小长蝽线粒体基因组全序列测定与长蝽总科系统发育分析

为了解小长蝽Nysius ericae（Schilling）线粒体基因组结构及长蝽总科的分子系统发育关系。本试验采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对小长蝽线粒体基因进行测序,对基因组序列进行拼装、注释和特征分析,利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建基于12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组核苷酸序列的系统发育树。小长蝽线粒体基因组全长为16 330 bp（GenBank登录号：MW465654）,基因组包括13个蛋白编码基因（PCGs）,22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因和1段非编码控制区。11个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子为典型的ATN;cox1,nad4l的起始密码子为TTG。cob的终止密码子为TAG,其余蛋白编码基因的终止密码子为TAA。只有trnS1缺少DHU臂,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构。12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组序列构建的昆虫系统发育树结果显示,小长蝽与Nysius plebeius具有更近的亲缘关系,且与传统形态学分类基本一致。小长蝽线粒体基因组符合长蝽总科线粒体基因组的一般特征。结果表明小长蝽与N. plebeius的亲缘关系更近。     

武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析

【目的】了解闪蛱蝶亚科属间及种间的分子系统进化关系。【方法】采用PCR步移法对武铠蛱蝶 Chitoria ulupi 线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因的核苷酸序列构建了38种鳞翅目昆虫的系统发育树。【结果】分析结果表明,武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15 279 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和一段长度为391 bp的A+T富含区,基因排列顺序与其他已知近缘种昆虫相同。武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组中存在很高的A+T含量（79.9％）。13个蛋白质编码基因中,COII以TTG作为起始密码子,COI以CGA作为起始密码子外,其余均为昆虫典型的起始密码子ATN。COII和ND4基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均以典型的TAA为终止密码子。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNA^Ser(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。与其他多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,武铠蛱蝶的A+T富含区中有一段由ATAGAA引导的保守的多聚T结构,长度为21 bp,并散布着一些长短不一的串联重复单元。系统发育树结果显示,总科级别的系统发育关系为：卷蛾总科＋（凤蝶总科＋（螟蛾总科＋(夜蛾总科＋蚕蛾总科＋尺蛾总科)））;在蛱蝶科物种中,武铠蛱蝶与猫蛱蝶Timelaea maculate 亲缘关系最近。【结论】基于分子标记构建的鳞翅目昆虫系统发育关系与传统的形态学分类结果基本一致。     

枣食芽象甲线粒体基因组全序列测定与系统发育分析

【目的】从线粒体基因组水平上探讨枣食芽象甲Scythropus yasumatsui与近缘种的系统发育关系。【方法】利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对枣食芽象甲线粒体基因组进行测序,对基因组序列进行拼装、注释和特征分析;利用贝叶斯法和最大似然法构建基于象甲科13个物种的线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因核苷酸序列的系统发育树。【结果】结果表明,枣食芽象甲线粒体基因组全长为16 472 bp (GenBank登录号: MF807224),包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和2个非编码控制区,37个基因的排列顺序与祖先昆虫的线粒体基因排列顺序一致。13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子为ATN,其中除了cob和nad1基因的完全终止密码子为TAG外,其余11个基因的完全终止密码子为TA(A)。22个tRNA基因中除了trnS1缺少DHU臂,反密码子由GCT变为TCT外,其余均能形成典型的三叶草结构。基于13个蛋白质编码基因序列构建的系统发育树结果显示,象甲科8个亚科系统发育关系为：(((隐喙象亚科(Cryptorhynchinae)+(象虫亚科(Curculioninae)+魔喙象亚科(Molytinae)))+长小蠹亚科(Platypodinae))+(粗喙象亚科(Entiminae)+Cyclominae亚科))+隐颏象亚科(Dryophthorinae)+小蠹亚科(Scolytinae))。【结论】在13种象甲科昆虫物种中,同属于粗喙象亚科的枣食芽象甲与南美果树象甲Naupactus xanthographus在系统发育树中聚为同一分支,表明基于线粒体基因组全序列的分子系统发育结果与传统的形态分类结果是一致的。     

扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析

【目的】了解扬眉线蛱蝶Limenitis helmanni线粒体基因组结构及其分子系统发育。【方法】采用PCR步移法对扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列进行测定和分析。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因和2个rRNA基因的核苷酸序列构建了66种鳞翅目昆虫的系统发育树。【结果】扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15 178 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KY290566),包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和一段长度为346 bp的A+T富含区,基因排列顺序与其他已知近缘种昆虫相同。扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组中存在很高的A+T含量(81.1%)。13个蛋白质编码基因中,COI以CGA作为起始密码子,ND5以GTT作为起始密码子,其余均以昆虫典型的ATN为起始密码子。COII和ND4基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均以典型的TAA为终止密码子。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNASer(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。与其他多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,扬眉线蛱蝶的A+T富含区中有一段由ATAGA引导的保守的多聚T结构,长度为20 bp,并散布着一些长短不一的串联重复单元。系统发育树结果显示,蛱蝶科亚科级别的系统发育关系为:(绢蛱蝶亚科+眼蝶亚科)+((蛱蝶亚科+闪蛱蝶亚科)+(釉蛱蝶亚科+线蛱蝶亚科))。【结论】线蛱蝶族与翠蛱蝶族的亲缘关系较近,丽蛱蝶族是该亚科较早分化出来的一支。基于线粒体基因组构建的线蛱蝶亚科物种系统发育关系与传统形态分类学研究结论不一致。     

日本条螽线粒体基因组序列的测定与分析

日本条螽完整的线粒体基因组序列长16 281 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个r RNA基因和1个D-loop区,其基因次序和方向与祖先序列相同。该线粒体基因组排列紧凑,但在ND2和tRNA~(Trp)之间有一段长为650 bp的基因间隔区。为研究螽斯科的系统发育关系,本研究选取日本条螽及其它17个螽斯科物种线粒体基因组的蛋白质编码基因和r RNA基因序列构建贝叶斯系统发生树。     

绿眼赛茧蜂线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析

【目的】测定绿眼赛茧蜂Zele chlorophthalmus线粒体基因组全序列,分析其基因组结构及茧蜂科(Braconidae)部分类群的系统发育关系。【方法】利用Illumina MiSeq二代测序技术对绿眼赛茧蜂的线粒体基因组进行测序,对基因组序列进行拼装、注释,分析其结构特点和碱基组成;基于22种茧蜂科昆虫的COX1蛋白编码基因序列,应用最大似然法(ML)和邻接法(NJ)构建系统发育树,分析绿眼赛茧蜂与茧蜂科其他昆虫的系统发育关系。【结果】绿眼赛茧蜂线粒体基因组全长16 661 bp(GenBank登录号: MG822749),包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因和2个rRNA基因,共37个基因,以及1个控制区。线粒体基因组有明显的核苷酸组成的偏倚,AT偏正,GC偏负,其A+T含量为82.83%。基因排列顺序与推测的昆虫祖先的序列不完全一致,tRNA基因7处发生重排。13个蛋白质编码基因均以ATN为起始密码子,以TAA为终止密码子。在22个tRNA基因二级结构中,除tRNA^His(H)缺失TΨC环和tRNA^Cys(C)仅剩二氢尿嘧啶(DHU)臂和反密码子臂外,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构。基于COX1蛋白编码序列的系统发育分析结果显示,与绿眼赛茧蜂亲缘关系最近的是同属于赛茧蜂属的雪跗赛茧蜂Z. niveitarsis。【结论】本研究首次获得绿眼赛茧蜂线粒体基因组全序列。结果表明绿眼赛茧蜂隶属于优茧蜂亚科(Euphorinae)赛茧蜂属,并支持赛茧蜂属的单系性。     

琥珀蚕线粒体全基因组测序及序列分析

【目的】分析昆虫的线粒体基因组能很好地指示昆虫物种的亲缘关系。本研究旨在探索琥珀蚕Antheraea assama线粒体基因组并在线粒体水平上了解大蚕蛾科(Saturniidae)属及种间的分子系统进化关系。【方法】采用PCR步移法并结合克隆测序的策略,测定了珍稀绢丝昆虫琥珀蚕的线粒体基因组全序列,分析其结构特点和碱基组成;采用邻近距离法(NJ)构建大蚕蛾科及外群共14种昆虫线粒体蛋白质编码基因的系统发育树,并分析琥珀蚕在大蚕蛾科中的系统发育关系。【结果】琥珀蚕线粒体基因组序列全长15 312 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KU301792),包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个核糖体rRNA基因和一段332 bp的A+T富集区,呈现典型的鳞翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的核苷酸组成及基因排布顺序。分析结果表明,琥珀蚕线粒体基因组中A+T含量高达80.18%,13个蛋白质编码基因中,除了COX1以CGA为起始密码子,其他均为典型的起始密码子ATN。COX1、COX2和ND5均以不完整的T为终止密码子,其余基因都是以典型的TAA或TAG为终止密码子。预测的22个tRNA二级结构中,除tRNASer(AGN)缺乏DHU臂外,其他21个tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。由线粒体蛋白质基因串联序列构建的NJ系统发育树表明,琥珀蚕与柞蚕Antheraea pernyi、天蚕Antheraea yamamai、明目大蚕Antheraea frithi构成鳞翅目大蚕蛾科柞蚕属Antheraea这一分支。在9种大蚕蛾科昆虫中,琥珀蚕与柞蚕属的天蚕亲缘关系最近,与巨大蚕蛾属Attacus的乌桕大蚕Attacus atlas亲缘关系较远。【结论】琥珀蚕线粒体基因组的基因排列方式同其他已测定的鳞翅目昆虫的完全相同。基于线粒体基因组的大蚕蛾科昆虫系统发育关系与传统的形态分类学结果一致,即琥珀蚕隶属于柞蚕属Antheraea。     

小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组特征及基于线粒体基因组的蝶类高级阶元系统发育关系分析

【目的】了解小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion线粒体基因组的特征,并从线粒体基因组水平探究蝶类高级阶元的系统发育关系。【方法】采用PCR扩增技术及Sequencher 4.8拼接软件获得小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组全序列。参考鳞翅目昆虫已知线粒体基因组全序列并使用MEGA6.0软件对小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组中各基因进行定位和注释。采用tRNA Scan-SE 1.21在线预测小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组tRNA基因的二级结构。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因的核苷酸序列重建了包含凤蝶总科中凤蝶科(Papilionidae)、绢蝶科(Parnassiidae)、粉蝶科(Pieridae)、眼蝶科(Satyridae)、蛱蝶科(Nymphalidae)、灰蝶科(Lycaenidae)、斑蝶科(Danaidae)、珍蝶科(Acraeidae)、喙蝶科(Libyheidae)和蚬蝶科(Riodinidae)10个科28种蝴蝶的系统发育关系。【结果】结果表明,小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组全序列总长度为15 362 bp(Gen Bank登录号:MF496134),包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个A+T富含区。小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组中存在较高的A+T含量(79.6%)。小红珠绢蝶线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因中UUA的相对同义密码子使用频率(RSCU)最高(5.08),而AGG和CCG相对同义密码子使用频率(RSCU)均较低(0),这与大紫蛱蝶Sasakia charonda coreana的分析结果一致。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNASer(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构,这与鳞翅目中目前已得到的其他昆虫线粒体基因组中tRNA基因的二级结构一致。系统发育分析结果显示,凤蝶总科内蚬蝶科与灰蝶科的亲缘关系最近;粉蝶科与蛱蝶科、珍蝶科、眼蝶科、斑蝶科、喙蝶科、蚬蝶科和灰蝶科的系统发育关系更近;绢蝶科与凤蝶科锯凤蝶亚科亲缘关系最近,随后二者与凤蝶亚科物种聚为一支。在绢蝶科中,小红珠绢蝶与依帕绢蝶Parnassius epaphus的亲缘关系最近。【结论】本研究支持绢蝶科物种归为绢蝶亚科,绢蝶亚科、锯凤蝶亚科和凤蝶亚科归入凤蝶科,且绢蝶亚科与锯凤蝶亚科为姐妹群。     

一种石磺科贝类线粒体基因组全序列分析

石磺线粒体基因组全序列对研究石磺科分子系统进化具有重要意义。利用LA-PCR技术对一种石磺Platevin-dexmortoni线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明,线粒体基因组序列全长13 991 bp,碱基组成分别为27.27%A、16.78%C、20.23%G、35.72%T;由22个tRNA、2个rRNA、13个蛋白编码基因和25个长度为2-118 bp的非编码区组成。4个蛋白质编码基因和5个tRNA基因从L链编码,其余基因均从H链编码。蛋白质基因的起始密码子,除ND2为GTG以外,均为典型的起始密码子ATN。ND2和Cytb基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均使用典型的TAA或TAG。预测了22个tRNA基因的二级结构,发现tRNASer和TrnaAsn缺少DHU臂,tRNASer和tRNAThr的反密码子环上有9个碱基,而不是通常的7个碱基。最长的非编码区含有两个类似于的tRNAGln和tRNAPhy的二级结构。     

骚扰阿蚊线粒体全基因组序列测定和分析

【目的】测定和分析骚扰阿蚊Armigeres subalbatus线粒体全基因组序列,并在线粒体基因组水平探讨阿蚊属Armigeres在库蚊亚科(Culicinae)中的系统发育地位。【方法】经PCR扩增和序列测定,首次得到骚扰阿蚊线粒体基因组序列;对其核苷酸组成和结构特点进行分析;基于蛋白质编码基因核苷酸序列,采用最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)构建库蚊亚科8个种的系统发育关系。【结果】骚扰阿蚊线粒体基因组全长14 891 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KY978578),包含37个基因,其中含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因和2个rRNA基因,各基因位置、排列顺序与蚊科已知物种的一致;基因组碱基组成具有明显的偏好性,全基因组AT-skew为正值,GC-skew为负值;13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子除COⅠ使用TCG外,其余均为ATN,终止密码子除COⅡ使用不完全的T外,其余均为TAA;22个tRNA基因中除tRNA~(Ser(AGN))缺失DHU臂,其余均可形成典型的三叶草式二级结构。基于库蚊亚科8个种的线粒体基因组系统发育关系为库蚊属Culex+(阿蚊属Armigeres+伊蚊属Aedes)。【结论】分析库蚊亚科的线粒体基因组系统发育关系发现,阿蚊属Armigeres与伊蚊属Aedes亲缘关系较其与库蚊属Culex更近,这与传统的形态分类学结果相吻合。     

Comparison of codon usage and tRNAs in mitochondrial genomes of Candida species

To gain insight into the nature of the mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) of different Candida species, the synonymous codon usage bias of mitochondrial protein coding genes and the tRNAs in C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. stellata, C. glabrata and the closely related yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed. Common features of the mtDNA in Candida species are a strong A+T pressure on protein coding genes, and insufficient mitochondrial tRNA species are encoded to perform protein synthesis. The wobble site of the anticodon is always U for the NNR (NNA and NNG) codon families, which are dominated by A-ending codons, and always G for the NNY (NNC and NNU) codon families, which is dominated by U-ending codons, and always U for the NNN (NNA, NNU, NNC and NNG) codon families, which are dominated by A-ending codons and U-ending codons. Patterns of synonymous codon usage of Candida species can be classified into three groups: (1) optimal codon-anticodon usage, Glu, Lys, Leu (translated by anti-codon UAA), Gln, Arg (translated by anti-codon UCU) and Trp are containing NNR codons. NNA, whose corresponding tRNA is encoded in the mtDNA, is used preferentially. (2) Non-optimal codon-anticodon usage, Cys, Asp, Phe, His, Asn, Ser (translated by anti-codon GCU) and Tyr are containing NNY codons. The NNU codon, whose corresponding tRNA is not encoded in the mtDNA, is used preferentially. (3) Combined codon-anticodon usage, Ala, Gly, Leu (translated by anti-codon UAG), Pro, Ser (translated by anti-codon UGA), Thr and Val are containing NNN codons. NNA (tRNA encoded in the mtDNA) and NNU (tRNA not encoded in the mtDNA) are used preferentially. In conclusion, we propose that in Candida species, codons containing A or U at third position are used preferentially, regardless of whether corresponding tRNAs are encoded in the mtDNA. These results might be useful in understanding the common features of the mtDNA in Candida species and patterns of synonymous codon usage.     

Comparison of base composition and codon usage in insect mitochondrial genomes

Insects, the most biodiverse taxonomic group, have high AT content in their mitochondrial genomes. Although codon usage tends to be AT-rich, base composition and codon usage of mitochondrial genomes may vary among taxa. Thus, we compare base composition and codon usage patterns of 49 insect mitochondrial genomes. For protein coding genes, AT content is as high as 80% in the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera and as low as 72% in the Orthopotera. The AT content is high at positions 1 and 3, but A content is low at position 2. A close correlation occurs between codon usage and tRNA abundance in nuclear genomes. Optimal codons can pair well with the antr codons of the most abundant tRNAs. One tRNA gene translates a synonymous codon family in vertebrate mitochondrial genomes and these tRNA anticodons can pair with optimal codons. However, optimal codons cannot pair with anticodons in mtDNA ofCochiiomyia hominivorax (Dipteral: CaLliphoridae). Ten optimal codons cannot pair with tRNA anticodons in all 49 insect mitochondrial genomes; non-optimal codon-anticodon usage is common and codon usage is not influenced by tRNA abundance.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese hook snout carp Opsariichthys bidens (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) and an alternative pattern of mitogenomic evolution in vertebrate

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Chinese hook snout carp, Opsariichthys bidens, was newly determined using the long and accurate polymerase chain reaction method. The 16,611-nucleotide mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes (12S, 16S), 22 tRNA genes, and a noncoding control region. We use these data and homologous sequence data from multiple other ostariophysan fishes in a phylogenetic evaluation to test hypothesis pertaining to codon usage pattern of O. bidens mitochondrial protein genes as well as to re-examine the ostariophysan phylogeny. The mitochondrial genome of O. bidens reveals an alternative pattern of vertebrate mitochondrial evolution. For the mitochondrial protein genes of O. bidens, the most frequently used codon generally ends with either A or C, with C preferred over A for most fourfold degenerate codon families; the relative synonymous codon usage of G-ending codons is greatly elevated in all categories. The codon usage pattern of O. bidens mitochondrial protein genes is remarkably different from the general pattern found previously in the relatively closely related zebrafish and most other vertebrate mitochondria. Nucleotide bias at third codon positions is the main cause of codon bias in the mitochondrial protein genes of O. bidens, as it is biased particularly in favor of C over A. Bayesian analysis of 12 concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences for O. bidens and 46 other teleostean taxa supports the monophyly of Cypriniformes and Otophysi and results in a robust estimate of the otophysan phylogeny.     

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence from an endangered Indian snake, Python molurus molurus (Serpentes, Pythonidae)

This paper reports the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an endangered Indian snake, Python molurus molurus (Indian Rock Python). A typical snake mitochondrial (mt) genome of 17258 bp length comprising of 37 genes including the 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes along with duplicate control regions is described herein. The P. molurus molurus mt. genome is relatively similar to other snake mt. genomes with respect to gene arrangement, composition, tRNA structures and skews of AT/GC bases. The nucleotide composition of the genome shows that there are more A-C % than T-G% on the positive strand as revealed by positive AT and CG skews. Comparison of individual protein coding genes, with other snake genomes suggests that ATP8 and NADH3 genes have high divergence rates. Codon usage analysis reveals a preference of NNC codons over NNG codons in the mt. genome of P. molurus. Also, the synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates (ka/ks) suggest that most of the protein coding genes are under purifying selection pressure. The phylogenetic analyses involving the concatenated 13 protein coding genes of P. molurus molurus conformed to the previously established snake phylogeny.     

The complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of carp (Cyprinus carpio) mitochondrial genome

The complete sequence of the carp mitochondrial genome of 16,575 base pairs has been determined. The carp mitochondrial genome encodes the same set of genes (13 proteins, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs) as do other vertebrate mitochondrial DNAs. Comparison of this teleostean mitochondrial genome with those of other vertebrates reveals a similar gene order and compact genomic organization. The codon usage of proteins of carp mitochondrial genome is similar to that of other vertebrates. The phylogenetic relationship for mitochondrial protein genes is more apparent than that for the mitochondrial tRNA and rRNA genes.Correspondence to: F. Huang     

Cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene in Neurospora crassa mitochondria. Location and sequence

We have located and sequenced the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit III (CoIII) in Neurospora crassa mitochondria. The CoIII gene is located downstream from the small rRNA gene within a cluster of tRNA genes and is coded by the same strand as the tRNA and the rRNA genes. Like the tRNA and the rRNA genes, the CoIII gene is also flanked by the GC-rich palindromic DNA sequences which are highly conserved in N. crassa mitochondria. The CoIII coding sequence predicts a protein 269 amino acids long including 8 tryptophan residues. All 8 tryptophan residues are coded for by UGA. This supports our previous conclusion based on the anticodon sequence of N. crassa mitochondrial tryptophan tRNA and provides evidence for the notion that use of UGA as a codon for tryptophan rather than chain termination may be a feature common to most mitochondrial protein synthesis systems. The close correspondence between the amino acid composition of N. crassa CoIII and that of the protein predicted by the CoIII gene sequence suggests that unlike in mammalian mitochondria, AUA is a codon for isoleucine and not for methionine in N. crassa mitochondria. The N. crassa CoIII sequence shows strong homologies to the corresponding yeast and human proteins (53 and 47%, respectively). The overall hydrophobic character of the protein is consistent with suggestions that most of CoIII is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane.     

鳙的线粒体基因组核苷酸全序列分析

对采集自我国长江的鳙的线粒体DNA全序列进行了测定.结果表明,鳙的线粒体DNA全长为166221 bp,其碱基因组成为A=31.6%;C=27.1%;G=16.0%;T=25.3%,A+T含量为56.9%.鳙线粒体基因组的排列、结构和组成与其它鲤科鱼类相似,包括37个基因,即13个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA基因,22个tRNA基因和一个非编码控制区(D-loop).在13个蛋白编码基因中,除ND6由轻链编码外,其余12个基因均由重链编码.COI基因的起始密码子为GTG,而其它12个蛋白编码基因的起始密码子均为ATG.     

赤麂线粒体全基因组的序列和结构

提取赤麂细胞株总DNA,参照我们实验室已测定的同属动物小麂线粒体全基因组序列设计引物,PCR扩增、测序、拼接,获得赤麂线粒体全基因组序列并进行生物信息学分析。赤麂线粒体全基因组序列全长16354bp。定位了22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因、13个蛋白编码基因和1个D-loop区。赤麂与小麂及其它哺乳动物线粒体的基因组结构相同,它们的序列同源性都较高。     

Reinvestigating the codon and amino acid usage of S. cerevisiae genome: a new insight from protein secondary structure analysis

Biased usage of synonymous codons has been elucidated under the perspective of cellular tRNA abundance for quite a long time now. Taking advantage of publicly available gene expression data for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a systematic analysis of the codon and amino acid usages in two different coding regions corresponding to the regular (helix and strand) as well as the irregular (coil) protein secondary structures, have been performed. Our analyses suggest that apart from tRNA abundance, mRNA folding stability is another major evolutionary force in shaping the codon and amino acid usage differences between the highly and lowly expressed genes in S. cerevisiae genome and surprisingly it depends on the coding regions corresponding to the secondary structures of the encoded proteins. This is obviously a new paradigm in understanding the codon usage in S. cerevisiae. Differential amino acid usage between highly and lowly expressed genes in the regions coding for the irregular protein secondary structure in S. cerevisiae is expounded by the stability of the mRNA folded structure. Irrespective of the protein secondary structural type, the highly expressed genes always tend to encode cheaper amino acids in order to reduce the overall biosynthetic cost of production of the corresponding protein. This study supports the hypothesis that the tRNA abundance is a consequence of and not a reason for the biased usage of amino acid between highly and lowly expressed genes.     

两种毛蚜线粒体基因组比较分析

【目的】线粒体基因组分析已被应用于昆虫系统发育研究。本研究以蚜科Aphididae重要类群毛蚜亚科物种为代表,测定并比较分析了该类蚜虫的线粒体基因组特征,探讨了基于线粒体基因组信息的蚜虫系统发育关系重建。【方法】以毛蚜亚科三角枫多态毛蚜Periphyllus acerihabitans Zhang和针茅小毛蚜Chaetosiphella stipae Hille Ris Lambers,1947为研究对象,利用长短PCR相结合的方法测定线粒体基因组的序列,分析了基因组的基本特征;基于在线t RNAscan-SE Search Server搜索方法预测了t RNA的二级结构;基于12个物种(本研究获得的2个物种和10个Gen Bank上下载的物种数据)的蛋白编码基因(PCGs)序列,利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了蚜科的系统发育关系。【结果】两种毛蚜均获得了约94%的线粒体基因组数据,P.acerihabitans获得了14 908 bp,控制区为1 205 bp;C.stipae获得了13 893 bp,控制区为609 bp。两种毛蚜同时获得33个基因,包含接近完整的13个蛋白编码基因(PCGs)(nad5不完整),18个tRNA,2个rRNA基因;ka/ks值表明,C.stipae的进化速率更快。从基因组组成、基因排列顺序、核苷酸组成分析、密码子使用情况、t RNA二级结构等特征来分析,两种蚜虫线粒体基因组基本特征相似。系统发育重建结果表明毛蚜亚科、蚜亚科的单系性得到了支持,毛蚜亚科位于蚜科的基部位置。【结论】两种毛蚜线粒体基因组的基本特征相似,符合蚜虫线粒体基因组的一般特征,两种线粒体基因组的长度差异主要来自控制区长度的不同;系统发育重建支持毛蚜亚科与蚜亚科的单系性,毛蚜亚科位于蚜科较为基部的位置。研究结果为蚜虫类系统发育重建提供了参考。