区域地表水体、归一化植被指数与热环境多样性格局的关联分析

以河南省省会郑州市为研究区域,在2 km×2 km网格尺度下将多样性理论与方法应用于区域地表水体、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(LST)分布的离散性评价,将NDVI和LST各分为4个等级,计算了其空间分布多样性指数,并探索了它们之间的内在联系.结果表明:将多样性理论与研究方法应用于区域热环境的空间分布离散性评价具有可操作性和实际研究意义;地表水体分布与最低温区分布具有较高的区位重叠性,高的植被覆盖度往往伴随低的地表温度;1988-2009年,郑州市地表水体分布离散性呈明显降低趋势;地表水体分布离散性与区域内各温度区分布离散性存在紧密联系;NDVI分级分布离散性与各温度区分布离散性之间关系复杂,需引入其他环境影响因素参与评价.     

基于遥感技术的昆明主城区地表温度与土地覆盖关系研究

以Landsat 8两期昆明市主城区影像为数据源,通过计算归一化植被指数(NDVI)、改进的归一化水体指数(MNDWI)、不透水面指数(ISA)以及热场变异指数反映不同季节热岛效应的变化情况。结果显示:(1)利用改进的单窗算法反演地表温度(LST)是有效的;(2)热岛效应存在时空差异性,5月的强效应等级比2月更明显,分布也更集中,热岛效应等级与土地利用类型关系密切,强热岛效应分布于建筑用地在2月和5月均较大,而水体所占比例最小,在大的水域滇池则无热岛效应,其他地类在不同季节的强度存在差异;(3)LST与地表参数的相关性在2月和5月表现出相同的趋势,与ISA具有显著的正相关关系,与NDVI和MNDWI具有显著的负相关关系,LST与NDVI、ISA的相关性5月高于2月,而与MNDWI的负相关性2月高于5月;(4)城市的绿地和水体对其地表温度起到降温作用,保护好滇池和适度增加植被覆盖对抑制城市热岛效应具有积极作用。     

褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)发生的分形性质研究

运用分形理论以安徽省庐江县植保站和江苏省吴县值保站1979～1990年及太湖地区农科所1986～1998年间褐飞虱发生的田间系统调查资料为例,对褐飞虱发生的性质进行了探讨。结果表明：(1)庐江站、吴县站和太湖地区农科所褐飞虱发生在一定标度域内具有分形性质。其分维值分别为0．7158、0．52l2和0．2816;(2)褐飞虱发生的分维值是表征一定标度区间的发生程度差异的一个新的参数,分维值大,则发生程度轻,反之则重(3)分维数D值与褐飞虱发生的聚集程度是密切相关的,D值小聚集程度大,反之聚集程度小,D值可以作为褐E虱聚集分布程度的一个指标;(4)褐飞虱发生具有多重分形结构,其广义维数谱Dq曲线可以用于褐飞虱发生的预测预报。     

基于MODIS数据的重庆市城市热岛效应时空分析

随着全球城市化的加速发展,城市热岛现象愈发突出。在重庆市城市化进程中遭遇特大高温灾害的背景下,基于MODIS数据和气象数据,得到重庆市热场强度和强度指数时间序列数据。采用定性和定量分析手段,分析重庆市城市热岛效应的时空变化特征,揭示地表温度与下垫面之间的关系。结果表明:重庆市1951—2016年的年平均气温呈显著上升趋势(P0.01);重庆市主城区2001—2016年城市热岛面积和强度呈显著增大趋势;城市热岛与环境要素关系密切,归一化植被指数与地表温度呈显著负相关,这说明植被对热场具有调节作用,地表温度与平均气温呈正相关,说明地表对大气具有加热的作用;城市用地、水体、裸地或无植被区域的平均地表温度高于其他下垫面。本研究结果可为重庆市城市规划和生态城市建设提供依据。     

西安城市热环境格局的动态演变

以TM和ETM+热红外数据为基础,采用单窗算法,研究了西安1995-2006年间热岛效应景观分布及其动态变化特征.研究表明:西安城市热岛效应明显,热场空间分布格局与城市的建成区基本一致;随着城市化进程的加快,西安市热环境格局表现出异质性加剧的趋势;东西和南北方向上,温度剖面线与土地利用与覆被关系密切,以建设用地地表温度最高、水域最小,其大小关系依次为建设用地＞未利用地＞耕地＞草地＞林地＞水域.相关性分析表明,地表温度与归一化裸露指数( NDBI)呈正相关,与归一化植被指数(NDVI)呈负相关.     

城市地表温度与关键景观要素的关系

利用Landsat ETM+遥感影像,提取上海市外环线范围内的地表温度、不透水面率、归一化差值植被指数、改进的归一化差异水体指数,定量研究地表温度与城市关键景观类型之间的关系.结果表明:地表温度与不透水面率呈显著的线性正相关( R2=0.837);地表温度与归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差异水体指数呈非线性关系,但地表温度与正的归一化差值植被指数和正的改进的归一化差值水体指数呈显著线性关系.鉴于归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差异水体指数大于0时才能真正代表植被和水体,因此,建议今后研究地表温度时使用正的归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差异水体指数;地表温度与不透水面率、归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差值水体指数的多元线性回归分析表明,不透水面起着增温作用,植被、水体起降温作用,植被较水体的降温作用大.     

天目山物种多样性尺度依赖及其与空间格局关系的多重分形

以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区为例,采用多尺度分析思想,利用多重分形分析方法,研究了不同尺度下物种多样性的变化、空间分布格局以及多样性与空间格局之间的关系。研究主要得到3方面的结论：（1）物种多样性具有尺度依赖性,随着空间尺度的增大,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Ⅳ增大,Margalef多样性指数足和均匀度指数E减小;（2）多重分形参数αmin。多重分形谱的变化范围SR等能够定量反映物种的空间分布特征,空间大尺度越大,物种越聚集,空间分布越不均匀;（3）物种多样性与空间格局存在线性或幂函数关系。研究表明多重分形分析定量描述物种空间格局是有效性的,多重分形参数与生物多样性之间的定量关系为研究物种空间格局、生态属性与尺度之间的关系奠定了基础。因此,分形结合传统方法,在生物多样性方面的研究将有很大的潜在价值。     

北京平原造林后景观格局与热场环境的耦合分析

在人类积极的土地利用调控下(植树造林),研究景观格局变化对城乡热场环境的影响,可为今后的城市造林工程建设与优化提供参考,并为未来景观格局与热场环境的相关研究提供新视角.本研究以北京平原区百万亩造林项目为背景,运用遥感技术和地理信息系统,利用矩阵转移及耦合分析,评估平原造林对城市热场环境的实际作用,探究因城市造林工程引起的景观格局变化与城市地表温度变化的相关关系.结果表明: 北京平原造林工程后,森林和公园的面积比例分别增加了7.6%和0.5%;平原区有19.2%区域热场强度降低,其中,城郊有23.3%区域的热场强度减弱,但仍有23.5%的城市区域存在热场增强的情况;在城乡尺度上,森林和公园面积比例、森林和湿地的平均斑块面积(MPS)与地表亮温(LST)变化呈显著负相关;在城市市区,森林的面积加权平均形状指数(AWMSI)与LST变化呈显著正相关;在城郊区域,森林的MPS和AWMST与LST变化均呈显著负相关,而公园则相反.北京实施平原造林工程后,增加的城市森林和公园对城市热场的缓解有一定作用,但范围有限,主要集中在城郊区的造林点周围,且森林与湿地越集中,越有利于热场的缓解;受研究粒度、时相、地形、人类活动等因素影响,土地利用结构调控引起的景观格局变化与地表温度变化之间存在非线性相关.     

遗传算法支持下土地利用空间分形特征尺度域的识别

针对土地利用空间分形特征只存在于有限尺度域的现象,采用无标度区内离散点拟合的离差平方和平均值最小作为目标函数,提出了一种基于遗传算法的土地利用空间分形特征尺度域的识别方法,用于准确计算分形维数的有效区间范围。以武汉市武昌区水域空间分形特征为例,利用Quickbird多光谱遥感影像提取土地利用空间信息,重点讨论了基于遗传算法识别土地利用空间分形特征尺度域范围的总体思路、适应度函数和遗传算子等环节;然后分别从测定系数、标准差和无标度区间3个角度,将其同人工判断法、相关系数法以及强化系数法进行对比讨论;并结合研究区域实际的水域空间分布格局,分析不同方法计算所得半径维数的合理性。结果表明,土地利用分形特征尺度域的范围对分形维数计算结果有较大影响;相对于传统计算方法来说,遗传算法在尺度无标度区间识别上具有更高的精度,可以为土地利用空间格局分形特征的研究提供客观指导意见。     

基于遥感技术的城市下垫面参数与热环境关系的研究——以北京市朝阳区为例

城市热岛（UHI）不仅直接关系到城市人居环境质量和居民健康状况,同时还对城市能源消耗、生态系统过程演变、生物物候以及城市经济可持续发展有着深远的影响。以北京市朝阳区2002—2017年夏季4期Landsat系列遥感影像为数据,采用大气反演法,对15年间朝阳区城市地表温度（LST）时空变化进行分析,发现15年间朝阳区城市热岛比例指数上升迅速,热岛效应逐年加剧。进一步研究表明,城市地表温度与归一化植被指数（NDVI）及归一化建筑指数（NDBI）密切相关：地表温度与NDBI正相关,NDBI指数每升高0.1,地表升温0.79~2.37°C;与NDVI指数负相关,NDVI指数每提高0.1,地表降温0.4~0.77°C。本研究可为城市规划建设与城市绿地营建提供科学具体的参考指导依据,并促进生态可持续发展与人居环境改善。     

Heating of a Local Region of a Branching Streamer as a Starting Point of a Space Leader and a Negative-Leader Step

Plasma Physics Reports - Localized plasma formations called space leaders are observed in streamer coronas of negative leaders of long laboratory sparks. The main leader completes a step when the...     

Geminiviruses: a tale of a plasmid becoming a virus

Background  

Geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae) are small single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses infecting plants. Their virion morphology is unique in the known viral world – two incomplete T = 1 icosahedra are joined together to form twinned particles. Geminiviruses utilize a rolling-circle mode to replicate their genomes. A limited sequence similarity between the three conserved motifs of the rolling-circle replication initiation proteins (RCR Reps) of geminiviruses and plasmids of Gram-positive bacteria allowed Koonin and Ilyina to propose that geminiviruses descend from bacterial replicons.     

Effects of a disease affecting a predator on the dynamics of a predator-prey system

We study the effects of a disease affecting a predator on the dynamics of a predator-prey system. We couple an SIRS model applied to the predator population, to a Lotka-Volterra model. The SIRS model describes the spread of the disease in a predator population subdivided into susceptible, infected and removed individuals. The Lotka-Volterra model describes the predator-prey interactions. We consider two time scales, a fast one for the disease and a comparatively slow one for predator-prey interactions and for predator mortality. We use the classical “aggregation method” in order to obtain a reduced equivalent model. We show that there are two possible asymptotic behaviors: either the predator population dies out and the prey tends to its carrying capacity, or the predator and prey coexist. In this latter case, the predator population tends either to a “disease-free” or to a “disease-endemic” state. Moreover, the total predator density in the disease-endemic state is greater than the predator density in the “disease-free” equilibrium (DFE).     

Facile synthesis of a D-galactono-1,6-lactone derivative, a precursor of a copolyester

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-methyl-d-galactonic acid (5) was readily prepared from d-galactono-1,4-lactone (1) in 47% yield. The sequence involves tritylation of HO-6 of 1, followed by O-permethylation and deprotection. Lactonization of 5 led to the per-O-methyl-d-galactono-1,6-lactone, which was copolymerized with epsilon-caprolactone by ring-opening polymerization catalyzed by scandium triflate. The incorporation of the sugar comonomer into the polyester chain was about 10%.     

Mechanisms of coexistence of a bacteria and a bacteriophage in a spatially homogeneous environment

When bacteriophage are added to laboratory bacteria populations, bacteria mutants that are resistant to the phage quickly dominate the population. The phage will only persist in the long‐term if there are sufficient bacteria in the population that show susceptibility to the phage. We investigated the mechanisms allowing for coexistence by adding the virulent bacteriophage φ6 to cultures of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola in a spatially homogeneous environment. We saw large differences between replicate cultures, in particular when one or both of the species persisted. These differences can be explained by variation in the timing of the appearance of various resistant phenotypes in the bacteria populations before the phage were added, which determines their relative frequencies within the populations. Although these resistant phenotypes have similar fitnesses in the presence and in the absence of the phage, they have a profound effect on the persistence of the phage. Our results give a clearer understanding of the ecological mechanisms that lead to the coexistence of bacteria and virulent phage in environments where there are no spatial refuges available to the bacteria population.     

Vegetation as a component of a non-nested hierarchy: a conceptual model

Abstract. A general conceptual model of vegetation based on hierarchy theory is presented. The model emphasizes that prediction of vegetation requires consideration of both mechanisms of vegetation change and the constraints within which it occurs. The mechanisms of vegetation change are the responses to and effects upon their surroundings of individual plants. The most general constraints upon vegetation are aspects of the environment not affected by vegetation over successional time, and the pool of species within dispersal range. Examples of such environmental factors include macroclimate and soil parent material. In some cases, vegetation may alter important labile environmental factors such as soil nutrient and water availability. Some vegetation compositions appear to be resistant to changes in the general constraints. Due to both sources, there are multiple possible vegetation compositions given the same general constraints. Disturbance is defined as an abrupt change in the constraints on the vegetation resulting in a change in the vegetation's state or dynamics. Both the recognition of disturbance and the distinction between independent and labile environmental factors depend on the spatial and temporal scale of observation. For example, a particular wildfire at a given stand may be a disturbance, whereas at a larger scale of observation the same event may contribute to the wildfire regime, part of the constraints at that scale. Similarly, levels of soil organic matter may constrain vegetation over short time scales, due to influencing availability of water and nutrients. Over long time scales, the vegetation itself is a primary determinant of soil organic matter content. This model contains elements of both the initial, holistic theory of vegetation and recent, reductionistic approaches. It reiterates the need to considerboth mechanisms and constraints, stressed by contemporary and earlier workers. Hierarchy theory provides new insights concerning sufficient conditions for prediction, possible limits on predictability, and appropriate research strategy.