实蝇引诱剂研究进展

实蝇是一类重要的农业害虫,其中许多种类为入侵及检疫性害虫,对规模种植的经济果蔬及其相应进出口贸易造成重大的经济损失.基于引诱剂所衍生的"诱杀"策略是实蝇调查、监测和防治手段中最有效的方法之一.目前,常用的引诱剂主要分为两类:1、雄性引诱剂;2、双性或雌性引诱剂,其中后者又包括实蝇种内信息素、寄主果实挥发物和食物源引诱剂.本文综述了各类实蝇引诱剂的发展历史、防治现状以及存在的问题,以期为实蝇田间绿色防控以及新型实蝇引诱剂的开发提供借鉴.     

中国重要检疫性实蝇的全球分布和入侵情况

实蝇是重要的蔬菜瓜果害虫。本文重点概述入侵中国实蝇的寄主植物、原产地、首次发现时间、入侵地、国内外分布和入侵扩散途径,全面整理重要检疫性实蝇的全球分布和入侵情况,同时根据全球重要检疫性实蝇的分布情况为警惕和预防实蝇入侵我国提供理论支持。本文指出,领土相邻是实蝇入侵我国的重要条件：入侵中国的实蝇原产地是中国的邻国日本、印度和泰国,最早发现地是中国的沿海和沿边地区,分别为中国台湾、广西、云南和新疆吐鲁番。寄主植物的种类数量与实蝇的分布范围正相关：橘小实蝇和瓜实蝇是多食性昆虫,分别危害305和61种植物,分别在全球83和58个国家均有发生。枣实蝇、蜜柑大实蝇和黑颜面实蝇是寡食性昆虫,只危害同属植物,仅入侵原产地周边的些许国家。随着国际瓜果贸易交流频繁,全球重要的检疫实蝇由原产地国家逐渐向周边国家扩散,其中油橄榄实蝇、桃果实蝇、埃塞尔比亚寡鬓实蝇、黑樱桃实蝇和苹果实蝇已经入侵至我国周边国家,需要警惕和预防其从沿边省份入侵我国。加强检疫和管理是防治实蝇入侵和扩散的重要手段,同时也需要中国的科研工作者进一步对世界上重大检疫实蝇的入侵风险评估、防控对策、分子鉴定和快速检测方法进行研究。     

实蝇类昆虫生殖行为的研究进展

实蝇是全世界重要的农业害虫,其生殖行为规律对其防治方法的研究具有重要指导意义。本文在文献调研的基础上,对实蝇类昆虫求偶、交配和产卵等行为的最新研究进展进行综述。实蝇类昆虫具有非资源型交配系统,性内、性间选择共同驱动实蝇的性特征进化;同时,实蝇生殖行为受到性信息素、翅信号、物理、化学以及环境等因素的影响。此外,雌虫在交配后会为理想产卵位置发生竞争,而产卵标记信息素起着调节作用。实蝇类昆虫的诸多生殖行为研究结果已成功应用于田间防治,取得了较好的效果。     

实蝇害虫抗药性研究进展

实蝇科昆虫中的橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis、瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae、南亚实蝇B. tau、柑橘大实蝇B. minax和枣实蝇Carpomya vesuviana等害虫危害作物和果树后造成一定经济损失,而在生产中为追求快速高效常采用化学防治方法控制。但在长期化学防治过程中,实蝇害虫采取代谢、基因标靶、行为和肠道共生菌等系列机制对杀虫剂产生抗药性。本文综述实蝇害虫对杀虫剂的防治现状、抗药性、抗性机制及抗性治理策略,以期为其防治提供参考。     

实蝇害虫抗药性研究进展

实蝇科昆虫中的橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis、瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae、南亚实蝇B. tau、柑橘大实蝇B. minax和枣实蝇Carpomya vesuviana等害虫危害作物和果树后造成一定经济损失,而在生产中为追求快速高效常采用化学防治方法控制。但在长期化学防治过程中,实蝇害虫采取代谢、基因标靶、行为和肠道共生菌等系列机制对杀虫剂产生抗药性。本文综述实蝇害虫对杀虫剂的防治现状、抗药性、抗性机制及抗性治理策略,以期为其防治提供参考。     

蝇蛹俑小蜂对橘小实蝇和瓜实蝇的偏好性

【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是实蝇类害虫蛹期的一种重要寄生蜂,对压制下一代实蝇类害虫的种群数量具有重要作用,但有关其对不同实蝇害虫的寄生特性尚缺乏研究。【方法】采用"H"型装置和培养皿测定方法,研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄主选择偏好性。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂在橘小实蝇蛹和瓜实蝇蛹共存的情况下,偏好在橘小实蝇蛹上停留,且寄生率较高,最高寄生率达61.11%。【结论与意义】本研究为合理利用蝇蛹俑小蜂控制实蝇类害虫提供了理论基础。     

寄生蜂对橘小实蝇控害作用的研究进展

橘小实蝇是一种世界性的检疫害虫,危害多种蔬菜和水果的重要害虫。寄生蜂作为橘小实蝇的重要天敌,对其防治起着重要的作用。本文归纳整理了橘小实蝇寄生蜂主要种类及生物学、生态学特性,并对主要寄生蜂的寄生选择偏好性、寄生能力评价、种群消长影响因素以及其保护利用、人工大量繁育技术研究等进行总结,旨在为更好的开展橘小实蝇寄生蜂的研究及最终实现其大规模应用提供一定的参考。     

离腹寡毛实蝇两性通讯及行为

离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera spp.实蝇对全世界的水果和蔬菜产生巨大的威胁,造成严重的经济损失。传统的杀虫剂化学防治、不育技术(sterile insect technique,SIT)、雄虫灭绝技术(male annihilation technique,MAT)一直是防控大多数实蝇的主要措施,但具有一定的局限性。因此,急需新的环保型防控方法来防治实蝇。为建立基于昆虫行为的防治策略,本文对离腹寡毛实蝇Bactrocera spp.两性的生殖通讯及相关的行为进行了概述。总结了实蝇的交配系统以及雄虫在求偶之前在求偶炫耀场所的一系列行为,阐述了雌虫交配后产卵标记行为和竞争单个产卵位置的行为以及未来的研究方向,将为实蝇害虫综合治理提供新的思路及参考。     

Establishment and application of DNA barcoding technology for identification of the immatures and adult debris of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) ( Diptera: Tephritidae)

实蝇类害虫多为国内外检疫对象,其鉴定识别方法主要依据成虫的外部形态特征,而传统的形态学识别法对口岸经常截获的幼体及残缺的虫体,则无能为力.本研究以桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的幼体(卵、幼虫、蛹)以及成虫残体(足、翅、头部、胸部、腹部)为对象,利用DNA条形码技术,构建实蝇类害虫快速鉴定技术体系,并以其他4种常见实蝇(包括番石榴实蝇B.correcta、瓜实蝇B.cucurbitae、南亚果实蝇B.tau、柑桔大实蝇B.minax)为对象对该技术体系进行应用验证.结果显示,桔小实蝇幼体以及成虫残体的碱基序列与数据库中靶标种CO Ⅰ基因碱基序列的一致性为99.51％～99.84％,其他4种实蝇相应序列与数据库中靶标种CO Ⅰ基因序列的一致性分别为100％,100％,99.81％～ 99.83％和100％;以邻接法(NJ法)构建系统发育树,靶标种实蝇均与数据库中对应种实蝇聚为一支,且置信度均为100％.以K2-P模型计算种内及种间遗传距离得出,5种实蝇的种间遗传距离为0.0597～0.2363,平均为0.1693;种内遗传距离为0.0000 ～0.0041,平均为0.0019.这些结果表明,基于DNA条形码的物种识别技术完全可用于口岸截获的实蝇类害虫幼体及残体的准确鉴定.     

外来植物成功入侵的生物学特征

外来植物的入侵能力与其性状之间的关系是入侵生态学中的基本问题之一.成功的入侵种常常能占据多样化的生境,具有较强的适应性、繁殖力和散布力.表型可塑性和遗传分化是外来入侵植物对生境异质性的两种适应策略;散布体多态型和散布途径多种化,使外来入侵植物迅速占领入侵生境,并进行远距离扩散;无性生殖和有性生殖并存,并根据生境和入侵阶段权衡的繁育对策不仅使入侵种群大面积暴发成为可能,而且直接影响散布机制并对种群遗传结构具有调节作用.高效的资源利用性竞争,加之以化感作用为基础的干扰性竞争使植物更具入侵性.     

A review of relationships between interspecific competition and invasions in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract.  1. A number of invasions in the family Tephritidae (fruit flies) have been observed worldwide despite quarantine procedures. In this review, the potential importance of interspecific competition and competitive displacement among different tephritid species is evaluated in the context of recent invasions.
2. Where polyphagous tephritid species have been introduced in areas already occupied by a polyphagous tephritid, interspecific competition has resulted in a decrease in number and niche shift of the pre-established species. No reciprocal invasions have been observed.
3. The data on tephritid invasions seem to support a hierarchical mode of competition; however, complete exclusion usually did not occur. Indeed, tephritid distribution and abundance are markedly structured by various abiotic (mostly climatic) and biotic (host plants) factors.
4. The primary determinant of competitive interactions in near-optimal conditions, such as lowlands with abundant fruit plantations, is probably the life-history strategy. The r – K gradient could be used as a predictor of potential invaders, because K traits (such as large adult size) may favour both exploitation and interference competition.
5. For future research, a better understanding of competition mechanisms seems essential. Different species competing in the same area should be compared with respect to: (i) demographic parameters, (ii) the outcome of experimental co-infestations on the same fruit, and (iii) behavioural and chemical interference mechanisms.     

Predicted decrease in global climate suitability masks regional complexity of invasive fruit fly species response to climate change

Climate change affects the rate of insect invasions as well as the abundance, distribution and impacts of such invasions on a global scale. Among the principal analytical approaches to predicting and understanding future impacts of biological invasions are Species Distribution Models (SDMs), typically in the form of correlative Ecological Niche Models (ENMs). An underlying assumption of ENMs is that species–environment relationships remain preserved during extrapolations in space and time, although this is widely criticised. The semi-mechanistic modelling platform, CLIMEX, employs a top-down approach using species ecophysiological traits and is able to avoid some of the issues of extrapolation, making it highly applicable to investigating biological invasions in the context of climate change. The tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprise some of the most successful invasive species and serious economic pests around the world. Here we project 12 tephritid species CLIMEX models into future climate scenarios to examine overall patterns of climate suitability and forecast potential distributional changes for this group. We further compare the aggregate response of the group against species-specific responses. We then consider additional drivers of biological invasions to examine how invasion potential is influenced by climate, fruit production and trade indices. Considering the group of tephritid species examined here, climate change is predicted to decrease global climate suitability and to shift the cumulative distribution poleward. However, when examining species-level patterns, the predominant directionality of range shifts for 11 of the 12 species is eastward. Most notably, management will need to consider regional changes in fruit fly species invasion potential where high fruit production, trade indices and predicted distributions of these flies overlap.     

From trickle to flood: the large-scale,cryptic invasion of California by tropical fruit flies

Since 1954, when the first tropical tephritid fruit fly was detected in California, a total of 17 species in four genera and 11 386 individuals (adults/larvae) have been detected in the state at more than 3348 locations in 330 cities. We conclude from spatial mapping analyses of historical capture patterns and modelling that, despite the 250+ emergency eradication projects that have been directed against these pests by state and federal agencies, a minimum of five and as many as nine or more tephritid species are established and widespread, including the Mediterranean, Mexican and oriental fruit flies, and possibly the peach, guava and melon fruit flies. We outline and discuss the evidence for our conclusions, with particular attention to the incremental, chronic and insidious nature of the invasion, which involves ultra-small, barely detectable populations. We finish by considering the implications of our results for invasion biology and for science-based invasion policy.     

Habitat degradation and introduction of exotic plants favor persistence of invasive species and population growth of native polyphagous fruit fly pests in a Northwestern Argentinean mosaic

Expansion of agricultural land is one of the most significant human alterations to the global environment because it entails not only native habitat loss but also introduction of exotic species. These alterations affect habitat structure and arthropod dynamics, such as those among host plants, tephritid fruit flies, and their natural enemies. We compared abundance and dynamics of pest and non-pest tephritids and their natural enemies over a mosaic of habitats differing in structure, diversity and disturbance history on the Sierra de San Javier in Tucuman, Argentina. Our prediction was that conserved habitats would be more resistant to the establishment and spread of invasive tephritid species due in part to a greater abundance of natural enemies, a greater diversity of native species in the same family and trophic level, and a greater wealth of biotic interactions. We further predicted that native species with broad host ranges should be more sensitive to habitat loss yet more competitive in less disturbed habitats than generalist native and exotic species. We found that environmental degradation, and introduction and spread of exotic host plants strongly affected distribution patterns, abundance, and phenology of native and exotic tephritids. Monophagous tephritid species and several specialized parasitoids were more sensitive to habitat loss than polyphagous species and parasitoids exhibiting a wide host range. In contrast, native monophagous species and native parasitoids appeared to exclude the invasive Mediterranean fruit fly from conserved patches of native vegetation. Nevertheless, the Mediterranean fruit fly persisted in uncontested exotic host plants and thrived in highly degradeted urban landscapes.     

Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species? – evidence from pair‐wise experiments

Invasive plants often appear to be more competitive than native species, but there have been few tests of this hypothesis. We reviewed published pair-wise experiments between invading and native plant species. Although the designs that have been used allow only limited inferences, the available data suggest that the effect of invasive species on native species is usually stronger than vice versa. Furthermore, mixtures of invasive and native species are generally less productive than monocultures of the native species, but not less than monocultures of the invasive species. However, the selection of invaders and natives for study has not been random, and the data could be biased towards highly competitive invaders and natives that are weaker than average competitors. We attempt to clarify confusion surrounding the concept of competitive superiority in the context of plant invasions, and we discuss the limitations of the methods that have been used to investigate competition between invasive and native species. To rigorously test the generality of the hypothesis that invaders are better competitors than natives we need to compare the effects of closely related native and invasive species on each other. We suggest that the influence of an invading species on total plant community biomass is an important clue in understanding the role of competition in a plant invasion. The role of competition in the establishment and naturalization stages of the invasion process may be very different from its role in the "outbreak" stage.     

Enhancement of attraction of alpha-ionol to male Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae) by addition of a synergist, cade oil

Male lures are known for many tephritid fruit fly species and are often preferred over food bait based traps for detection trapping because of their high specificity and ability to attract flies over a wide area. Alpha-ionol has been identified as a male lure for the tephritid fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). The attraction of this compound to male B. latifrons individuals, however, is not as strong as is the attraction of other tephritid fruit fly species to their respective male lures. Cade oil, an essential oil produced by destructive distillation of juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) twigs, synergizes the attraction of alpha-ionol to male B. latifrons. Catches of male B. latifrons at traps baited with a mixture of alpha-ionol and cade oil were more than three times greater than at traps baited with alpha-ionol alone. Substitution of alpha-ionol + cade oil for alpha-ionol alone in detection programs could considerably improve the chance of detecting invading or incipient populations of B. latifrons. However, detection programs should not rely solely on this lure but also make use of protein baited traps as well as fruit collections. Further work with fractions of cade oil may help to identify the active ingredient(s), which could help to further improve this male lure for B. latifrons.     

外来种对生物多样性的影响及其控制

外来种是那些借助自身力量或其它外界力量传播到其未曾分布过的地域 ,并且能进行繁殖传播的生物。外来种入侵已成为一种引人关注的现象。外来种通过竞争、捕食、牧食、改变生境和传播疾病等方式对本地生物产生威胁 ,影响本地生物多样性。外来种入侵成了生物多样性丧失的两个主要影响之一 (另一影响是生境的破坏 )。因此 ,探寻阻止或减少外来种入侵的方法很有必要。目前 ,人们运用机械法、化学法和生物控制法来控制外来种。在外来种入侵的初始阶段或外来种数量不多时 ,运用机械法较好。化学法有带来新环境污染的危险。生物控制法是应用天敌来防治或消灭有害生物。在外来种的控制上 ,生物控制法有一些成功的案例 ,但它并不是万能的。有些生物控制剂可能对非目标种产生影响 ,这要求在释放前对生物控制剂作更严格的检测。     

Invasive mechanism and control strategy of Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel)

In order to ascertain the invasive mechanism and control strategy of the invasive Crofton weed, Ageratina adenophora, its ecological adaptability and population differentiation, the formation of single dominant population, displacement of native plants and sustainable management strategies were investigated. The present results helped to clarify and explain such issues as the adaptability post invasion, interaction and competition between inter- and intra-species and community resistance, thereby providing important references to researches on other invasive alien species.     

中国近海入侵贝类及其影响

海洋贝类种类繁多,是近海底栖生态系统的优势种,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着极其重要的作用;但因频繁的人类活动导致的贝类入侵问题,往往使该过程不能正常运转。大量研究表明,入侵贝类会抑制原著贝类或其他生物的生长及拓殖,形成单一优势群落,破坏当地生态系统的平衡,也会对海洋渔业生产和近海工程及作业等造成不可预测的危害。目前,欧美等国家针对该问题已开展了大量工作,十分重视入侵贝类的生物学、生态学与行为学特征及特性的研究,并根据其入侵途径与方式的不同开展了检测、监测、防控及管理工作。但在我国,入侵贝类还未引起相关部门及研究机构的足够重视。本文主要简述了我国近海的3种入侵贝类沙筛贝、指甲履螺和地中海贻贝的生物学、生态学及行为学等特征及其对当地生态系统的影响;同时,根据其特性及入侵过程控制的难易,建议在完善我国入侵贝类数据库的基础上加强早期预警与检测,以及安全防控和管理等工作。     

桔小实蝇幼体及成虫残体DNA条形码识别技术的建立与应用

实蝇类害虫多为国内外检疫对象, 其鉴定识别方法主要依据成虫的外部形态特征, 而传统的形态学识别法对口岸经常截获的幼体及残缺的虫体, 则无能为力。本研究以桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的幼体（卵、 幼虫、 蛹）以及成虫残体（足、 翅、 头部、 胸部、 腹部）为对象, 利用 DNA 条形码技术, 构建实蝇类害虫快速鉴定技术体系, 并以其他4种常见实蝇（包括番石榴实蝇B. correcta、 瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae、 南亚果实蝇B. tau、 柑桔大实蝇B. minax）为对象对该技术体系进行应用验证。结果显示, 桔小实蝇幼体以及成虫残体的碱基序列与数据库中靶标种COⅠ基因碱基序列的一致性为99.51%~99.84%, 其他4种实蝇相应序列与数据库中靶标种COⅠ基因序列的一致性分别为100%, 100%, 99.81%~99.83%和100%; 以邻接法（NJ法）构建系统发育树, 靶标种实蝇均与数据库中对应种实蝇聚为一支, 且置信度均为100%。以K2-P模型计算种内及种间遗传距离得出, 5种实蝇的种间遗传距离为0.0597~0.2363, 平均为0.1693; 种内遗传距离为0.0000~0.0041, 平均为0.0019。这些结果表明, 基于DNA条形码的物种识别技术完全可用于口岸截获的实蝇类害虫幼体及残体的准确鉴定。