常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞季风常绿阔叶林＞落叶阔叶混交林＞马尾松林＞落叶松林＞油松林。各林分总持水量主要集中在土壤层,占总比例的90%以上。     

不同间伐强度下麻栎人工林碳密度及其空间分布

选择江淮山地丘陵区分布较广的麻栎人工林进行间伐试验,通过样地调查,分析不同间伐处理5年后麻栎林分的碳密度及其空间分布特征.结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,间伐15％ (T15)、间伐30％(T30)和间伐50％(T50)处理的树木碳密度分别增加9.1％、29.6％和28.4％,不同间伐处理树木碳密度在各器官的分配特征均为树干＞根系＞树枝＞树皮＞树叶.随着间伐强度的增加,林地凋落物碳密度逐渐降低,土壤(0 ～50 cm)碳密度略有增加,但凋落物和土壤碳密度在间伐与未间伐处理之间均未达到显著差异.林分总碳密度大小为T30 ＞T50 ＞T15＞CK,总碳密度分别比CK增加16.3、14.5和3.6 t C·hm-2,但间伐与未间伐处理之间没有显著差异.T15、T30和T50间伐处理的土壤呼吸均高于CK,仅T30处理与CK之间差异显著.在江淮山地丘陵区,间伐有利于麻栎人工林碳密度的增加,其中以间伐30％最适宜林分碳储量的累积.     

尾叶桉人工林改造对土壤和凋落物持水效能的影响

对低效人工林进行改造,是提高林分质量和生态效能的重要措施.本文对广东省东莞市林业科学园内尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林2种不同改造模式和未改造尾叶桉人工林土壤和凋落物持水能力进行了研究.2种改造模式分别为均匀伐除70％和40％原有桉树后间种乡土阔叶树(分别记为模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅱ),未改造桉树林作为对照(CK).结果表明:与CK相比,改造3年后,模式Ⅰ和Ⅱ的表层(0 ～20 cm)土壤毛管孔隙度、自然含水量、田间持水量和有效蓄水量显著提高,0～40 cm土壤非毛管孔隙度显著下降(P＜0.05);模式Ⅰ和Ⅱ凋落物吸水速率和最大持水率显著增加,凋落物储量和最大持水量显著减小;各林分凋落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系,凋落物持水率、持水量与浸泡时间均呈对数函数关系;林分改造提高了林地0 ～ 60 cm土壤水源涵养功能,且两种改造模式之间无显著差异(P＞0.05);各林分土壤持水能力均远大于凋落物,凋落物最大持水量仅为0～20 cm土层有效持水量的0.59％ ～ 2.06％.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.