花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦植株钾钠吸收和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

以扬麦12和淮麦17为材料,研究花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍逆境条件对离子平衡、小麦籽粒淀粉及营养器官碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫和盐渍处理下,小麦叶片和茎鞘Na+含量快速上升,K+含量相对下降,K+/Na+比快速下降,导致离子平衡失调和Na+离子毒害;花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍处理降低了籽粒总糖、蔗糖、游离氨基酸含量及花前营养器官可溶性总糖转运量和转运率,从而抑制籽粒灌浆,导致籽粒干物质积累下降,淀粉含量降低,尤以盐胁迫和盐渍处理更为严重;盐胁迫和盐渍处理对淮麦17的抑制作用大于扬麦12,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理导致成熟期淮麦17籽粒重分别下降60.3%和61.1%,而扬麦12下降46.6%和43.7%;此外,盐胁迫对扬麦12影响大于盐渍处理,而盐渍处理对淮麦17影响大于盐胁迫处理。     

花后干旱和渍水对不同品质类型小麦籽粒品质形成的影响

 防雨池栽条件下研究了花后干旱和渍水胁迫对两个不同品质类型小麦（Triticum aestivum）品种籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明,花后渍水和干旱处理明显降低了小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。在整个灌浆期内干旱处理明显提高了籽粒蛋白质和醇溶蛋白含量,而渍水处理降低了籽粒蛋白质及其组分的积累量。籽粒总淀粉和直链淀粉含量以渍水处理最高,而支链淀粉以对照最高。干旱处理提高了籽粒干、湿面筋含量、沉降值和降落值,而渍水处理降低了上述品质指标。试验表明干旱和渍水胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质与淀粉的含量和组分及面粉品质等均有不同程度的影响,从而改变了不同品质类型小麦的籽粒品质。     

花前渍水预处理对花后渍水逆境下扬麦9号籽粒产量和品质的影响

以扬麦9号为材料,研究花前渍水预处理对花后渍水逆境下小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与未进行渍水预处理相比,花前渍水预处理提高了小麦植株对花后渍害的抗性,生物产量、收获指数和千粒重显著提高,进而显著提高了籽粒产量;花前渍水预处理显著提高花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,降低了花前贮藏氮素运转量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,进而引起籽粒球蛋白含量提高,但显著降低了清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和全蛋白质含量、以及干湿面筋含量和沉降值;花前渍水预处理还提高了籽粒直链淀粉和总淀粉含量和降落值,降低了支/直链淀粉比,显著提高了面粉峰值粘度、低谷粘度、崩解值、最终粘度、回冷值和峰值时间,但对糊化温度无显著影响。     

灌浆期高温和水分逆境对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响

灌浆期高温和水分逆境是影响小麦籽粒产量和品质的关键气候因子。以扬麦9号、徐州26和豫麦34三个小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温和水分胁迫环境,研究了花后高温及温度和水分互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉形成的影响。结果表明,高温显著提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白含量,导致麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值降低。高温显著降低了籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量及支／直比。籽粒蛋白质和淀粉及其组分形成所需的适宜昼夜温差随小麦品质类型而异,但温度水平对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的影响较温差大。在高温和水分逆境下,温度对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响较水分逆境大,且存在显著的互作效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为干旱〉对照〉渍水,以高温干旱最高,适温渍水最低;淀粉含量为对照〉干旱〉渍水,以适温对照最高,而高温渍水最低。高温和水分逆境显著提高了籽粒醇溶蛋白含量而降低了谷蛋白含量及支链淀粉含量,使蛋白质谷／醇比和淀粉支／直比降低,以高温渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分的影响最为显著。不同品种之间,高蛋白小麦籽粒蛋白质和组分的形成受高温和水分逆境的影响更大,而低蛋白品种籽粒淀粉形成显著受温度和水分逆境的调节。分析表明,在高温和水分逆境下籽粒蛋白质含量与清蛋白和醇溶蛋白显著正相关,籽粒淀粉含量与谷蛋白、支链淀粉含量及支／直比显著正相关。     

花后干旱或渍水下氮素供应对小麦光合和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

防雨池栽条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个土壤水分处理,每水分处理下再设置两个施氮水平,研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素水平对两个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,花后渍水和干旱处理显著降低小麦旗叶净光合速率和SPAD值,干物质积累量下降.干旱处理下,增施氮肥提高旗叶光合速率和SPAD值,渍水处理下则相反.水分逆境明显降低籽粒可溶性总糖含量,且渍水处理下增施氮肥降低小麦叶片和籽粒可溶性总糖含量,干旱状态下规律相反.渍水处理下增施氮肥降低淀粉积累速率.水分逆境明显降低小麦粒重、产量和淀粉产量,且干旱处理下增施氮肥有利于籽粒重、产量和淀粉产量的提高,而渍水下增施氮肥使粒重和产量进一步降低.试验结果表明,花后渍水和干旱逆境下施用氮肥对小麦旗叶光合速率和籽粒淀粉积累有明显的调节效应.     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的生态变异及与植株氮转化的关系研究

小麦籽粒蛋白质和蛋白质组分含量决定了小麦面团流变学特性和加工品质、籽粒蛋白质组分的形成与植株氮素吸收利用密切相关,且蛋白质组分的合成有一定的顺序性。对不同生态区的小麦籽粒蛋白质组分合成进行了研究。结果表明,蛋白质及组分含量存在明显的基因型差异,徐州点蛋白质和谷蛋白含量显著大于南京点;花期氮素积累量和花后氮素转运量徐州点显著大于南京点,而花后氮同化量南京点显著大于徐州点;清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,与花后植株氮素转运量呈显著正相关。不同生态点小麦花后发育速率模式基本一致,但南京点发育进程迟于徐州点;在籽粒形成期和灌浆后期,南京点的发育速率较快,降低了清蛋白和谷蛋白的合成,导致南京点籽粒蛋白质含量降低。     

高温下干旱和渍水对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和物质转运的影响

以蛋白质含量不同的两个冬小麦品种扬麦9号和豫麦34为材料,研究了不同温度和水分条件下小麦花后旗叶光合特性的变化、营养器官花前贮藏干物质和氮素转运特征及其与籽粒产量和品质形成的关系.结果表明,高温及干旱和渍水均明显降低了旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,但高温下干旱和渍水对光合作用的影响加重.小麦营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素转运量和转运率在适温下表现为干旱>对照>渍水,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.适温下花后同化物积累量表现为对照>渍水>干旱,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.花后氮素积累量在适温和高温下均表现为对照>渍水>干旱.籽粒淀粉含量以适温适宜水分处理最高,高温渍水下最低;蛋白质含量以高温干旱下最高,适温渍水下最低.温度和水分逆境下小麦粒质量和淀粉含量的降低与花后较低的光合能力及干物质积累有关,而蛋白质含量则与花前贮藏氮素的转运量和转运率有关.     

花后干旱或渍水逆境下氮素对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

 池栽试验条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理,每个水分处理下设置两个施氮水平 ,研究了花后渍水或干旱逆境下氮素营养对两个不同类型小麦（Triticum aestivum） 品种籽粒产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,花后渍水或干旱处理显著降低了小麦的千粒重、穗粒数和籽粒产量。在适宜水分和干旱条件下,增施氮肥增加了小麦籽粒产量,而在渍水条件下,增施氮肥降低了产量。干旱处理提高了蛋白质含量,干、湿面 筋含量,沉降值和降落值;而渍水处理则降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量。同 一水分处理下,增施氮肥提高了蛋白质含量,谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比,支链淀粉含量和支/直链淀粉比。在小麦籽粒主要品质性状上存在显著的水氮互作效应,且水分、氮肥及水氮互作效 应对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响因品种的不同而异。     

不同水分条件下氮素供应对小麦植株氮代谢及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

土壤水分逆境是限制小麦籽粒品质形成的重要生态因子,明确土壤水分逆境下小麦籽粒品质形成的生理机制及调优技术途径,对于深化小麦品质生理生态研究和指导小麦调优栽培具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。在防雨池栽条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理,每个水分处理下再设置120和240 kg.hm-2两个施氮水平,研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种植株氮代谢和籽粒蛋白质积累的影响。结果表明,与正常水分处理相比,花后干旱和渍水均降低旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、叶片总氮含量和游离氨基酸含量。干旱处理提高了茎鞘总氮与游离氨基酸含量以及籽粒蛋白质含量,而渍水处理则使其降低。水分逆境下增施氮肥提高旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、叶片与茎鞘总氮和游离氨基酸含量以及籽粒游离氨基酸和蛋白质含量。花后干旱和渍水均显著降低了小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。增施氮肥提高适宜水分和水分亏缺条件下小麦籽粒产量,但不利于渍水下小麦产量的提高。这说明,花后渍水和干旱逆境下施用氮肥对小麦植株氮代谢和籽粒蛋白质积累有明显的调节效应。     

花后土壤水分状况对小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累关键调控酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,以2个不同蛋白质含量的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L．)品种皖麦38和扬麦9为材料,研究了花后第4天开始的土壤干旱(SRWC=45％～50％)和渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累关键调控酶活性的影响。小麦叶片和籽粒的测定结果均表明,小麦源库器官中籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键调控酶活性变化趋势在2个品种间基本一致。与对照(SRWC=75％～80％)相比,干旱和渍水均明显降低了花后旗叶中蔗糖含量和磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性,而氨基酸含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性略有下降。干旱和渍水均降低了籽粒库蔗糖合成酶(SS)和结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性降低尤甚。其中干旱处理下SS的下降比渍水更为明显。与对照相比,渍水明显降低了籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和GS活性,而干旱的影响较小。相关性分析结果表明籽粒淀粉产量和含量与SPS,SSS和GBSS活性的关系比与SS活性的关系更为密切,籽粒蛋白质产量和含量与叶中GS和籽粒中GPT活性的关系比与籽粒中GS关系活性更为密切。这些结果表明小麦源库器官中调控籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键酶活性变化是花后不同水分状况影响籽粒淀粉和蛋白质特性的重要因素。     

Relationships of endogenous plant hormones to accumulation of grain protein and starch in winter wheat under different post-anthesis soil water statusses

Accumulation of protein and starch in grain is a key process determining grain yield and quality in wheat. Under drought or waterlogging, endogenous plant hormone levels will change and may have an impact on the yield and quality of wheat. In a greenhouse experiment, four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in grain protein content, Heimai 76, Wanmai 38, Yangmai 10 and Yangmai 9, were subjected to drought (SRWC = 4550%, DR), waterlogging (WL) and moderate water supply (SRWC = 7580%, CK), beginning from 4 days post-anthesis (DPA) to maturity. On the 10 (grain enlargement stage) and 20 (grain filling stage) DPA, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GA₁₊₃), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) were determined in sink and source organs of wheat plants by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patterns of hormonal changes were similar in four varieties. The ABA levels were much higher under DR and WL than under CK. Compared with CK, GA₁₊₃ levels in whole-plant under DR and WL changed a little at 10 DPA, but markedly decreased under DR and WL at 20 DPA. Changes of endogenous IAA level under DR and WL exhibited a complicated pattern, depending on organs and growth stages. Particularly at the 20 DPA, the mean levels of IAA in roots, leaves and grains decreased significantly under DR and WL. In comparison with CK, ZR levels in all organs significantly decreased under DR and WL at both stages. The correlation analyses between yields and contents of starch and protein in grains and levels and ratios of four hormones in source and sink organs indicated that the changes in yield and content of grain starch and protein under DR and WL were associated with the reduced IAA, ZR and GA₁₊₃ levels and elevated ABA level in plants, especially in grains. It was proposed that the changed levels of endogenous hormones under post-anthesis DR and WL might indirectly affect protein and starch accumulation in grains by influencing the regulatory enzymes and processes.     

纬度变化对不同冬小麦品种蛋白质组分的影响

选用6个有代表性的冬小麦品种在河南省5个不同纬度试验点（32°—36°N）进行种植,研究纬度变化对冬小麦蛋白质组分含量的影响.结果表明：纬度变化对冬小麦清蛋白、麦谷蛋白含量和谷/醇比值有显著影响,而基因型差异对蛋白质组分的影响不显著.随着纬度的升高,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量呈降低趋势,而麦谷蛋白含量、谷/醇比值、蛋白质组分之和及小麦产量呈递增趋势.与其他试验点相比,信阳种植的6个小麦品种的清蛋白含量相对较高,驻马店和许昌的醇溶蛋白含量较高,而武陟和汤阴的麦谷蛋白含量较高.5月份平均气温、总日照时数和降雨量与小麦蛋白质组分地点间变化关系密切.因此,生产上选择适宜的小麦种植区,同时可在5月份采取改善光合作用、延长灌浆时间等栽培措施,以提高小麦籽粒品质.     

Alterations in photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity in winter wheat subjected to post-anthesis water-logging

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Yangmai 9 (water-logging tolerant) and Yumai 34 (water-logging sensitive) were subjected to water-logging (WL) from 7 d after anthesis to determine the responses of photosynthesis and anti-oxidative enzyme activities in flag leaf. At 15 d after treatment (DAT), net photosynthetic rate under WL was only 3.7 and 8.9 μmol(CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹ in Yumai 34 and Yangmai 9, respectively, which was much lower than in the control. Ratios of variable to maximum and variable to initial fluorescence, actual photosynthetic efficiency, and photochemical quenching were much lower, while initial fluorescence and non-photochemical quenching were much higher under WL than in control, indicating damage to photosystem 2. WL decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in both cultivars, and activity of peroxidase (POD) in Yumai 34, while POD activity in Yangmai 9 was mostly increased. The obvious decrease in the amount of post-anthesis accumulated dry matter, which was redistributed to grains, also contributed to the grain yield loss under WL.     

谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种,运用离体穗培养技术,研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响.实验结果表明,随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高,粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线,在6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值;籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势,而淀粉含量呈下降趋势.籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2～6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势,此后则无明显变化.     

谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticam aestivum)品种, 运用离体穗培养技术, 研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响。实验结果表明, 随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高, 粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线, 在6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值; 籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势, 而淀粉含量呈下降趋势。籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致, 而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2~6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势, 此后则无明显变化。     

遮光对小麦籽粒淀粉品质和花前贮存非结构碳水化合物转运的影响

以耐荫品种扬麦158和不耐荫品种扬麦11两个小麦品种为材料,研究了拔节至成熟期遮光对小麦籽粒产量、淀粉含量和淀粉糊化特性的影响,并分析了花前营养器官非结构碳水化合物转运及其与籽粒产量、淀粉含量和淀粉糊化特性的关系.结果表明：遮光条件下小麦花前营养器官中可溶性总糖转运量的下降是造成小麦籽粒产量降低的原因之一;小麦支链淀粉在遮光条件下显著降低而直链淀粉变化不明显,导致小麦籽粒总淀粉含量和支／直显著下降;遮光降低了两品种小麦籽粒淀粉峰值粘度;降低了不耐荫品种扬麦11的低谷粘度,提高了其糊化温度,但对耐荫品种扬麦158的低谷粘度和糊化温度无显著影响.     

Waterlogging and simulated acid rain after anthesis deteriorate starch quality in wheat grain

The synthesis and accumulation of starch is greatly affected by environmental stress. Wheat grown in the downstream area of the Yangtze River is easily subjected to stress of waterlogging and acid rain. In order to probe the effect of waterlogging and acid rain on yield and starch characteristic, we used winter wheat cultivars of Yangmai 16 (more resistant) and Wennong 17 (relatively sensitive) to sole stress of acid rain or waterlogging and to their combinations during grain filling. The responses of grain yield, the physiochemical properties and morphology of starch granules in endosperm to the stresses were investigated. Compared with CT (control), grain yield in Wennong 17 were significantly decreased by both pH 4.0 acid rain and pH 2.5 acid rain, while in Yangmai 16 only by pH 2.5 acid rain. Waterlogging combined with acid rain significantly reduced grain weight and grain yield in both wheat cultivars. Acid rain, waterlogging and their combination depressed activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase (SSS) in grains of both cultivars. Acid rain and waterlogging damaged endosperm cell structure and caused abnormal starch granules. Starch granules at maturity became fragile and failed to keep in shape and some granules were even totally submerged in the protein matrix and other tissue under acid rain and waterlogging. Content of amylopectin and amylopectin/amylose ratio was also decreased, while content of amylose was increased under acid rain and waterlogging. As a result, swelling power and most viscosity parameters decreased, while the pasting temperature increased in both cultivars due to stresses. In sum, acid rain and waterlogging and their combination damaged cell structure and depressed synthesis of amylopectin, and led to the formation of abnormal fragile starch granules, and finally reduced grain weight and then yield, and deteriorated starch quality.     

水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种（强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50）为材料,在大田条件下,研究了3个灌水处理（W₁：拔节水;W₂：拔节水+花后15 d灌浆水;W₃：拔节水+灌浆水+花后28 d麦黄水）和3个氮肥水平（0、150、270 kg·hm^-2）对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明：270 kg·hm^-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦（豫麦34）籽粒蛋白质含量,籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高,谷/醇增大;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高,直/支下降;籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦（豫麦50）在150 kg·hm^-2 的施氮量下,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加,球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降,谷/醇降低;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高;不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多（270 kg·hm^-2）均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累,使产量下降.W₂处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,W₁或W₃处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中,强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270 kg·hm^-2和150 kg·hm^-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水（W₂）为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.     

花后灌水次数对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

在防雨池栽培条件下,以2个优质强筋小麦品种（济麦20和藁城8901）为试验材料,研究了花后不同水分供应状况对籽粒产量、籽粒品质（粉质仪参数和面包体积）及其蛋白质组分的影响.结果表明：2个品种的籽粒产量、面粉的面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和制成面包体积均随花后灌水次数的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势;其中,花后灌1水（花后7 d）时藁城8901的籽粒产量最高,花后灌2水（花后7 d+花后14 d）时济麦20的籽粒产量最高;2个品种面粉的面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和制成面包体积均以花后灌1水时最优.单体蛋白含量、不溶性谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白总含量、蛋白质含量以及湿面筋含量也呈现类似的变化趋势.逐步回归分析表明,花后不同水分供应状况下,不溶性谷蛋白含量是影响面团稳定时间的关键因素,谷蛋白总含量与面包体积的变化密切相关.因此,为了保持优质强筋小麦品质的稳定性,水分管理应以改善籽粒蛋白质特别是谷蛋白组分的构成为目标.