哈茨木霉的培养及其对烟草疫霉生长的抑制研究*

哈茨木霉是一类重要的植病生防因子。哈茨木霉TH-1分别在PDA培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查氏培养基和琼脂培养基上培养均能产孢,其中PDA培养基为最适培养基。PDA培养基上,菌丝生长适宜温度27.5℃~35℃,最适温度32.5℃,产孢最适温度27.5℃。菌丝生长适宜pH值为3~7,产孢适宜pH值为5~9,生长与产孢最适pH值为5。光照对菌丝生长影响不大但明显影响菌株的产孢数量,光照时间越长产孢量越大。对峙培养试验表明TH-1明显抑制疫霉菌的生长速率,其无菌滤液明显抑制烟草疫霉菌游动孢子的萌发,并抑制游动孢子芽管     

鸭跖草生防菌叶点霉F-3菌株生物学特性的研究

主要研究影响鸭跖草生防菌叶点霉菌株菌丝生长和孢子萌发的条件。研究表明,PDA培养基和鸭跖草培养基是该菌生长的适宜培养基,该菌生长的温度范围为20~35℃,最适温度为25℃,分生孢子萌发的温度范围为25~35℃,最适温度为30℃;pH为6时生长最快,偏酸偏碱有利于孢子的萌发,在pH为10时萌发最好。F-3菌株在供试的6种碳源中生长速度相差不大,在不同氮源中差异显著,以硝酸铵为氮源生长最好。     

地生弯颈霉的培养与生长条件

从长白山北坡森林土壤中分离纯化得到1株地生弯颈霉(Tolypocladium geodes),对其培养及生长条件(如培养基、光照、温度、碳源、氮源和pH等)进行了试验。结果表明,地生弯颈霉在麦芽浸膏琼脂培养基(MEA)上菌落生长直径最大,马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上产孢量最高;5~30℃温度范围内均能生长,25℃时生长和产孢量最佳;最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和柠檬酸铵;光暗交替条件下,最利于其生长和产生孢子;pH4~9范围内均能生长和产孢,pH=8时菌落直径最大,pH=6时产孢量最高。     

芹菜斑枯病菌生物学特性研究

以沈阳地区芹菜斑枯病菌的纯培养菌株为试材,通过对菌丝生长、孢子萌发的营养及环境条件的多因子试验,明确了芹菜斑枯病菌菌丝生长以在CDAMS—VI培养基上最好,其次是CSA、CCSA和PDA,菌丝生长及产孢对碳源、氮源种类有明显的选择性。菌丝生长的最适pH值为4～5,最适温度为21℃,致死温度为39℃（处理40min）,光照明显抑制菌丝生长。病菌分生孢子在水和芹菜汁中不能萌发,在水琼脂上萌发最好;孢子萌发的适宜pH值为4．6～6．6,适温为17—25℃,致死温度为42℃（处理20min）,RH100％最适宜孢子萌发。光照和变温处理可促进分生孢子器的形成,病菌在PDA上从孢子萌发到分生孢子器形成并释放出分生孢子需要16～18d。     

诺氏虫疠霉生物学特性的研究

通过对诺氏虫疠霉生物学特性的研究,明确了该菌孢子萌发,生长的适温范围为15℃-25℃,萌发最适湿度为100％,最适pH为9－10。紫外线对诺氏虫疠霉分生孢子有强烈杀伤作用,照射10分钟,萌发率降低41．9％,不同光照处理间菌落生长差异显,全光照可完全抑制菌落生长,明暗交替最地菌落生长和产孢。     

落葵新病害——匍柄霉叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性

为进一步了解落葵上一种新病害的发病规律,文中对其病原菌落葵匍柄霉(Stemphylium basellae)进行了生物学特性研究。结果表明:病原菌菌丝生长的最适培养基为PDA,最适的碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖和硝酸钾,菌丝在15~35℃范围内适宜生长,最适温度25℃,最适p H 5.0,黑暗条件更利于病原菌菌丝生长;病原菌在落葵煎汁培养基上产孢最多,产孢最适碳氮源、最适温度、最适p H和光照条件与菌丝相同。病原菌菌丝和分生孢子的致死条件分别为45℃处理15 min和43℃处理15 min。     

木霉对辣椒疫霉菌抑制作用的超微结构与细胞化学

哈茨木霉菌株NF9和TC3对辣椒疫霉病菌具有强烈的抑制作用。超微结构与细胞化学研究表明,木霉菌丝能够缠绕并寄生疫霉菌菌丝,且重寄生作用主要发生在培养基内的菌丝上。但在绝大多数情况下,木霉菌可直接水解和破坏疫霉菌菌丝,说明木霉抑菌作用的主要机制是直接向外分泌水解酶分解疫霉的细胞壁及细胞质,而不是重寄生作用。不同培养基对木霉的重寄生作用有重要影响,减少培养基中葡萄糖含量可以增强木霉的重寄生作用和抑菌效果。此外,在菌落生长后期,疫霉的新生菌丝均可侵染自身的老菌丝。     

蚊幼虫病原真菌贵阳腐霉的生物学研究

为了开发灭蚊真菌贵阳腐霉Pythiumguiyangense用于蚊虫防治,对贵阳腐霉生物学特性进行了研究。采用菌丝生长率、真菌产孢情况以及对致倦库蚊Culexquinquefaciatus1龄幼虫的毒力作为评价的指标。测试了7种人工培养基、7种单糖、7种氮源、真菌生长所需的pH范围和温度范围、以及4种光-暗比的光照程序对真菌的影响。结果证明该真菌生长的适合温度为5℃～35℃,最佳温度为25℃～30℃;适合pH范围是5～12;在pH9～11范围内菌丝和游动孢子生长最好;测试的人工培养基中,按照菌丝生长速度从高到低排列,依次为Czapek’SFE、PYG、KPYG2、SDAY、CMA和PDA。其中从真菌的游动孢子形成量和对蚊幼虫的毒力来看,最佳培养基为SFE;葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、甘露糖和可溶性淀粉都是本真菌的合适碳氢营养源;含有机氮的培养基比含无机氮的培养基好;不同的光照程序没有表现明显的影响,但是观察到紫外光对本真菌有明显的抑制作用。     

蚊幼虫病原真菌贵阳腐霉的生物学研究

为了开发灭蚊真菌贵阳腐霉Pythium guiyangense用于蚊虫防治,对贵阳腐霉生物学特性进行了研究。采用菌丝生长率、真菌产孢情况以及对致倦库蚊Culex quinquefaciatus1龄幼虫的毒力作为评价的指标。测试了7种人工培养基、7种单糖、7种氮源、真菌生长所需的pH范围和温度范围、以及4种光-暗比的光照程序对真菌的影响。结果证明该真菌生长的适合温度为5℃～35℃,最佳温度为25℃～30℃;适合pH范围是5～12;在pH 9～11范围内菌丝和游动孢子生长最好;测试的人工培养基中,按照菌丝生长速度从高到低排列,依次为Czapek’SFE、PYG、KPYG₂、SDAY、CMA和PDA。其中从真菌的游动孢子形成量和对蚊幼虫的毒力来看,最佳培养基为SFE;葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、甘露糖和可溶性淀粉都是本真菌的合适碳氢营养源;含有机氮的培养基比含无机氮的培养基好;不同的光照程序没有表现明显的影响,但是观察到紫外光对本真菌有明显的抑制作用。     

芦荟内生菌内生哈茨木霉LH-7对植物病原菌的抗性

通过体外培养方法,研究了药用植物库拉索芦荟内生真菌内生哈茨木霉LH-7对9种常见植物病原菌的抑菌谱及其拮抗机理.结果表明： 内生哈茨木霉LH-7 对供试植物病原真菌具有显著的抑制作用(抑制率为62.4%～88.4%),且营养竞争和重寄生是其主要拮抗机制.该菌株的代谢产物中具有能够抑制病原菌生长及孢子萌发的活性物质,其作用可导致病原菌菌丝体生长的畸形、细胞壁破裂、产孢结构发育不健全、孢子形成及萌发率降低,从而有效抑制病原菌的生长和繁殖.
     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.