盐碱胁迫下星星草种子萌发过程中有机物,呼吸作用及其几种酶活性的变化

对NaCO3胁迫下星星草种子萌发过程中淀粉酶活性、淀粉酶同工酶、可溶性糖含量、呼吸作用的变化进行了研究。结果表明无盐胁迫下,种于萌发过程中淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量、呼吸强度与对照相比均下降,并与Na2CO3胁迫浓度的负相关关系极其显著。Na2CO3胁迫下,水解酶活性降低、储藏物质不能动员、呼吸代谢受抑制是盐胁迫下星星草种子萌发受抑制的原因之一。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对栓皮栎种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了阐明栓皮栎种子萌发期对盐碱胁迫的耐受性,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200和400 mmol/L)NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对其种子萌发、生长、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质等的影响,结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫对栓皮栎种子的萌发率和发芽指数均没有显著影响;随着Na+浓度的升高,NaCl和Na2CO3处理下的胚根长度、胚根生长速率、胚根鲜重均受到抑制,呈现下降趋势;活力指数和耐盐指数在NaCl胁迫下表现为较低浓度(50 mmol/L)促进,较高浓度(100,200,400 mmol/L)抑制,而在Na2CO3处理下则不断下降;相对盐害率在两种处理下均表现波动趋势。(2)通过建立活力指数、胚根长度等与Na+浓度的回归方程,发现在NaCl胁迫下栓皮栎种子活力指数、胚根鲜重、胚根长度和胚根生长速率的临界值分别为300.0、300.0、333.6、369.6 mmol/L。(3)在NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫下,随Na+浓度的增加,丙二醛含量增幅显著;NaCl处理下的SOD(superoxide dismutase)活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而Na2CO3处理下则均低于对照;POD(peroxidase)活性变化不显著;CAT(catalase)活性均表现为先降低后升高;脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随着Na+浓度的升高而呈现不同程度上升趋势。(4)等Na+浓度时,NaCl处理下的各项生长指标均高于Na2CO3处理,丙二醛、保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量均低于Na2CO3处理,说明Na2CO3对栓皮栎种子的影响比NaCl更为显著。     

NaHS对NaHCO_3胁迫下黑籽南瓜种子萌发及生理特性的影响

以黑籽南瓜(Cucurbita ficifolia)种子为试材,研究了外施不同浓度的NaHS对NaHCO3胁迫下种子萌发及生理特性的影响。结果表明,NaHCO3胁迫显著抑制了黑籽南瓜种子的发芽率、胚轴长和胚根长,降低了种子萌发过程中的可溶性糖含量,抑制了α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、SOD及POD活性。而外施不同浓度的NaHS显著促进了NaHCO3胁迫下黑籽南瓜萌发种子胚轴和胚根的生长,提高了可溶性糖含量及α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、SOD和POD活性,降低了MDA含量;外施其它盐类(Na2S、Na2SO4、NaHSO4和NaHSO3)及不同pH值(pH5.8–7.8)的Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲液对NaHCO3胁迫下黑籽南瓜种子的萌发则无影响。外施NaHS可有效缓解NaHCO3胁迫对黑籽南瓜种子萌发的抑制作用,其缓解效应可能与其释放的H2S有关。     

Na2CO3胁迫下星星草（Puccinellia tenuiflora）幼苗叶表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的相对含量

对不同强度Na2CO3胁迫处理下星星草幼苗叶片表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的透射电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析和叶片表面扫描电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析，结果表明：在相同胁迫强度下，无论是表皮细胞还是叶肉细胞的细胞壁和液泡中的Na相对含量均明显高于细胞质中的Na相对含量，并且K的相对含量均明显比相应部位Na的相对含量高，细胞壁与液泡中的Na相对含量变化范围非常接近。在Na2CO3胁迫浓度低于0.1molL-1时，在相同胁迫强度下，K的相对含量高于Na的相对含量，使细胞质保持相对高的K/ Na比。而尽管向细胞壁和液泡分流了大量的Na，但是细胞质中的Na相对含量仍然随着Na2CO3胁迫强度的增加而增加，一方面证明星星草在Na2CO3胁迫下维持相对高的K/ Na比的能力是有一定限度的，另一方面暗示星星草作为盐生植物在盐碱环境中一定程度上Na可以部分地代替K而行使部分K的生理功能。     

盐胁迫对二色补血草种子萌发的影响

以二色补血草(Limonium bicolor)种子为试验材料,用不同浓度的NaCl、Na2SO4及二者质量比为1:1的混合盐在其种子萌发过程中进行胁迫,调查盐胁迫对种子萌发的影响,并测定萌发过程中种子蛋白质含量、淀粉酶活力及还原糖和总糖含量的变化.结果表明:盐胁迫使二色补血草种子的发芽势、发芽指数和发芽率明显降低,而且随着盐浓度的增鲻加,抑制作用增强;3种盐对种子萌发的抑制作用强度依次为NaCl>混合盐>Na2SO4;二色补血草种子耐盐适宜范围为Na2SO4 1.2%、混合盐0.8%、NaCl 0.5%,耐盐半致死浓度为Na2SO4 2.1%、混合盐1.4%、NaCl 1.1%,耐盐极限浓度为Na2SO4 3.5%、混合盐2.4%、NaCl 2.0%.盐处理后不萌发的种子转入蒸馏水后重新萌发的试验结果表明,盐分胁迫主要是通过渗透效应,抑制种子中蛋白质和总糖的分解,进而延缓或抑制了种子的萌发.     

GA3处理对低温胁迫条件下玉米种子呼吸代谢的影响

以低温敏感型的"丰禾1号"和耐低温型的"郑单958"两个玉米品种为实验材料,采用GA3浸种的处理方式("丰禾1号"为20 mg·L-1、"郑单958"为5 mg·L-1),探究了GA3对低温胁迫条件下玉米种子萌发过程中种胚中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及淀粉酶活性和呼吸途径关键酶活性的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫条件下,GA3浸种处理显著提升了玉米种胚中可溶性糖含量及可溶性蛋白的积累,增强了低温胁迫下细胞的渗透势;α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活性显著提高;提高了苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、联合酶(G-6-PDH和6-PGDH)的活性,提高了糖酵解(EMP)、三羧酸循环(TCA)、磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)途径的运转效率,保证了细胞的物质代谢和能量供应;GA3浸种处理可以显著提高种子对低温的抵抗能力,从而在低温胁迫条件下促进其萌发。     

逆境条件下小麦种子活力与种子萌发相关酶活性及其基因表达的关系

分析不同基因型小麦品种逆境萌发过程中种子萌发相关酶活性及基因表达差异,明确在逆境条件下,种子活力与种子萌发相关酶活性及基因表达量的关系.通过标准发芽试验和逆境(冷浸、人工老化、干旱胁迫)发芽试验,测定4个小麦品种种子活力、萌发过程中可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白含量、α-淀粉酶活性、半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性及相关基因表达量.结果表明:干旱、人工老化和冷浸胁迫3种逆境对种子活力都有一定影响.不同萌发条件下,可溶性总糖含量呈现先小幅度升高后小幅度降低再迅速升高的趋势;而可溶性蛋白含量随着萌发时间的延长呈现逐渐下降的趋势.α-淀粉酶活性整体呈现逐渐升高的趋势,但在冷浸胁迫处理后,豫农949和轮选061的α-淀粉酶活性在萌发60 h后出现下降.半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性整体呈先降低后升高的趋势,但在干旱胁迫条件下,豫农949、豫麦49-198和轮选061的半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势.不同逆境萌发条件下,α-AMY(α-淀粉酶基因)表达量整体呈先上升后下降的趋势.冷浸胁迫处理后,轮选061的α-AMY表达量高于对照,在其他逆境萌发条件下,4个品种的α-AMY表达量均低于对照;人工老化处理后,长4738的CP(半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因)表达量与对照差异不显著,在其他逆境萌发条件下,4个品种的CP表达量均高于对照.种子萌发期间,不同萌发条件下α-淀粉酶和半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性与其基因表达并没有直接关系,α-淀粉酶活性与可溶性总糖含量达到显著正相关,半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性与可溶性蛋白含量的相关性不显著.在标准发芽条件下,α-淀粉酶活性与活力指数呈显著正相关,而在逆境萌发过程中,其相关性不显著.冷浸胁迫处理后,半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性与活力指数呈显著正相关,但在标准发芽、干旱胁迫、人工老化处理后,其相关性不显著.     

不同黄瓜品种幼苗对等渗Mg（NO3）2和NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以3个不同类型的黄瓜品种为试材,采用营养液培养方法,研究等渗Mg(NO3)2和Na Cl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质的影响,采用隶属函数法对其耐盐性进行综合评价.结果表明:与对照相比,60、80 mmol·L-1Mg(NO3)2和等渗90、120 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下,随盐浓度的增加,3种不同生态类型的黄瓜品种幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部和地下部干鲜质量及抗氧化酶活性显著降低,盐浓度越高,受抑制程度越高,丙二醛含量显著升高、增幅变大,膜脂过氧化程度加重,其中‘SJ31-1’的生物量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降幅度及丙二醛含量上升幅度均小于其他品种.等渗浓度的Mg(NO3)2比Na Cl对黄瓜幼苗的抑制程度大,浓度越大差异越显著.脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量变化存在基因型和盐类型的差异.盐胁迫后,‘SJ31-1’的脯氨酸含量增幅最大,‘鲁白19号’的可溶性糖含量增幅最大,‘新泰密刺’介于两者之间.Na Cl胁迫下,不同黄瓜品种渗透调节物质以可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白为主,而Mg(NO3)2胁迫下以脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白为主.不同黄瓜品种耐盐性的综合评价次序为‘SJ31-1’>‘新泰密刺’>‘鲁白19号’.     

渗透胁迫下小麦根系渗透调节与根冠淀粉水解的研究

用不同浓度的PEG—600对抗旱性不同的小麦幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理,研究了小麦幼苗根系的淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量、渗透势、渗透调节能力和根冠淀粉的水解状况。结果表明,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐5号和北农2号根系渗透势和饱和渗透势的降低程度大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种鲁麦5号和921842,并且抗旱性强的小麦品种根系的渗透调节能力大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种。随着渗透胁迫程度的加重．各品种小麦根冠淀粉粒均有不同程度的减少。而抗旱性强的品种根冠淀粉粒的减少程度小于抗旱性弱的品种;抗旱性强的小麦品种根系淀粉酶活性显著高于抗旱性弱的小麦品种,但是,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性弱的品种淀粉酶活性增加的幅度远高于抗旱性强的品种。可溶性糖含量的变化趋势与淀粉酶活性的变化趋势一致．即渗透胁迫下根冠淀粉水解程度大的小麦品种,可溶性糖的含量高。但根冠淀粉水解在根系的渗透调节以及在小麦适应水分胁迫中的作用还有待于进一步探讨。     

外源硅对连作基质浸提液抑制黄瓜种子萌发的缓解效应

该试验以‘新春4号’黄瓜为试材,研究在连作基质浸提液(基质∶水=1∶6)处理下,外源添加4 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SiO_3·9H_2O对黄瓜种子萌发、膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性及淀粉转化的影响,以揭示外源硅对连作基质浸提液抑制黄瓜种子萌发的缓解效应及其生理生化机制,为生产中解决黄瓜基质栽培连作障碍问题提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)连作基质浸提液处理显著抑制了黄瓜种子的萌发,使得丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高,抗氧化酶活性和淀粉水解酶活性降低,淀粉含量升高而可溶性糖含量降低,同时AMY和BMY基因的表达水平显著下调。(2)添加外源硅处理后,可有效缓解连作基质浸提液对黄瓜种子萌发生长的抑制,降低MDA和Pro含量,提高抗氧化酶和淀粉水解酶活性,且提高了可溶性糖含量,AMY和BMY基因表达水平上调。研究表明,1∶6浓度的连作基质浸提液可显著抑制黄瓜种子萌发,使淀粉转化受阻,基因表达水平下调;外源添加4 mmol·L~(-1) Na_2SiO_3·9H_2O可提高受胁迫黄瓜种子芽苗中淀粉的转化速率,维护黄瓜种子萌发的正常生理功能,进而缓解连作基质浸提液对黄瓜种子萌发造成的伤害。     

盐碱胁迫下星星草种子萌发过程中氮代谢的初步研究

对不同浓度Ｎａ２ＣＯ３胁迫下星星草种子萌发过程中可溶性蛋白质,游离氨基酸及游离脯氨酸含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明：无盐胁迫下,伴随种子的萌发过程,可溶性蛋白质,游离氨基酸含量不断增加。     

碱性盐胁迫下星星草幼苗中几种渗透调节物质的变化

模拟松嫩盐碱草地碱化土壤的离子组成配制碱性盐溶液处理星星草（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｌｉａｔｅｎｕｉｆｌｏｒａ）幼苗,测定了碱性盐胁迫下星星草幼苗地上部分几种渗透调节物质含量的变化,随着碱性协浓度及胁迫天数的增加,Ｎａ＾＋可溶性盐,游离脯氨酸和可淀粉糖的含量逐渐增加,其中游离脯氨酸的变化倍数最大,Ｋ＾＋含量在浓度小于２０ｇＬ＾－１碱性胁迫下随胁迫天数增加而略为减少,在４０ｇｒＬ＾－１和６０ｇＬ＾－１碱性胁     

Na2CO3胁迫对星星草幼苗游离氨基酸含量的影响

对Na₂CO₃胁迫下星星草幼苗游离氨基酸含量的研究结果表明,星星草幼苗游离氨基酸总含量随盐浓度的增加而增加。各组分中Ala、Cy s、Gly、leu、Met、Pro、Phe、Val的含量随着Na₂CO₃浓度的增加而增加,其中Ala、Cy s、Gly、leu、Met、Pro与Na₂CO₃浓度呈极显著正相关关系。Na₂CO₃胁迫下星星草幼苗体内氨累积,同时Asp-NH₂的含量明显增加,有效降低氨对幼苗的毒害。     

碳酸钠逐级驯化对星星草幼苗抗碱性的影响

对不同浓度Ｎａ２ＣＯ３膛级驯化星星草幼苗的研究结果表明,逐级提高对星星草幼苗的盐碱胁迫强度,在一定程度上可以缓解Ｎａ２ＣＯ３对幼苗鲜重和干重增长的抑制作用,及其对星星草幼苗细胞膜的伤害,从而提高幼苗对Ｎａ２ＣＯ３胁迫的抗性。并就星星草幼苗耐盐碱的极限进行了讨论。     

Respiratory metabolism in the embryonic axis of germinating pea seed exposed to cadmium

Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were germinated for 5d by soaking in distilled water or 5mM cadmium nitrate. The relationships among cadmium stress, germination rate, changes in respiratory enzyme activities and carbohydrates mobilization were studied. Two cell fractions were obtained from embryonic axis: (1) mitochondria, used to determine enzyme activities of citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, and (2) soluble, to measure some enzyme activities involved in fermentation and pentose phosphate pathway. Activities of malate- and succinate-dehydrogenases (MDH, SDH) and NADH- and succinate-cytochrome c reductases (NCCR, SCCR) were rapidly inhibited, while cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) was unaltered by cadmium treatment. However, this stimulated the NADPH-generating enzyme activities of the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate- and 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenases (G6PDH, 6PGDH), as well as enzyme activity of fermentation, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), with concomitant inhibition in the capacity of enzyme inactivator (INADH). Moreover, Cd restricted carbohydrate mobilization in the embryonic axis. Almost no glucose and less than 7% of control fructose and total soluble sugars were available in the embryo tissues after 5d of exposure to cadmium. Cotyledonary invertase isoenzyme activity was also inhibited by Cd. The results indicate that cadmium induces disorder in the resumption of respiration in germinating pea seeds. The contribution of Cd-stimulated alternative metabolic pathways to compensate for the failure in mitochondrial respiration is discussed in relation to the delay in seed germination and embryonic axis growth.     

Na2CO3胁迫下星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)幼苗叶表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的相对含量

对不同强度Na2CO3胁迫处理下星星草幼苗叶片表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的透射电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析和叶片表面扫描电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析,结果表明：在相同胁迫强度下,无论是表皮细胞还是叶肉细胞的细胞壁和液泡中的Na相对含量均明显高于细胞质中的Na相对含量,并且K的相对含量均明显比相应部位Na的相对含量高,细胞壁与液泡中的Na相对含量变化范围非常接近。在Na2CO3胁迫浓度低于0．1molL^-1时,在相同胁迫强度下,K的相对含量高于Na的相对含量,使细胞质保持相对高的K／Na比。而尽管向细胞壁和液泡分流了大量的Na,但是细胞质中的Na相对含量仍然随着Na2CO,胁迫强度的增加而增加,一方面证明星星草在Na2CO3胁迫下维持相对高的K／Na比的能力是有一定限度的,另一方面暗示星星草作为盐生植物在盐碱环境中一定程度上Na可以部分地代替K而行使部分K的生理功能。     

Effects of shoot excision on in situ soil and root respiration of wheat and soybean under drought stress

Little information is available about the variability of root-derived respiration rate in relation to biotic factors such as photosynthesis and substrate availability in roots. Here we examine the role of decreased carbohydrates availability on root-derived respiration through removal of above ground biomass. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Longchun 8139) and soybean (Glycina max L. cv. Tianchan 2) were grown in the field under a moveable rain shelter, and subjected to three different water regimes: (1) well-watered control; (2) moderate drought stress, and (3) severe drought stress. Root-derived respiration before and after shoot clipping, and the concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrate, malic and citric acid were measured for spring wheat and soybean. Root-derived CO₂ flux and total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of clipped wheat decreased by 38% and 31%, respectively. However, for soybean the root- derived CO₂ flux and total nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations were only 58% and 62% of control, respectively, indicating the root respiration rate was controlled by the availability of carbon in the root. A significant positive correlation between total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of the root and soil water content was observed in unclipped plants. Total nonstructural carbohydrate contributed 93% of the variance in root-derived respiration. Our results clearly show, that in the field, the availability of carbon substrate in roots determines root-derived respiration and plays a key link between soil moisture and root-derived respiration. A period of time is needed for root respiration to return to “steady-state” after shoot removal and this period needed is strongly dependent on species and soil water content.     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用砂培方式,研究了外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的萌发、幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及其抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨ALA缓解菘蓝受盐胁迫伤害的响应机制。结果显示:(1)菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长在100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下受到明显的抑制,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数与自然含水量均显著降低,丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高。(2)盐胁迫下适宜浓度的ALA处理显著提高了种子萌发率、自然含水量及SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了可溶性糖和丙二醛的含量,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势最大,其幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT活性最强。研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制菘蓝种子的萌发及幼苗生长,适宜浓度的ALA能够有效缓解盐胁迫对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长的伤害,提高植株的抗盐性,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理效果最佳。     

Mechanisms associated with tolerance to flooding during germination and early seedling growth in rice (Oryza sativa)

Background and Aims

Flooding slows seed germination, imposes fatalities and delays seedling establishment in direct-seeded rice. This study describes responses of contrasting rice genotypes subjected to flooding or low oxygen stress during germination and discusses the basis of tolerance shown by certain cultivars.

Methods

In one set of experiments, dry seeds were sown in soil and either watered normally or flooded with 10 cm of water. Seedling survival and shoot and root growth were assessed and seed portions of germinating seedlings were assayed for soluble sugars and starch concentrations. The whole germinating seedlings were assayed for amylase and peroxidase activities and for ethylene production. Activities of enzymes associated with anaerobic respiration were examined and gene expression was analysed separately with seeds germinating under different amounts of dissolved oxygen in dilute agar.

Key Results

Flooding during germination reduced survival but to a lesser extent in tolerant genotypes. Starch concentration in germinating seeds decreased while sugar concentration increased under flooding, but more so in tolerant genotypes. Amylase activity correlated positively with elongation (r = 0·85 for shoot and 0·83 for root length) and with plant survival (r = 0·92). Tolerant genotypes had higher amylase activity and higher RAmy3D gene expression. Ethylene was not detected in seeds within 2 d after sowing, but increased thereafter, with a greater increase in tolerant genotypes starting 3 d after sowing. Peroxidase activity was higher in germinating seeds of sensitive genotypes and correlated negatively with survival.

Conclusions

Under low oxygen stress, tolerant genotypes germinate, grow faster and more seedlings survive. They maintain their ability to use stored starch reserves through higher amylase activity and anaerobic respiration, have higher rates of ethylene production and lower peroxidase activity as germinating seeds and as seedlings. Relevance of these traits to tolerance of flooding during germination and early growth is discussed.Key words: Amylase, anoxia, crop establishment, direct-seeded rice, ethylene, flooding, germination, hypoxia, Oryza sativa