H-13木霉对水稻硝酸还原酶及氮、磷、钾的影响*

采用离子束对哈茨木霉进行注入并筛选出H-13菌株,该菌株发酵液含有对水稻生长有显著促进作用的物质;经对喷施该菌株发酵液后的水稻硝酸还原酶(NR)活力及其N、P和K含量的测定,发现该菌株发酵液促进水稻生长与提高NR活力、增强对N、P和K的吸收有关。     

棉花根际固氮菌、解磷菌及解钾菌的相互作用

目的通过对棉花根际促生细菌N2126、P1108和K2116菌株单独接种和混合接种,根据这些菌株的固氮、解磷、解钾能力和细胞数量的变化,了解它们之间的相互作用。方法将这3株菌株设置4个不同的组合:N2126+P1108、P1108+K2116、N2126+K2116及N2126+P1108+K2116,分别测定培养液中全氮含量,水溶性磷、钾含量和细胞数量。结果P1108对N2126的生长有促进作用但抑制K2116的生长,N2126和K2116之间存在拮抗作用。N2126、P1108和K2116混合培养后,三者细胞数量分别占培养液中细胞总数的6.4%、89.2%和4.4%;培养液中的全氮含量比不接种时下降了0.7%;水溶性磷、钾含量比不接种时分别增加了19.0%和12.2%。结论P1108为3株菌株混合培养时的优势菌株,3株菌株混合培养有助于磷、钾释放。     

施用N、P、K肥后铜对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的研究

以不同质量浓度Cu处理下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的状况为对照 ,研究增施N、P、K肥后 ,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长所受到的影响。结果表明 :施加N、P、K肥有利于叶绿素的合成。在低质量浓度Cu( 2 0～80mg/L)条件下 ,施加N、P、K肥有利于增强小麦淀粉酶的活性 ,促进小麦种子的萌发 ,高质量浓度Cu( 1 5 0～3 0 0mg/L)条件下 ,施加N、P、K肥降低小麦淀粉酶活性 ,抑制小麦种子的萌发。施肥后 ,小麦脯氨酸含量较对照组均有所上升     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bv-303对水稻白叶枯病菌的拮抗活性及其应用

本研究明确了一株新型贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) Bv-303菌株对黄单胞杆菌水稻致病变种(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,Xoo)的拮抗活性及其对水稻白叶枯病(bacterial-blight,BB)的生物防治效果。采用牛津杯法测定了菌株Bv-303发酵上清液(cell-free supernatant, CFS)对白叶枯病菌体外拮抗的活性及其稳定性;通过对接种白叶枯病菌的水稻叶片进行喷雾处理,在水稻体内测试了该菌株发酵液(cell-culture broth,CCB)、发酵上清液及菌悬液(cell-suspension water,CSW)对白叶枯病菌的抑制效果;并统计了该菌株对水稻种子发芽率与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在体外,菌株Bv-303发酵上清液对白叶枯病菌的生长抑制率可达85.7%–88.0%,对热、酸、碱、紫外线等具有较好的稳定性;在水稻叶片上,喷施该菌株的发酵液、发酵上清液及菌悬液均能提高植株对白叶枯病的抗性,其中发酵液的效果最佳,抗病性提高率高达62.7%;且发酵液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长均没有副作用。因此,菌...     

遮光处理对观赏栀子氮、磷、钾分配与生长的影响

为探究观赏栀子在不同遮光条件下生长和光合及氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)分配的规律,该研究对3种观赏栀子设置5种不同的遮光处理(0%、60%、70%、80%、90%),通过对观赏栀子的生长和光合及各器官N、P、K含量进行统计与分析,探究了不同遮光处理对观赏栀子栽植效果的影响。结果表明:(1)60%和0%遮光率的大花栀子、80%和70%遮光率的雀舌栀子、0%遮光率的花叶栀子均长势较好。(2)随着遮光率的增加,雀舌栀子和花叶栀子的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率逐渐降低,气孔导度、水分瞬时利用率在遮光率60%下达到最大值。(3)大花栀子总N量最高,器官含N量高低排序为叶、根、茎; 雀舌栀子总P量最高,器官含P量排序为根、茎、叶; 大花栀子在90%遮光率下含K量最高。综合考虑认为,雀舌栀子更耐荫蔽,适合在80%和70%的遮光条件下生长; 大花栀子次之,适合在60%和0%遮光条件下生长; 花叶栀子最不耐荫,适合在0%遮光条件下生长。     

N、P、K肥对香根草修复土壤镉、锌污染效率的影响

通过盆栽试验研究在30 mg/kg镉(Cd)污染土壤条件下N[CO(NH2)2:100、200、300 mg/kg土]、P(P2O5:50、100、200 mg/kg土)和K(KCl:100、200、300 mg/kg土)处理对香根草修复土壤Cd和锌(Zn)污染效率的影响。结果表明:3种N处理能促进香根草地上部生长,而且显著提高地上部特别是叶的Cd和Zn含量,导致其修复效率成倍显著增加;200 mg/kg K处理显著提高Zn修复效率,但300 mg/kg K和50、200 mg/kg P处理却显著降低Cd、Zn修复效率。因此,为改善香根草对较贫瘠土壤中Cd、Zn污染的修复效率,应对香根草适施N肥,并控制或者不施P、K肥为佳。     

氮、磷、钾肥配施对花生生理特性及产量、品质的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对花生叶片生理特性及产量、品质的影响, 结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥配合施用均可不同程度地提高花生叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率, 且生育中后期(饱果期)的作用大于生育中期(结荚期),N300 P150 K300、P150 K300处理的效果好于N300 P150、N300 K300处理;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对提高叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性、增加可溶性蛋白质含量和降低MDA积累量均有明显作用, N300 P150 K300、P150 K300处理的作用大于N300 P150、N300 K300处理;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可明显增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,以N300 P150 K300处理产量最高,其次是P150 K300处理, N300 K300处理产量最低,N300 P150 K300和P150 K300处理还明显提高了荚果出仁率;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可以不同程度提高花生籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量, P150 K300和N300 P150 K300处理对脂肪和蛋白质含量均有明显增加作用, N300 K300处理可明显提高脂肪含量,对蛋白质的增加作用不显著,N300 P150处理对脂肪和蛋白质的影响不大, N300 P150 K300处理还可明显提高籽仁中O/L比值和可溶性糖含量,从而延长花生制品的货价寿命、改善花生食用口味.     

长白落叶松氮素营养及与生长的关系

不同季节测定了不同种源长白落叶松针叶中硝酸还原酶（NR）活力,氮素营养和氨基酸（AA）含量,分析了它们与生长的关系。结果表明,长白落叶松所含氮素营养以NH4－N为主,NO3－N和NO2－N含量很少。不同种源长白落叶松针叶中NH4－N和T－N（NH4－N＋N03－N＋NO2－N）含量与其NR活力呈极显著正相关。生长季初,长白落叶松针叶中氮素营养含量低,与生长呈正相关;生长季中后期,针叶中氮素营养含量高,与生长无相关性。不同种源长白落叶松针叶中AA含量的季节变化与氮素营养相似,但与生长无相关性。生长季初针叶中NR活力与不同种源长白落叶松生长呈显著正相关。初步研究表明,生长李初针叶中NR活力,NH4－N和T－N含量可作为生理生化指标用于长白落叶松种源早期选择。     

水稻恶苗病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性

从水稻根际土壤中筛选出拮抗水稻恶苗病的菌株,初步研究其抑菌作用及生防效果。采用平板稀释法从水稻根际土壤中分离获得菌株,以水稻恶苗病菌为靶标菌采用平板对峙法筛选出拮抗菌;通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S r DNA序列分析对筛选出的拮抗菌进行鉴定;检测拮抗菌无菌发酵液对水稻恶苗病菌菌丝生长的影响,同时测定拮抗菌的抑菌谱及进行盆栽实验。分离得到6株拮抗菌,其中有一株对水稻恶苗病菌拮抗作用较强的菌株SH15,经鉴定菌株SH15为多粘类芽孢杆菌。菌株无菌发酵液对水稻恶苗病菌菌丝生长有显著抑制作用;菌株SH15抑菌谱广,对水稻恶苗病菌、层出镰孢菌、棉花枯萎病菌、辣椒疫病菌、棉花黄萎病、黄瓜黑斑病菌均有一定的抑菌活性。水稻盆栽实验表明,接种多粘类芽孢杆菌SH15可显著降水稻恶苗病的发病指数,平均防效高达65.68%。因此,多粘类芽孢杆菌SH15在水稻恶苗病的生物防治方面具有一定的应用价值。     

喜树内生真菌抗水稻纹枯病菌活性的研究

从喜树健康组织叶、茎以及果实中经过分离、纯化共得到26株内生菌株。利用生长速率法测定这26株菌株对植物病原菌——水稻纹枯病病原菌的抑制作用。抑菌试验结果显示：26株菌株中有22株喜树内生真菌的发酵液对植物病原菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用;其中,菌株XSY10的发酵液抑菌效果最强,达到了74.97%。水稻盆栽试验结果表明：喷施菌株XSY10次生代谢产物7d后,对水稻纹枯病的防治效果为34.77%。以上试验结果说明喜树内生真菌XSY10对植物病害的防治具有一定的功效。     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹生长及相关生理指标的影响

以采自山东省菏泽牡丹园的牡丹'凤丹'种子为试材,采用盆栽的方法研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus versiforme和Glomus intraradices对牡丹幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,并以G.mosseae的侵染率最高,为48.3%;(2)AM真菌能够促进牡丹幼苗生长,接种G.mosseae的植株干重比对照显著提高了69.5%;(3)AM真菌能够提高牡丹的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、矿质元素(N、P、K)含量和硝酸还原酶活性,并对可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响达显著水平.(4)植株总干重与菌根侵染率、硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关.研究发现,G.mosseae是最适宜牡丹接种的优良菌种.     

Nitrogen fixation in transposon mutants from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 impaired in nitrate reductase

Tn5 transposon mutagenesis was carried out in Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 to produce defective mutants. From over one thousand clones expressing low levels of nitrate reductase activity as free-living bacteria, approximately five percent had significantly different ratios of nodulation, N2 fixation or nitrate reductase activity compared to the wild strain when determined in bacteroids from soybean nodules. Tn5 insertions were checked previously and mutants were arranged into four different groups. Only one of these groups, designated AN, was less effective at N2 fixation than the wild strain, suggesting a mutation in a domain shared by nitrogenase and NR. The remaining groups of insertions successfully nodulated and were as effective at N2 fixation as the wild strain, but showed diminished ability to reduce nitrate both in nodules and in the isolated bacteroids when assayed in vitro with NADH or methyl viologen as electron donors. PCR amplification demonstrated that Tn5 insertions took place in different genes on each mutant group and the type of mutant (CC) expressing almost no nitrate reductase activity under all treatments seemed to possess transposable elements in two genes. Induction of nitrate reductase activity by nitrate was observed only in those clones expressing a low constitutive activity (AN and AE). Nitrate reductase activity in bacteroids along nodule growth decreased in all groups including the ineffective AN group, whose nodulation was highly inhibited by nitrate at 5 mmol/L N. Host-cultivar interaction seemed to influence the regulation of nitrate reductase activity in bacteroids. Total or partial repression of nitrate reductase activity in bacteroids unaffected by N2 fixation (CC, AJ and AE groups) improved nodule resistance to nitrate and N yields of shoots over those of the wild strain. These observations may suggest that some of the energy supplied to bacteroids was wasted by its constitutive NRA.     

Characterization of Tn5 mutants deficient in dissimilatory nitrite reduction in Pseudomonas sp. strain G-179, which contains a copper nitrite reductase.

Tn5 was used to generate mutants that were deficient in the dissimilatory reduction of nitrite for Pseudomonas sp. strain G-179, which contains a copper nitrite reductase. Three types of mutants were isolated. The first type showed a lack of growth on nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide. The second type grew on nitrate and nitrous oxide but not on nitrite (Nir-). The two mutants of this type accumulated nitrite, showed no nitrite reductase activity, and had no detectable nitrite reductase protein bands in a Western blot (immunoblot). Tn5 insertions in these two mutants were clustered in the same region and were within the structural gene for nitrite reductase. The third type of mutant grew on nitrate but not on nitrite or nitrous oxide (N2O). The mutant of this type accumulated significant amounts of nitrite, NO, and N2O during anaerobic growth on nitrate and showed a slower growth rate than the wild type. Diethyldithiocarbamic acid, which inhibited nitrite reductase activity in the wild type, did not affect NO reductase activity, indicating that nitrite reductase did not participate in NO reduction. NO reductase activity in Nir- mutants was lower than that in the wild type when the strains were grown on nitrate but was the same as that in the wild type when the strains were grown on nitrous oxide. These results suggest that the reduction of NO and N2O was carried out by two distinct processes and that mutations affecting nitrite reduction resulted in reduced NO reductase activity following anaerobic growth with nitrate.     

Nitrate reductase activity in heme-deficient mutants of Staphylococcus aureus.

Mutants H-14 and H-18 of Staphylococcus aureus require hemin for growth on glycerol and other nonfermentable substrates. H-14 also responds to delta-aminolevulinate. Heme-deficient cells grown in the presence of nitrate do not have lactate-nitrate reductase activity but gain this activity when incubated with hemin in buffer and glucose. Lactate-nitrate reductase activity is also restored to the membrane fraction from such cells by incubation with hemin and dithiothreitol; addition of adenosine 5'-triphosphate has no effect upon the restoration. Cells grown with nitrate in the absence of hemin have two to five times more reduced benzyl viologen-nitrate reductase activity than do those grown with hemin. The activity increases throughout the growth period in the absence of hemin, but with hemin present enzyme formation ceases before the end of growth. There was no evidence of enzyme destruction. The distribution of nitrate reductase activity between membrane and cytoplasm was similar in cells grown with and without hemin; 70 to 90% was in the cytoplasm. It is concluded that heme-deficient staphylococci form apo-cytochrome b, which readily combines in vitro with its prosthetic group to restore normal function. The avaliability of the heme prosthetic group influences the formation of nitrate reductase.     

Ontogenetic Variation of Nitrogenase, Nitrate Reductase, and Glutamine Synthetase Activities in Oryza sativa

The relationship between the rates of nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activities, and plant ontogeny in rice (Oryza sativa L.), cultivar `M9', grown in salt marsh sediment with and without nitrate treatment was studied. In both treatments, nitrogenase activity measured as the immediate linear rate of acetylene reduction by bacteria associated with the roots varied with plant age. In control plants, the nitrogenase activity developed during the vegetative stage, peaked during early reproductive growth and then declined. The application of 10 kilograms N per hectare as KNO₃ once every 2 weeks delayed the development of and decreased the nitrogenase activity. The nitrogenase activity in both treatments developed as leaf nitrate reductase activity declined. The per cent nitrogen of roots was negatively correlated with the rates of acetylene reduction during the life cycles of control and nitrate-treated plants. This suggests that the concentration of combined nitrogen in the plants controlled the development and rate of root-associated nitrogenase activity. During reproductive growth, no nitrate reductase activity was detected in the roots from either treatment. In control plants, the patterns of nitrogenase activity and glutamine synthetase activity in the roots were similar. Thus, rice roots have the potential to assimilate ammonia while fixing N₂. During the vegetative and early reproductive stages of growth, the development of maximal rates of nitrogenase activity coincided with an increase of total nitrogen of the plants in both treatments.     

Isolation and characterization of transposon Tn5 mutants of Rhodobacter sphaeroides deficient in both nitrate and chlorate reduction.

Abstract The wild-type strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides DSM 158 is a nitrate-reducing bacterium with a periplasmic nitrate reductase. Addition of chlorate to the culture medium causes a stimulation of the phototrophic growth, indicating that this strain is able to use chlorate as an ancillary oxidant. Several mutant strains of R. sphaeroides deficient in nitrate reductase activity were obtained by transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. Mutant strain NR45 exhibited high constitutive nitrate and chlorate reductase activities and phototrophic growth was also increased by the presence of chlorate. In contrast, the stimulation of growth by chlorate was not observed in mutant strains NR8 and NR13, in which transposon Tn5 insertion causes the simultaneous loss of both nitrate and chlorate reductase activities. Tn5 insertion probably does not affect molybdenum metabolism since NR8 and NR13 mutants exhibit both xanthine dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activities. These results that a single enzyme could reduce both nitrate and chlorate in R. sphaeroides DSM 158.     

Application of brassinosteroids to rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) reduced the impact of salt stress on growth, prevented photosynthetic pigment loss and increased nitrate reductase activity

The effect of applying brassinosteroids to seeds on growth, pigment levels and nitrate reductase activity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants grown on saline substratum was investigated. Brassinosteroids reduced the impact of salt stress on growth, considerably restored pigment levels and increased of nitrate reductase activity.     

Disruption of narG, the Gene Encoding the Catalytic Subunit of Respiratory Nitrate Reductase, Also Affects Nitrite Respiration in Pseudomonas fluorescens YT101

The Pseudomonas fluorescens YT101 gene narG, which encodes the catalytic alpha subunit of the respiratory nitrate reductase, was disrupted by insertion of a gentamicin resistance cassette. In the Nar(-) mutants, nitrate reductase activity was not detectable under all the conditions tested, suggesting that P. fluorescens YT101 contains only one membrane-bound nitrate reductase and no periplasmic nitrate reductase. Whereas N(2)O respiration was not affected, anaerobic growth with NO(2) as the sole electron acceptor was delayed for all of the Nar(-) mutants following a transfer from oxic to anoxic conditions. These results provide the first demonstration of a regulatory link between nitrate and nitrite respiration in the denitrifying pathway.     

Nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis in wheat seedlings as affected by mineral nutrition. I. Macronutrients

Deficiencies of each macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca. Mg, S, and Fe) decreased the specific activity of nitrate reductase from Triticum aestivum L. seedlings. Nitrate content was decreased by N, P, K, Ca, and Mg deficiencies and unaffected by S and Fe deficiencies. Glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity was decreased by N, P, and S deficiencies, unchanged by K deficiency, and increased by Ca, Mg, and Fe deficiencies. Glutamine synthetase activity closely paralleled nitrate reductase activity and was decreased by deficiencies of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase was not sensitive to macronutrient deficiencies. High ¹⁴C-leucine incorporation into tissue sections of N-, P-, K-, Ca-, and S-deficient seedlings did not appear indicative of protein synthesis rates in intact seedlings. Nutritional deficiencies apparently depleted endogenous amino acid pools and caused less inhibition of exogenous ¹⁴C-leucine incorporation into protein.