干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御光破坏机制的影响

沙冬青 (Ammopiptanthusmongolicus (Maxim .)Chengf.)是生长在沙漠及干旱荒漠地区的常绿灌木。在夏季 ,其叶片经常遭受中午强光 (超过 15 0 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1)胁迫 ,出现明显的光抑制现象。我们利用便携式光合测定系统 (CIRAS_1)和脉冲调制荧光仪 (MFMS_2 )测定了自然形成的干旱胁迫条件下沙冬青光合和荧光参数的日变化 ,主要探讨了干旱胁迫对沙冬青叶片防御强光破坏机制的影响。结果表明 ,正常水分和干旱胁迫下 ,沙冬青叶片的净光合速率 (Pn)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率 (ΦPSⅡ)在中午都明显降低 ;相对正常水分条件而言 ,干旱胁迫下初始荧光 (Fo)先下降后上升 ,荧光的非光化学淬灭 (NPQ)上升较快并在一定水平上维持不变。由此推断晴天中午沙冬青叶片在正常水分条件下主要采取依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散机制 ;而在干旱胁迫条件下主要采取了依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散和PSⅡ反应中心可逆失活两种保护机制。     

Na2CO3胁迫下星星草幼苗叶片PSⅡ光能利用和耗散与培养基质渗透势的关系

用荧光动力学的方法研究了碱性盐Na2CO3胁迫下星星草幼苗叶片PSⅡ光能利用和耗散与培养基质渗透势的关系。结果发现在大于-4bar的胁迫下,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（φPSⅡ）以及开放的PSⅡ反应中心有效光化学效率（Fv’/Fm’）的变化不大;然而在小于-4bar Na2CO3胁迫下,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和Fv’/Fm’均随着渗透势的增大而增大,而中PSⅡ、电子传递速率（ETR）、光化学速率、捕光色素吸收的光能被用于热耗散的相对份额及热耗散速率则随着渗透势的增大而减小。这些研究结果说明星星草幼苗在Na2CO3胁迫所导致的不同的渗透胁迫下（小于-4bar和大于-4bar）其过剩光能的耗散机制可能不同,大于-4bar的胁迫下可能存在精细的渗透调节机制,而在高强度的Na2CO3所导致的渗透胁迫下具有与其它植物不同的保护机制,可能通过两条途径耗散过剩的光能,一方面通过增加捕光色素吸收的光能被用于热耗散的相对份额及热耗散速率;另一方面通过增大西PSⅡ、光化学速率、ETR,增强假循环式光合磷酸化过程,而由此引起的活性氧的增加则通过体内较高活性的保护酶系统来清除,以保护光合器官免受过剩光能的损伤。     

草莓叶片光合作用对强光的响应及其机理研究

用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪和光合仪研究了强光下草莓叶片荧光参数及表观量子效率的变化.结果表明,Fm、Fv/Fm、PSⅡ无活性反应中心数量和Q_A的还原速率在强光下降低,在暗恢复时升高;而PSⅡ反应中心非还原性Q_B的比例在强光下增加,在暗恢复时降低.上述荧光参数的变化幅度均以强光胁迫或暗恢复的前10 min最大.强光下Φ_PSII、ETR和qP先升高后降低,但qN先大幅度降低,然后小幅回升.强光处理4 h后,丰香和宝交早生的表观量子效率(AQY)分别降低了20.9%和37.5%;qE(能量依赖的非光化学猝灭)为NPQ(非光化学猝灭)的最主要成分.强光胁迫下丰香的Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Φ_PSII、ETR和AQY的变化幅度均明显比宝交早生小.DTT处理后,草莓叶片的Fm和Fv/Fm明显降低,Fo显著升高.可以认为,依赖叶黄素循环和类囊体膜质子梯度两种非辐射能量耗散在草莓叶片防御光损伤方面起着重要作用,丰香的光合机构比宝交早生更耐强光.     

超高产杂交稻在强光胁迫及其恢复进程中的PSⅡ活性和叶黄素循环

研究了两系超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)"两优培九"和"华安3号"以及多年来大面积推广的三系杂交稻"汕优63"剑叶的PSⅡ活性和叶黄素循环对强光胁迫及其恢复进程的响应.结果表明,在2 000 μmol photons*m-2*s-1的强光胁迫下,3个杂交稻的PSⅡ光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率(Fv′/Fm′)和PSⅡ的实际光化学转能效率(ΦPSⅡ)都随着光抑制进程而下降,其中以"汕优63"下降的幅度最大.光抑制过程中,杂交稻叶黄素循环的紫黄素(V)组分迅速下降,与此同时,脱环氧化组分环氧玉米黄素(A)和玉米黄素(Z)迅速积累,而超高产杂交稻"两优培九"和"华安3号"的A和Z的积累速度大大高于"汕优63".伴随A和Z的快速积累,它们的叶黄素循环的脱环氧化状态(DES)迅速上升,并在半小时左右基本达到最大值,其中"两优培九"和"华安3号"DES的上升速率仍然较"汕优63"高.光抑制处理结束后,转移到弱光(70 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)条件下恢复过程中,两个超高产杂交稻的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′和ΦPSⅡ的恢复速率和恢复水平都高于"汕优63".同时,它们的叶黄素循环组分V、A、Z以及DES都逐渐恢复,但"两优培九"和"华安3号"的恢复速率和恢复水平仍然要优于"汕优63".以上结果说明,超高产杂交稻"两优培九"和"华安3号"较对照品种"汕优63"具有更强的抗光抑制及光保护能力,同时在光抑制结束后又能够更迅速地恢复光合功能,较强的抗光抑制能力和较高的恢复能力可能是超高产杂交稻高产的重要生理基础之一.     

水分胁迫对不同抗旱类型冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在人工气候室水培条件下,选用3个不同抗旱类型的冬小麦品种,研究了水分胁迫对冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：水分胁迫下,冬小麦幼苗可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv／Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv／Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(qF)均降低;而初始荧光(Fo)与非光化学淬灭系数(qNP)则升高,说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv／Fo)降低;光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散提高。但水分胁迫下品种间各参数变化幅度不同。除qNF外,其余各参数均为抗旱性越强降低幅度越小,而qNF则升高幅度越大。说明水分胁迫对冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响与其抗旱性密切相关。     

自然条件下珊瑚树（Viburnum odoratissimum）叶片光合作用的光抑制

利用气体交换观察、叶绿素荧光分析和ＱＢ蛋白含量的测定３种方法,研究了常绿灌木珊瑚树叶片的光合作用在上海深秋初冬自然条件下的光抑制,以便确定在除光以外不存在其它环境胁迫的自然条件下光合机构的破坏是否是引起光抑制的主要原因。经过中午３ｈ左右的强光照射以后,珊瑚树叶片的表观量子效率（ＡＱＹ）和ＰＳⅡ光化学效率（Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ）明显下降,表明珊瑚树叶在自然条件下经常发生光抑制。而且,经中午强光照射以后,叶片的初始荧光（Ｆ０）下降;非光化学荧光猝灭的慢弛豫成分（ｑＥｓｌｏｗ）上升;光饱和的光合速率略有下降;中午光照后降低了的ＡＱＹ和Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ在叶片离开强光１ｈ以后基本恢复;模拟中午光照的强光处理对叶片的ＱＢ蛋白含量没有明显的影响。这些事实都说明这种光抑制发生的主要原因是非光辐射能量耗散的增加,光合机构的破坏即使发生,也是很轻微的。     

外源钙对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

以叶绿素快相荧光动力学曲线(OJIP)为探针,研究了外源钙对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)功能的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫降低了烤烟幼苗PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和电子传递速率(ETR),抑制了光合作用的原初过程,烤烟幼苗叶片发生了明显的光抑制.叶面喷施10.0 mmol·L-1CaCl2溶液后烤烟叶片的光合电子传递能量比例(ФEo)在干旱胁迫下的降低幅度明显小于对照(喷施清水),电子转运效率(ET0/RC)在干旱胁迫下明显高于对照.叶面喷施CaC12溶液增加了PSⅡ捕获光能用于光合电子传递的比例、剩余有活性反应中心的效率和电子传递链中的能量传递,使烤烟叶片的光系统Ⅱ在干旱胁迫下保持相对较高的活性,从而提高了烤烟幼苗的抗旱能力.     

叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转在毛竹叶片光保护中的作用

利用叶绿素荧光技术,对强光胁迫下以及叶黄素循环抑制剂-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和D1蛋白合成抑制剂-硫酸链霉素(SM)处理后毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) Lehaie)的光抑制特征进行研究。结果显示:在夏季中午强光或人为强光胁迫下,毛竹叶片最大光化学效率Fv/Fm均显著降低;在下午光强减弱或黑暗、弱光条件下,Fv/Fm可有效恢复。DTT和SM均可抑制毛竹叶片非光化学淬灭(NPQ),且DTT效果明显优于SM。另外,在强光下,DTT和SM处理均能使毛竹叶片Fv/Fm、实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)和光化学淬灭qP等荧光参数下降幅度增大。研究结果表明毛竹叶片具有完善的光破坏防御机制,NPQ与叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转紧密关联,在叶片光保护机制中具有重要作用。     

依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散对茶树叶片防御强光破坏的相关试验研究

经叶黄素循环抑制剂——二硫苏糖醇(DIT)处理的茶树叶片,以850μmol．m^-2．s^-1的PFD照射120min后,福鼎大白茶的叶黄素循环组分中的环氧玉米黄素(A)和玉米黄素(Z)含量之和降低了76．5％,结果导致非光化学猝灭(NPQ)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光化学效率(Fv／Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ψPSⅡR)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)明显下降,而F0显著上升,暗恢复后Fv／Fm恢复程度小于未经DIT处理的叶片。自然光强下,NPQ与与叶黄素循环的脱环氧化程度(A Z)/(V A Z)比值呈明显的正线性关系(R=0．9488^***)。这些结果充分证明依赖与叶黄素循环的热耗散是茶树叶片光合器官防御强光破坏的主要途径。     

砂仁叶片光破坏的防御

报告了生长于热带林窗向阳处砂仁叶片叶绿素荧光参数的日变化,及阻止卷叶和用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)处理对它的影响.受强光照射,砂仁叶片迅速卷起.在雾天上午光强还相当弱(低于100μmol m-2s-1)时,砂仁叶片就发生光抑制,中午最重,下午当光强减弱时,光抑制逐渐得到缓解.其热耗散(qN、NPQ)随光强的升高而增加,且下午仍在缓慢增加.阻止卷叶使强光下砂仁叶片光抑制加剧,F0、NPQ升高.DTT处理也使光抑制加剧,F0升高,且使PSⅡ反应中心发生可逆失活.夜间2300各处理的荧光参数基本恢复.卷叶、叶黄素循环和PSⅡ可逆失活3种保护机制在同种植物中依次启动的现象尚属少见.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various