艾虎对猎物和捕食者气味的反应

在室内条件下通过双通道选择实验确定艾虎(Mustelaeversmanni)在通过不同气味源的场所中的取食量以及利用时间和利用频次,由此分析捕食者气味和猎物气味对艾虎取食行为的影响。研究结果表明,在无任何气味源存在时,艾虎在对照气味和对照气味组这两个场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次基本一致。在猎物高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)气味和对照气味组及高原鼢鼠(Myospalaxbaileyi)气味和对照气味组的两组实验中,艾虎在通过猎物气味的场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次与对照气味场所中比较也无明显的差异,但是在天敌动物赤狐(Vulpesvulpes)气味存在的条件下,艾虎明显减少在通过赤狐气味的场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次。同时,当间接捕食风险天敌动物赤狐气味存在时,艾虎明显增加了总的取食量,减少了在巢箱中居住的时间,而将更多的时间停留在无风险的场所中,这说明艾虎能够利用天敌动物赤狐的气味,采用增加取食量和减少高风险区域活动时间的策略来降低被捕食风险。     

艾虎对猎物和捕食者气味的反应

在室内条件下通过双通道选择实验确定艾虎(Mustela eversmanni)在通过不同气味源的场所中的取食量以及利用时间和利用频次，由此分析捕食者气味和猎物气味对艾虎取食行为的影响。研究结果表明，在无任何气味源存在时，艾虎在对照气味和对照气味组这两个场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次基本一致。在猎物高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)气味和对照气味组及高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)气味和对照气味组的两组实验中，艾虎在通过猎物气味的场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次与对照气味场所中比较也无明显的差异，但是在天敌动物赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)气味存在的条件下，艾虎明显减少在通过赤狐气味的场所中的取食量、活动时间和活动频次。同时，当间接捕食风险天敌动物赤狐气味存在时，艾虎明显增加了总的取食量，减少了在巢箱中居住的时间，而将更多的时间停留在无风险的场所中，这说明艾虎能够利用天敌动物赤狐的气味，采用增加取食量和减少高风险区域活动时间的策略来降低被捕食风险。     

布氏田鼠在不同光周期下对陌生个体尿液和粪便的气味辨别

研究了成年布氏田鼠在10min内,对不同光照周期下（长光照：LD;短光照：SD）陌生雌／雄个体尿液和粪便两种单一个体气味源的气味行为反应,实验发现：所有雌雄被试鼠对LD气味源比SD气味源表现出更多的嗅闻行为。LD和SD被试鼠对同性／异性尿液气味的嗅闻行为没有表现出明显的差别,但LD被试雄鼠对陌生雌鼠粪便的嗅闻频次显多于SD被试雄鼠,从嗅闻行为特征量（嗅闻行为占所有行为的百分比）来看,所有LD和SD被试雌,雄鼠对尿液的嗅 明显多于粪便,除SD粪便气味外,被试鼠对异性气味源的嗅闻明显多于同性,实验结果表明：作为两种个体气味源,尿液和粪便都带有季节性信息,而且是具有性别特性的。异性的个体气味源比同性的个体气味源更具吸引力;长光照动物的个体气味比短光照动物的气味更具吸引力。     

虎皮鹦鹉的认知表现及关联

许多研究认为,不同个体的认知能力存在差异,同一个体的多种认知表现之间可能存在关联。然而,目前对动物认知表现关联的研究结果存在诸多矛盾和争议。本研究以虎皮鹦鹉（Melopsittacus undulatus）为研究对象,通过自我控制、联想学习和反转学习三项认知实验,探究三项表现的联系。实验结果发现,在虎皮鹦鹉中,联想学习表现越好,反转学习亦表现越好。个体对实验装置的新异恐惧（对新环境或新事物的恐惧）越弱,自我控制表现越好。雌、雄个体在三项认知实验中的表现没有显著差异。综上所述,虎皮鹦鹉的一些认知能力存在关联,这暗示了虎皮鹦鹉中可能存在一般认知能力（“g”）。新异恐惧与自我控制表现的强烈相关,说明了勇敢程度可能会影响认知表现。     

城市公园植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的影响

城市公共绿地是城市生态系统中重要的鸟类栖息地,其植被特征对鸟类集团存在显著影响。在通过分析植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的作用,从而为公园合理配置植被来提高其作为野生动物栖息地的生态服务功能提供理论基础。2009年10月至2011年10月,采用样线法对上海滨江森林公园进行鸟类调查,利用主成分分析划分鸟类集团,用高度定义植被层次,用卡方检验分析鸟类行为在植被层次上的差异。结果表明,滨江森林公园陆生鸟类群落在乔木层的栖息行为和运动行为频次显著多于其在灌木层和地被层的行为频次,在地被层的取食行为频次显著多于其在乔木层和灌木层的行为频次。陆生鸟类可划分为8个鸟类集团,鸟类集团之间存在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位的重叠。食虫拾取集团、杂食拾取集团、食肉飞取集团和植食拾取集团在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位上均存在较高的重叠度,其通过食性分离各自空间生态位。食虫探取集团和食虫飞取集团互为栖息空间生态位重叠度最高集团,其通过取食方式的不同来实现生态位的分离。根据公园植被特征对鸟类集团的影响结果对上海市公园绿地植被配置提出了建议。     

虎皮鹦鹉声行为的研究

本文对虎皮鹦鹉(Melopsittacus undelafus)不同声行为叫声的声学特性进行了定量分析,为地震前鸟类声行为的定量观测和鸟声学研究提供了新的资料和认识。 虎皮鹦鹉求偶、离群、受伤及其同伴叫声中变音调声段的声学特性有明显的差异。但是抗议叫声具有鸟类警戒叫声的一般特征,即都有时间图样基本相同的音节组成,每个音节含有若干个调幅脉冲列,其频带和声强都明显加宽和增大。 雏鸟不同的声行为叫声都是简单结构。与成鸟叫声相比较,尤其是抗议叫声呈现明显的发育过程。     

笼养灰胸竹鸡的活动时间分配

采用直接观察法对灰胸竹鸡在笼养条件下的活动时间分配及行为特点进行研究,结果表明笼养条件下灰胸竹鸡的主要行为有走动、站立、取食、静卧4种,一天中有两个活动高峰,雄鸡的活动强于雌鸡;白天休息时间占40%以上,采食集中在上午和傍晚进行;站立、取食、静卧发生的频次在雌雄之间无显著差异（P〉0．05）,而走动的频次雄鸡极显著的高于雌鸡（P〈0．01）,各行为每频次在持续时间上差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

南京中山植物园食果鸟类对宜昌润楠果实的取食和传播

鸟类是植物种子的重要传播媒介, 它们的形态和取食行为特征是影响种子传播的主要因素。宜昌润楠(Machilus ichangensis)属樟科(Lauraceae)润楠属的常绿阔叶乔木, 依赖鸟类取食传播种子。2019年6—8月于南京中山植物园, 开展了鸟类对宜昌润楠果实的取食和传播作用研究。结果表明: 共有14种鸟类取食宜昌润楠果实, 乌鸫(Turdus mandarinus)和红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythroryncha)是主要取食鸟类, 两者取食频次分别占43.8%和17.9%; 总取食量较高的鸟类依次为乌鸫、红嘴蓝鹊、黑脸噪鹛(Garrulax perspicillatus)、灰树鹊(Dendrocitta formosae)和灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyanus), 这5种鸟类的取食量存在明显差异, 乌鸫的平均取食量(6.1±0.3颗/次)显著大于其他鸟类; 不同鸟类取食后的飞行距离存在显著差异, 体型较大的鸦科、鸫科鸟类具有相对较大的飞行距离; 鸟类取食后停栖生境类型主要包括乔木林、灌木丛和草地, 以乔木林中停栖的鸟类种数最多, 占总利用频次的54.6%。研究表明食果鸟类对宜昌润楠种子具有潜在传播作用。     

甘肃民勤治沙站纵纹腹小鸮食性的季节变化

分析民勤治沙站纵纹腹小鸮(Athene noctua)食团405块,共鉴定猎物562只。以个体计,民勤小鸮主要取食昆虫,占64.23%;其次为小型哺乳类,占32.38%;也取食少量爬行类(1.96%)和雀形目鸟类(1.42%)。生物量贡献则以小型哺乳类为主,占93.34%。猎物种类组成存在显著的季节变异:取食小型哺乳类的频率存在显著季节差异,冬季最高94.59%,夏季最低17.75%,食物生物量贡献四季均在90%以上,季节变异不显著;昆虫成分出现在除冬季外的其他季节,且取食频率均在65%以上,季节差异显著;爬行类仅出现于夏季食谱中,仅秋季没有发现鸟类成分。分析秋、冬、春三季哺乳类猎物胫骨的量度发现,小鸮取食哺乳类的胫骨长度平均为16.22mm±4.72mm(n=112),主要取食Ⅰ(10.01mm-15.00mm)和Ⅱ(15.01mm-20.00mm)等级的猎物(分别58.04%和25.00%)。取食猎物的胫骨长度组成存在季节差异,平均长度以春季最大。民勤地区小鸮一年的食物生态位宽度为2.32,季节间存在变异,以冬季最高为2.99,夏季最低为1.64。一年的食物多样性为1.96,季节间存在变异,冬季最高为2.00。食物种类以夏季最多,秋季最少。     

虎皮鹦鹉(Melopsittacus undulatfus)的振动敏感性研究

本文研究了虎皮鹦鹉对正弦振动的敏感性,旨在探索其腿部存在赫氏小体,和阐明其震前声行为反应与地面振动的关系提供依据。虎皮鹦鹉对５０－８０Ｈｚ的正弦振动不敏感,振动位移约２００－５０μｍ才可能激起声行为反应．但对１００－２５０Ｈｚ的正弦振动具有显著的敏感性,反应阈值约１０－２μｍ。对１３０－１７０Ｈｚ和２００－２５０Ｈｚ阈值反应,约７０％的潜伏期（ＬＰ）分别为ＬＰ＜３０５和ＬＰ＜１５ｓ。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。