注射用灯盏花素滴注过程中产生混浊的原因分析

目的探讨注射用灯盏花索在滴注过程中产生混浊沉淀现象的原因。为临床提供合理配伍使用依据。方法取不同批次与厂家的注射用灯盏花素,在不同输液品种、不同pH值输液及不同注射用灯盏花素浓度等条件下,观察产生的混浊现象。结果注射用灯盏花素在溶液pH值〈3．6,发生混浊的现象加快;pH值在3．6以上．发生混浊现象延迟;pH值在4．0以上,观察360min未发生混浊现象。结论引起混浊现象的主要原因是溶液的pH值．葡萄糖注射液的pH值规定范围为3．2～5．5,一般pH值在4．0以下,可在滴注过程中产生混浊现象,因此,葡萄糖注射液不宜用作灯盏花素溶解稀释溶煤,而氯化钠注射液适用于灯盏花素溶解稀释溶媒。     

疏血通等10种中药注射剂与不同溶媒配伍的稳定性

通过实验考察疏血通等10种中药注射剂与5种不同溶媒配伍后的稳定性,为临床安全合理使用中药注射剂提供依据。将10种中药注射剂分别与临床常用的静脉输液:质量分数0. 9%NaCl注射液、质量分数5%葡萄糖注射液、质量分数10%葡萄糖注射液、质量分数5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液和果糖注射液配伍。在配制0、1、2、4和8h后,分别观察性状,测定pH和不溶性微粒数。研究发现:上述注射液与溶媒配伍后性状稳定,pH变化符合要求,不同溶媒中产生的不溶性微粒数各有差异,且会随放置时间发生变化。由此可知:上述中药注射剂与适宜的溶媒配伍,在一定时间内具有较好的稳定性,实验结果可供临床调配使用作为参考。     

盐酸多柔比星脂质体注射液与葡萄糖和氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性研究

目的:研究探讨盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液与葡萄糖和氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性。方法:将盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液分别和5%的葡萄糖注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液进行配伍。观察缓和溶液外观、PH值以及脂质体粒径、包封率等相关情况。结果:观察发现,在盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液与0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍后,一定时间内混合溶液的外观、PH值脂质粒径并无明显的变化,但是包封率会下降5%;而盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液与5%葡萄糖住着也配伍后,一定时间内混合溶液的外观、PH值、脂质粒径以及包封率等并无明显的变化。结论:在临床用药中,盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液不应与0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍,与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍具有良好的稳定性,不会对药效的发挥产生影响。     

盐酸胺碘酮注射液与4种输液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:研究探讨盐酸胺碘酮注射液与其他输液(包括浓度分别为5%与10%的葡萄糖注射液,浓度为0.9%的氯化钠注射液,以及葡萄糖氯化钠注射液四种)配伍过程中具有的稳定性。方法:以当前的临床用药标准为依据,将四种注射液分别注入到一次性灭菌注射器中,随后分别往灭菌注射器中加入20ml的舒血宁注射液后摇匀倒置,在配伍8h内观察混合液外观性状、含量以及PH的变化情况。结果:通过实验,观察到在完成与浓度为10%的葡萄糖注射液,浓度为0.9%的氯化钠注射液,以及葡萄糖氯化钠注射液配伍后,盐酸胺碘酮的PH值与含量均出现比较明显的变化,但是在与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍后,溶液的各项指标并未发生明显的变化,溶液相对比较稳定。结论:在临床用药中,将盐酸胺碘酮与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍后,保持溶液在常温下的一段时间内使用,可有效保证混合溶液的性质,药效不会发生改变。     

炎琥宁注射液与6种输液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:研究探讨炎琥宁注射液与6中输液的配伍稳定性。方法:将炎琥宁注射液与5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液、复方氯化钠注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、右旋糖酐40葡萄糖注射液配伍后,观察混合溶液的外观、PH值、炎琥宁注射液的含量以及不溶性微粒的变化。结果:观察实验结果发现,将炎琥宁注射液与6种注射液配伍6h后,混合溶液的PH值、含量并无明显变化,但是在配伍4h后,除去复方氯化钠注射液不溶性微粒符合临床应用规定外,另外的混合液不溶性微粒均不符合使用规定。结论:在临床中,将炎琥宁注射液与其他注射液配伍使用的过程中,应最好与复方氯化钠注射液配伍使用,这样使用符合临床应用标准。     

灯盏花素注射液对鼠尾再植血液循环影响的实验研究

目的:评价灯盏花素注射液对鼠尾再植辅助治疗的效果和可行性.方法:90只雄性SD大鼠,30只为一组随机分为三组进行再植,术后分别予灯盏花素注、肝素、丹参注射液注射,术后观察再植鼠尾的血液循环情况.结果:灯盏花素注射液组28条再植尾成活,伤口1期愈合,术后2周内,28条再植尾色泽红润,毛细血管返流时间正常,皮肤弹性正常,皮温状况良好.超声Dopple及血管造影显示尾动脉血循通畅,而高于丹参注射液组和肝素组.结论:灯盏花素注射液在促进断尾血液循环方面相对丹参注射液、肝素而言具有明显的优越性.     

灯盏花素对脑出血患者氧化应激的影响

目的：探讨中药灯盏花素注射液对脑出血患者氧化应激的影响。方法：实验分成两组,以30例健康人为对照组,以25例早期脑出血患者为实验组,采用灯盏花素进行治疗,观察治疗前后两组血液中SOD、LDH的活性及MDA的含量。结果：与对照组相比,治疗前实验组SOD活性降低,而LDH的活性和MDA的含量升高。采用灯盏花素治疗后,实验组SOD显著升高,LDH的活性和MDA的含量降低;与对照组相比,无明显差异。结论：灯盏花素可通过抑制中性粒细胞产生呼吸爆发,增强机体清除氧自由基的能力,并降低脂质过氧化损伤,可应用于治疗早期脑出血。     

布洛芬注射液与临床常用输液配伍稳定性研究

目的:考察布洛芬注射液与几种输液的配伍稳定性。方法:通过与不同p H输液配伍,考察24h内的配伍稳定性。结果:与p H=3.2的5%葡萄糖注射液配伍时,不溶性微粒的检测结果不合格;与p H=4.5的0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍时,不溶性微粒的检测结果靠近上限;与乳酸钠林格注射液配伍时,p H值对配伍稳定性无影响。结论:与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍时应慎用,临床使用更推荐0.9%氯化钠注射液和乳酸钠林格注射液。     

不同碳源对1株深色有隔内生真菌生长和菌丝镉含量的影响

以1株高耐镉(Cd)深色有隔内生真菌(Dark Septate Endophyte,DSE)——嗜鱼外瓶霉(Exophiala pinsciphila)为供试材料,葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和甘露醇为碳源,Cd(0,25 mg/L)胁迫下开展液体培养,研究不同碳源对DSE生长和菌丝Cd含量的影响。结果表明:无Cd胁迫下,以碳源为葡萄糖时,DSE菌丝生物量、培养液pH值和孢子数最大。Cd胁迫下,DSE菌丝生物量、培养液pH值和孢子数下降,且菌丝生物量与培养液pH值极显著正相关,与Cd含量呈极显著负相关。碳源为葡萄糖时,菌丝Cd含量最低,生物量降幅最小,培养液pH值下降最大。由此可见,供试碳源中,葡萄糖是该DSE菌株嗜鱼外瓶霉的最适宜碳源。     

融合蛋白GGH粉针剂制备工艺研究

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定融合蛋白GGH原料和注射用粉针剂含量的方法,筛选制备粉针剂的辅料和pH,进行6个月的长期稳定性试验。方法：高效液相色谱采用Waters DELTA PAK C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈和水,梯度洗脱20min,检测波长280nm。根据粉针剂的外形、复溶性、稳定性和活性保留率筛选填充剂及pH。结果：GGH在0.2~1.6mg/ml范围内线性关系良好,可用此方法进行制剂的含量检测;选用4%的甘露醇作为填充剂并调节pH为5.5,可以制备性质较为稳定的GGH冻干粉针剂。结论：可采用含量和纯度检测结合外观性状观察法用于粉针剂的制备工艺筛选,为申报新药提供参考。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on the pollen germination and pollen tube growth of apple (Malus sylvestris Miller cv. Golden)

The pollens of apple flowers have been treated with simulated acid rain solutions in range of pHs 2.9 to 5.0 in order to determine the threshold proportion values that lead the observed symptoms of detriments of acid rain. Compared to controls (pH 6.5), pollen germination decreased by 41.75% at pH 3.3 and pollen tube elongation decreased by 24.3% at pH 3.4. Acid rain threshold proportion value was around pH 3.3 and 3.4 for apple pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, respectively. Furthermore, pollen tube elongation was determined to be more sensitive to acid rain than pollen germination. The pH values below 3.1 resulted in complete destruction of pollen tubes. Pollen germination entirely stopped at around pH 3.0. Finally, it has been shown that the acid rain has a blocking effect on pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in apple. The conclusion is that not only pH value but also the quantity of acid rain is important factor in germination. The results were found statistically significant through the LSD test at levels of p < 0.05 and p < 0.01.     

Effects of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

The relationship between development of light leaf spot and yield loss in winter oilseed rape was analysed, initially using data from three experiments at sites near Aberdeen in Scotland in the seasons 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94, respectively. Over the three seasons, single-point models relating yield to light leaf spot incidence (% plants with leaves with light leaf spot) at GS 3.3 (flower buds visible) generally accounted for more of the variance than single-point models at earlier or later growth stages. Only in 1992/93, when a severe light leaf spot epidemic developed on leaves early in the season, did the single-point model for disease severity on leaves at GS 3.5/4.0 account for more of the variance than that for disease incidence at GS 3.3. In 1991/92 and 1992/3, when reasonably severe epidemics developed on stems, the single-point model for light leaf spot incidence (stems) at GS 6.3 accounted for as much of the variance. Two-point (disease severity at GS 3.3 and GS 4.0) and AUDPC models (disease incidence/severity) accounted for more of the variance than the single-point model based on disease incidence at GS 3.3 in 1992/93 but not in the other two seasons. Therefore, a simple model using the light leaf spot incidence at GS 3.3 (x) as the explanatory variable was selected as a predictive model to estimate % yield loss (y_r): y_r= 0.32x– 0.57. This model fitted all three data sets from Scotland, When data sets from Rothamsted, Rosemaund and Thurloxton in England were used to test it, this single-point predictive model generally fitted the data well, except when yield loss was clearly not related to occurrence of light leaf spot. However, the regression lines relating observed yield loss to light leaf spot incidence at GS 3.3 often had smaller slopes than the line produce, by the model based on Scottish data.     

A change from grass pollen induced allergy to tree pollen induced allergy: 30 years of pollen observation in Switzerland

Pollen monitoring with a Hirst like pollen trap for 30 years in Basel, Switzerland allows understanding of the behaviour of the different plants producing allergenic pollens. It becomes evident that in this time period the different tree pollen like Hazel and Birch increased, whereas in the control, the observed amount of a herb pollen like Artemisa did not change. Moreover, it was observed that in the different trees flowering took place earlier namely at the beginning of the year. This was especially impressive for Hazel, where flowering was shifted ofmore than one month. These aerobiological observations were supported and confirmed by some epidemiological studies, showing that tree pollen allergy has become more important in the last years compared to grass pollen allergy and herb pollen allergy. The reason for the increase of tree pollen counts and the shift in the flowering time depends on the observed increase of the annual temperature, an increased input of nutrients like CO₂or NO_x but probably also a real increase of certain trees, like birch for example, in parks and avenues. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Glutamine synthetase isolated from human brain: octameric structure and homology of partial primary structure with human liver glutamine synthetase

Glutamine synthetase (GS) has been purified from the cytosolic fraction of non-frozen human brain tissue. The purified GS migrated as a main band around 44 kD on reducing SDS-PAGE. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed heterogeneity within subunits of GS. The masses of eight different peptides from a tryptic digest of GS as measured by high resolution MALDI-MS matched with the respective masses from an in silico tryptic fingerprint of the Swiss-Prot database entry of human liver GS, proving that at least 24% of the primary sequences of GS from brain and liver are identical. Sedimentation equilibrium profiles obtained from analytical ultracentrifugation experiments at 10°C showed that human brain GS is mainly octameric. The quaternary structure of human brain GS at 10 M (subunit concentration) was not significantly affected by cations, such as magnesium (5 and 20 mM) or manganese (0.2 and 1 mM) within the range of pH 7.1-7.8.     

Studies ofNajas pollen tubes. Fine structure and the dependence of chlorotetracycline fluorescence on external free ions

Summary The distribution of membrane-associated calcium was investigated in pollen grains and tubes of the underwater pollinated angiospermNajas marina L. using chlorotetracycline (CTC). Tubes grown in distilled water (pH 6) showed the highest fluorescence in a subapical region that tapered basally into a fluorescent strand centrally located in the tube and extending back towards the pollen grain. The apical cap had low fluorescence as did the cytoplasm surrounding the fluorescent strand, the tube base and the pollen grain. Tubes grown in different pond waters (pH 8) revealed no intracellular CTC fluorescence. Instead there was an external fluorescence forming a distinct layer around the whole tube, frequently enhanced in a subapical region to form an external collar.Modification of the patterns of fluorescence could be induced by manipulation pH of the growth media and content of specific ions. For example tubes grown in distilled water with 10^–3 M Mg²⁺ salts showed a similar CTC fluorescence as those grown in pond water. In contrast, Ca²⁺ enrichment had no visible influence on the patterns of fluorescence. The pattern of fluorescence displayed by tubes grown in distilled water, could be reproduced in pond water if the pH was artificially reduced to pH 6.Ultrastructurally, there was no detectable difference in the markedly polar distribution of organelles between pollen tubes grown in the various growth media. The secretory vesicles found in the pollen grain prior to germination become distributed throughout the pollen tube but are least concentrated in regions that show highest internal CTC fluorescence. These regions appear to have large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum and include mitochondria.These results are discussed in relation to the significance of calcium gradients for tip growth and limitations in the use of CTC.Abbreviations CTC chlorotetracycline - SV secretory vesicle - ER endoplasmic reticulum - PIXE proton induced X-ray emissions     

长木蜂蜂粮酿制过程中pH值和花粉活力的测定

测定手采新鲜的芍药花粉、芍药长木蜂Xylocopa tranquebarorum（Swederus）花粉和不同酿制时间蜂粮样品的平均pH值,结果分别是6．19、5．92和4．05（40日龄蜂粮）。随着酿制时间的延长,蜂粮的pH值下降,2日龄蜂粮到3日龄蜂粮的pH值从5．57降至4．82,下降速率明显。经测定,紫藤长木蜂花粉和不同日龄蜂粮样品中紫藤花粉的纯度均在98％以上;芍药长木蜂花粉和不同日龄蜂粮样品中芍药花粉的纯度均在93％以上;测定紫藤花粉的长木蜂蜂粮和芍药花粉的长木蜂蜂粮中的花粉活力。结果表明,在1日龄蜂粮中花粉活力基本丧失,3日龄后均失去萌发力,并且不同的花粉蜂粮其花粉活力表现一致。     

不同生育期花生叶片蛋白质含量及氮代谢相关酶活性分析

以5个珍珠豆型花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)品种(系)‘汕E’(‘Shan E’)、‘汕G’(‘Shan G’)、‘TH’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’(‘Quanhua No.7’)为研究对象,分析了花针期、结荚期和饱果期花生叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化趋势,并比较了5个品种(系)荚果和秆产量的差异。结果表明:在3个生育期内,5个花生品种(系)叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和GDH活性的变化趋势基本一致,而NR和GS活性的变化趋势则有差异。其中,可溶性蛋白质含量均呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势,在结荚期最高;GDH活性均逐渐升高,至饱果期达最高;‘泉花7号’叶片NR活性呈"高—低—高"的变化趋势,而其他4个品种(系)叶片NR活性均逐渐降低;‘汕E’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’叶片GS活性呈逐渐降低趋势,而‘汕G’和‘TH’叶片GS活性呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势。总体上看,5个品种(系)中,‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性、‘汕E’叶片的NR和GS活性以及‘TH’叶片的GDH活性均较高。5个品种(系)的2个产量指标(单株荚果鲜质量和单株秆鲜质量)均有明显差异,总体上看,‘汕G’、‘泉花7号’和‘TH’的2个产量指标均较高,而‘汕E’和‘TJ’的2个产量指标均较低。综合分析结果显示:‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性均相对较高,其荚果和秆产量也均较高,表明花生荚果和秆产量与不同生育期叶片氮代谢水平有一定关系。     

Response of tundra ecosystem in southwestern Alaska to Younger-Dryas climatic oscillation

Climatic warming during the last glacial–interglacial transition (LGIT) was punctuated by reversals to glacial‐like conditions. Palaeorecords of ecosystem change can help document the geographical extent of these events and improve our understanding of biotic sensitivity to climatic forcing. To reconstruct ecosystem and climatic variations during the LGIT, we analyzed lake sediments from southwestern Alaska for fossil pollen assemblages, biogenic‐silica content (BSiO₂%), and organic‐carbon content (OC%). Betula shrub tundra replaced herb tundra as the dominant vegetation of the region around 13 600 cal BP (cal BP: ¹⁴C calibrated calendar years before present), as inferred from an increase of Betula pollen percentages from << 5% to >> 20% with associated decreases in Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Artemisia. At c. 13 000 cal BP, a decrease of Betula pollen from 28 to << 5% suggests that shrub tundra reverted to herb tundra. Shrub tundra replaced herb tundra to resume as the dominant vegetation at 11 600 cal BP. Higher OC% and BSiO₂% values suggest more stable soils and higher aquatic productivity during shrub‐tundra periods than during herb‐tundra periods, although pollen changes lagged behind changes in the biogeochemical indicators before c. 13 000 cal BP. Comparison of our palaeoecological data with the ice‐core dδ¹⁸O record from Greenland reveals strikingly similar patterns from the onset through the termination of the Younger Dryas (YD). This similarity supports the hypothesis that, as in the North Atlantic region, pronounced YD climatic oscillations occurred in the North Pacific region. The rapidity and magnitude of ecological changes at the termination of the YD are consistent with greenhouse experiments and historic photographs demonstrating tundra sensitivity to climatic forcing.     

Effect of relative humidity on water content, viability and carbohydrate profile of Petunia hybrida and Cucurbita pepo pollen

Petunia hybrida and Cucurbita pepo pollen was exposed to 30 and 75% relative humidity (RH). Water content, viability and carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch) were measured at fixed intervals over 6 h. Water content of C. pepo pollen decreased drastically at both RHs, while P. hybrida pollen dehydrated slightly at RH 30% and hydrated at RH 75%. The pollen of the two species also showed very different sensitivity to dehydration. P. hybrida pollen was resistant to desiccation, with viability remaining around 80% throughout the experiment, whereas C. pepo was very sensitive to desiccation, showing an abrupt decrease in viability when its water content reached about 13% (fresh weight basis) at both RHs. Carbohydrate content was also different in the two species. Sucrose content increased soon after dehydration of P. hybrida pollen at RH 30%, whereas it remained almost constant in C. pepo pollen at the same RH. The results are discussed in the framework of basic pollen physiology and of plant reproductive strategy.     

The oxidizing power of the glutathione thiyl radical as measured by its electrode potential at physiological pH

The oxidizing power of the thiyl radical (GS*) produced on oxidation of glutathione (GSH) was determined as the mid-point electrode potential (reduction potential) of the one-electron couple E(m)(GS*,H+/GSH) in water, as a function of pH over the physiological range. The method involved measuring the equilibrium constants for electron-transfer equilibria with aniline or phenothiazine redox indicators of known electrode potential. Thiyl and indicator radicals were generated in microseconds by pulse radiolysis, and the position of equilibrium measured by fast kinetic spectrophotometry. The electrode potential E(m)(GS*,H+/GSH) showed the expected decrease by approximately 0.06 V/pH as pH was increased from approximately 6 to 8, reflecting thiol/thiolate dissociation and yielding a value of the reduction potential of GS*=0.92+/-0.03 V at pH 7.4. An apparently almost invariant potential between pH approximately 3 and 6, with potentials significantly lower than expected, is ascribed at least in part to errors arising from radical decay during the approach to the redox equilibrium and slow electron transfer of thiol compared to thiolate.