用菌培植业思考与展望——为余永年老师九十华诞而作

食用菌生产应该与种植业、养殖业并驾齐驱,称之为食用菌培植业,是农业生产领域内的三大基础产业.解决野生食用菌的产量、质量问题,是野生食用菌产业化开发的瓶颈;必须另辟蹊径,发展食用菌原生态野生化生产,实现野生食用菌的规模化、产业化发展.对双孢蘑菇野生化生产和菌菜轮作进行了探讨,为我国双孢蘑菇的生产发展另辟蹊径;建议我国的双孢蘑菇生产朝两化一作的方向发展.     

食用菌培植业思考与展望

食用菌生产应该与种植业、养殖业并驾齐驱,称之为食用菌培植业,是农业生产领域内的三大基础产业。解决野生食用菌的产量、质量问题,是野生食用菌产业化开发的瓶颈;必须另辟蹊径,发展食用菌原生态野生化生产,实现野生食用菌的规模化、产业化发展。对双孢蘑菇野生化生产和菌菜轮作进行了探讨,为我国双孢蘑菇的生产发展另辟蹊径;建议我国的双孢蘑菇生产朝两化一作的方向发展。     

基于稳定同位素比率及营养差异的双孢蘑菇不同栽培基质的溯源分析

双孢蘑菇是世界消费量最大的食用菌之一,不同于欧美国家的麦草栽培配方,我国双孢蘑菇栽培材料主要是以水稻秸秆为主.为了降低农业秸秆废弃物的焚烧和我国双孢蘑菇产业的持续发展,需因地制宜地开发和利用各地特色农业废弃物资源作为双孢蘑菇栽培的基质.为鉴别不同材料栽培的双孢蘑菇子实体的营养和产量差异,本研究以8种不同基质配方栽培的双...     

双孢蘑菇分子标记研究进展*

双孢蘑菇（Agaricus bisporus）是世界上最重要的人工栽培的食用菌,近20年来双孢蘑菇分子标记研究发展迅速,取得了许多阶段性成果。本文简要地对双孢蘑菇同工酶标记,电泳核型,RFLP,RAPD,AFLP等分子标记研究的发展状况进行了综述。     

双孢蘑菇分子标记研究进展

双孢蘑菇（Agaricus bisporus）是世界上最重要的人工栽培的食用菌,近20年来双孢蘑菇分子标记研究发展迅速,取得了许多阶段性成果。本简要地对双孢蘑菇同工酶标记,电泳核型,RFLP,RAPD,AFLP等分子标记研究的发展状况进行了综述。     

有害疣孢霉菌与双孢蘑菇的互作关系

通过菌丝对峙、双重培养,以及对发病双孢蘑菇子实体的显微观察,探讨有害疣孢霉菌Mycogone perniciosa（MP0012）与双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus（As2796）之间的互作关系。结果表明,在菌丝对峙生长阶段有害疣孢霉菌菌丝不侵入双孢蘑菇菌丝体内,两者可交叉生长,对双孢蘑菇生长影响不显著;对峙与双重培养均显示有害疣孢霉菌菌丝会产生对双孢蘑菇菌丝生长的抑制作用的挥发性物质,造成双孢蘑菇菌丝扭结断裂。同时试验证实了双孢蘑菇菌丝会促进有害疣孢霉菌厚垣孢子的产生和萌发、菌丝生长和发育。侵染实验结果表明,有害疣孢霉菌可直接侵染双孢蘑菇子实体,引起双孢蘑菇子实体病害;对罹病子实体显微观察结果发现,发病前期双孢蘑菇子实体表面长出绒毛状病原菌丝,菌柄中空,菌褶褐变腐烂并长出病原菌丝;发病中期双孢蘑菇子实体内菌丝组织会出现萎缩裂解现象,在近有害疣孢霉菌菌丝一侧的双孢蘑菇子实体菌丝细胞壁被降解;发病后期双孢蘑菇子实体菌丝组织基本消失。由此初步判断有害疣孢霉菌对双孢蘑菇的寄生类型偏向于死体营养型。     

不同地区双孢蘑菇中蘑菇氨酸含量的比较研究

蘑菇氨酸曾被怀疑具有潜在的致癌效应,但其生理作用目前还存在争议.为比较分析我国不同地区双孢蘑菇中蘑菇氨酸含量,本研究采用反相高效液相色谱法检测了我国5个双孢蘑菇产区30份新鲜双孢蘑菇样品中蘑菇氨酸的含量.结果显示,我国双孢蘑菇中蘑菇氨酸含量范围较广,为155.6～934.4mg/kg FW.在此基础上,分析了菌株类型、培养料类型和采收季节等因素对蘑菇氨酸含量的影响.结果表明,不同菌株、不同栽培条件下生产的双孢蘑菇中蘑菇氨酸的含量差异明显.     

双孢蘑菇遗传多样性分析

应用AFLP指纹技术对双孢蘑菇的20个野生菌株和5个栽培品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。AFLP指纹揭示出20个野生异核体菌株所固的基因型。5个商业品种表现出比较一致的AFLP指纹,但也显示出它们之间的一些差别。由单孢分离获得的同核体菌株携带着部分异核体菌株的AFLP指纹;由同一子实体分离得到的大部分单孢菌株是异核体菌株,它们具有与其亲本一致的AFLP指纹。UPGMA分析揭示出2个与地理分布（美洲、欧洲）和相对应的组。研究结果表明：（1）在野生菌株之间存在着明显的遗传差异;（2）大多数单孢分离的菌株具有与母本一致的遗传物质;（3）野生菌株间的遗传变异大于栽培品种间的变异;（4）在双孢蘑菇的遗传多样性分析中,AFLP技术是非常有效的工具。     

香菇菌糠提取物处理对双孢蘑菇呼吸代谢的影响

为了延长双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus的保质期,本研究通过优化香菇Lentinula edodes菌糠提取物(LR-UE)采前喷施条件,探究其对双孢蘑菇贮藏过程中呼吸代谢的影响。研究表明,采前喷施的最佳条件是LR-UE的浓度为1.0mg/mL,喷施时间为采前1d,喷施量为200mL/m2。LR-UE处理能够有效降低双孢蘑菇的失重,延缓双孢蘑菇呼吸峰的出现;同时,它还能调节双孢蘑菇糖酵解途径、三羧酸循环和磷酸戊糖途径的酶活性,减少丙二醛的积累,减少电解质的泄漏,维持较高的可溶性蛋白质含量,有效保持双孢蘑菇的贮藏品质。     

壳聚糖和ε-聚赖氨酸处理对双孢蘑菇贮藏过程中品质的影响

以延长双孢蘑菇货架期为目标,探讨壳聚糖和ε-聚赖氨酸处理对采后双孢蘑菇在4 ℃贮藏过程中生理特性、营养品质和贮藏特性的影响。结果表明：与对照组双孢蘑菇相比,壳聚糖与ε-聚赖氨酸6:4复配溶液处理能够有效抑制双孢蘑菇表面微生物的生长和多酚氧化酶活性的增加,保持双孢蘑菇子实体较高的L*值和硬度,延缓双孢蘑菇的质量损失和细胞膜透性的升高,减少双孢蘑菇子实体的腐烂,保持较高商品率。在4 ℃条件下,壳聚糖与ε-聚赖氨酸6:4复配溶液对双孢蘑菇的保鲜性能最优,能够有效保持双孢蘑菇的商品品质和延长其贮藏时间。     

Compost bacteria and fungi that influence growth and development of Agaricus bisporus and other commercial mushrooms

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Mushrooms are an important food crop for many millions of people worldwide. The most important edible mushroom is the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus),...     

Resource allocation ability of wild isolates of Agaricus bisporus on conventional mushroom compost

Abstract: Twenty-one wild isolates from two distinct sites and six cultivated strains of Agaricus bisporus were cultivated on a conventional mushroom compost. Their degradative abilities were studied by measuring 12 extracellular enzyme activities produced during mycelial growth. Differences in production of enzyme activities and in compost colonisation were observed between the three groups of strains and within each group. They were used to define the mechanisms of resource allocation in mushroom compost. The ability to grow and produce sporophores on mushroom compost appeared to be linked with the production of a balanced pool of enzymes including moderate levels of polysaccharidases active on straw cell walls and of enzymes able to degrade microbial biomass and microbial products.     

Use of molecular markers to differentiate between commercial strains of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete cultivated industrially for food production. Different spawn and mushroom producers use genetically related A. bisporus strains frequently marketed as different products. In this paper we show that the use of suitable molecular markers reveals the high level of genetic homology of commercial strains of A. bisporus, and allows, at the same time, to distinguish between them. In the course of this work, a molecular marker potentially linked to the agronomic character 'mushroom weight' has been identified by bulked segregant analysis.     

Purification and characterization of RNA polymerase II resistant to alpha-amanitin from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus

The DNA-dependent RNA polymerases II or B (ribonucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The purification procedures involve precipitation with polyethylenimine, selective elution of RNA polymerase II from the polyethylenimine precipitate, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, CM-cellulose chromatography, and exclusion chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5M. With this procedure 11 mg of RNA polymerase II is recovered from 1.5 kg of mushroom tissue. RNA polymerase II from Agaricus bisporus has 12 subunits with the following molecular weights: 182,000, 140,000, 89,000, 69,000, 53,000, 41,000, 37,000, 31,000, 29,000, 25,000, 19,000, and 16,500. Purified RNA polymerase II from Agaricus bisporous was half-maximally inhibited by the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin at a concentration of 6.5 microgram/mL (7 X 10(-6) M), which is 650-fold more resistant than mammalian RNA polymerases II. The apparent Ki for the alpha-amanitin-RNA polymerase complex was estimated to be 12 X 10(-6) M. The activity of purified RNA polymerase II from the mushroom was quite typical of other eukaryotic RNA polymerase II with regard to template preference, salt optima, and divalent metal cation optima.     

Effect of spent mushroom compost tea on mycelial growth and yield of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Preliminary studies suggested that the use of compost tea made from spent mushroom substrate (SMS) may be regarded as a potential method for biologically controlling dry bubble disease in button mushroom. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of SMS compost tea on the host, the button mushroom, to ascertain whether the addition of these water extracts has a toxic effect on Agaricus bisporus mycelium growth and on mushroom yield. In vitro experiments showed that the addition of SMS compost tea to the culture medium inoculated with a mushroom spawn grain did not have an inhibitory effect on A. bisporus mycelial growth. The effect of compost teas on the quantitative production parameters of A. bisporus (yield, unitary weight, biological efficiency and earliness) was tested in a cropping trial, applying the compost teas to the casing in three different drench applications. Quantitative production parameters were not significantly affected by the compost tea treatments although there was a slight delay of 0.8-1.4 days in the harvest time of the first flush. These results suggest that compost teas have no fungitoxic effect on A. bisporus so that they can be considered a suitable biocontrol substance for the control of dry bubble disease.     

Mushroom host influence on Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae) life cycle

Lycoriella mali Fitch (Diptera: Sciaridae) infests mushroom crops early in the crop cycle. Recent observations in mushroom houses indicated a difference in emergence time and size of adult L. mali developing on various strains of commercial mushrooms. Samples of adult flies from isolated mushroom houses growing Portabella mushrooms were significantly heavier then those from oyster mushroom houses, whereas flies from shiitake mushroom houses were lightest in weight. Flies collected from isolated Portabella mushroom houses were reared on four strains and species of Agaricus and Pleurotus mushrooms. After the adults emerged, females were weighed, mated, and allowed to oviposit. The number of eggs laid increased as the weight of the female increased. Flies collected from isolated Portabella mushroom houses were reared on eight strains and species of mushrooms. Flies were reared for four generations on each host mushroom mycelium then switched to different host mushrooms. Overall, the hybrid strain of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach (Agaricales: Agaricomycetideae) was the most favorable host for L. mali, whereas the wild strain of A. bisporus was the least favorable host. Mushroom hosts influence developmental time, survivorship, weight, and reproduction of L. mali.     

Microbial ecology of the Agaricus bisporus mushroom cropping process

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Agaricus bisporus is the most widely cultivated mushroom species in the world. Cultivation is commenced by inoculating beds of semi-pasteurised composted...     

Basidiospore Numbers in Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach

The number of spores per basidium in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus can be readily determined using the light microscope.     

Diversity in the ability of Agaricus bisporus wild isolates to fruit at high temperature (25°C)

The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus commercially cultivated requires 16-19 °C during the fruiting period. Wild strains are also present in natural habitat, and in light of their wide range of geographic distribution reported, from boreal region to tropical region, questions on the development adaptation to temperature arose. Isolates from various geographic areas were screened for their ability to fruit at higher temperature (FHT ability) than commercial cultivars. The FHT trait discriminated at the varietal rank. Agaricus bisporus var. eurotetrasporus was unable to develop any sporophores whilst A. bisporus var. burnettii adapted perfectly to 25 °C for fruiting, suggesting that the FHT ability is a fixed trait in these varieties. In contrast, FHT ability of A. bisporus var. bisporus appeared variable and correlated neither with climate/microclimate nor with habitat. However, FHT ability taken as a whole appeared higher in North American populations than in European ones. Some A. bisporus var. bisporus isolates revealed a good potential for cultivation at 25 °C.     

Differential effect of Agaricus host species on the population development of Megaselia halterata (Diptera: Phoridae)

Twelve isolates from the genus Agaricus (Fungi, Basidiomycota) were investigated for their ability to support development of the phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), which is an important pest of the commercial white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Combined effects of oviposition of adult female M. halterata and larval development in mushroom compost inoculated with Agaricus mycelium were determined using bioassays. The numbers of M. halterata offspring that developed were affected by the Agaricus isolate used, and there was a significant separation between resistant and susceptible isolates. In a bioassay where the female phorids had a choice of all 12 isolates for oviposition, three isolates produced >200 adults per 100 g compost pot while the remaining nine isolates had <20 adults per pot. Where there was no choice of Agaricus isolate for oviposition, five isolates resulted in >100 adults per 100 g compost pot while the remainder resulted in <4 adults per pot. With the susceptible isolates, there was a positive correlation between increasing concentration of mycelium in the substrate and phorid development until the concentration exceeded 40% after which numbers of emerging phorids declined. Genetic identity of Agaricus isolates was determined using ITS sequencing and phylogenetic methods, which revealed two major cluster groups. Isolates supporting the development of large populations of M. halterata were located in one of these clusters (group I), and were either Agaricus bisporus or other species from the same Agaricus section Duploannulatae. Isolates that did not support the development of M. halterata populations were located in a different cluster (group II) and were more genetically distant from A. bisporus, e.g. Agaricus sections Arvenses, Minores and Xanthodermatei. Species of Agaricus with resistance to M. halterata could have significant potential for the breeding and cultivation of phorid-free mushrooms.