普通大kuang胃容物和食茧分析

对青海省玛多县境内的普通大kuang(Buteo hemilasius)的14个胃容物和118个食茧中的猎物逐个分析鉴定，共分为3种类型：①高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)，②青海田鼠(Lasiopodomys fuscus)，③小型鸟类。分别计算各类猎物出现率(pi)和生物量比率(bi)。高原鼠兔、青海田鼠、小型鸟类在胃容物中，pi分别为0.28、0.68和0.04；bi则分别为0.59、0.40和0.02；食茧中，pi分别为0.70、0.27和0.02，bi则分别为0.89、0.10和0.01。Χ[2]检验表明取食个体数和生物量在胃容物和食茧之间差异显著，但均说明高原鼠兔和青海田鼠等小型哺乳类是普通大的主要食物来源。     

青海门源地区大鵟和雕鸮的食性比较

1999-2002年的6-8月份,在青海门源地区收集了大鵟和雕鸮的吐弃块(pellets)和残留食物(food remains),带回实验室进行分检鉴定、研究分析。大鵟食物中共有736个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠28只、高原鼠兔139只、甘肃鼠兔142只、田鼠科动物422只、雀形目鸟类4只、香鼬1只;各猎物对大鵟食物的生物量贡献率分别为14．26％、40．79％、17．39％、26．99％、0．22％、0．35％。雕鸮食物中共有330个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠17只、高原鼠兔77只、甘肃鼠兔44只、田鼠科动物183只、雀形目鸟类2只、红脚鹬2只、高原兔5只;各猎物对雕鸮食物的生物量贡献率分别为11．83％、30．87％、7．36％、16．00％、0．15％、0．62％、33．17％。雕鸮的食物生态位宽度与大鵟的食物生态位宽度相近,食物生态位高度重叠,但是它们捕食同种猎物的比例显著不同。     

青海门源地区大(狂鸟)和雕鸮的食性比较

1999～2002年的6～8月份,在青海门源地区收集了大(狂鸟)和雕鸮的吐弃块(pellets)和残留食物(food remains),带回实验室进行分检鉴定、研究分析.大(狂鸟)食物中共有736个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠28只、高原鼠兔139只、甘肃鼠兔142只、田鼠科动物422只、雀形目鸟类4只、香鼬1只;各猎物对大(狂鸟)食物的生物量贡献率分别为14.26%、40.79%、17.39%、26.99%、0.22%、0.35%.雕鸮食物中共有330个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠17只、高原鼠兔77只、甘肃鼠兔44只、田鼠科动物183只、雀形目鸟类2只、红脚鹬2只、高原兔5只;各猎物对雕鸮食物的生物量贡献率分别为11.83%、30.87%、7.36%、16.00%、0.15%、0.62%、33.17%.雕鸮的食物生态位宽度与大(狂鸟)的食物生态位宽度相近,食物生态位高度重叠,但是它们捕食同种猎物的比例显著不同.     

艾虎对不同猎物的选择性

在室内条件下,将高原鼢鼠(Myospalaxbaileyi)、高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)和根田鼠(Microtusoeconomus)作为艾虎(Mustelaeversmanni)的猎物选择对象,研究艾虎对猎物的选择性及艾虎捕杀猎物的行为时间分配。实验结果表明:艾虎对三种猎物的搜寻时间和搜寻频次基本一致,在搜寻猎物的过程中并非已知洞道系统中所存在的食物信息,是一种机会主义的捕食者;艾虎除了具有典型鼬科动物捕杀猎物的方法外,能够根据猎物的大小、活动性和反捕食能力采用不同的捕杀方法,在捕杀猎物的过程中首先捕杀高原鼢鼠,其致死部位全部为头部,其次捕杀高原鼠兔,其致死部位除了头部外,明显增加了颈部的比例,最后捕杀根田鼠,其致死部位主要是头部和胸部;艾虎在捕杀猎物的过程中,追击根田鼠的时间最多,追击鼢鼠的时间最少,而用于捕杀根田鼠的时间最少,用于捕杀鼢鼠的时间最多,艾虎捕杀高原鼠兔后单位时间内获得的能量值最大,其次为捕杀高原鼢鼠,而捕杀根田鼠后单位时间内活动的能量值最小。因此,在室内条件下艾虎对猎物的选择性主要依赖于其本身处理猎物的行为时间分配和猎物的反捕食行为,使单位时间内获得的能量值最大.     

高寒草甸3种啮齿类动物消化道器官形态的比较研究

不同动物面对相同或相似的环境压力,采取不同的适应对策,消化器官形态差异能体现各自适应的方式。为进一步了解草食哺乳动物对各自生存环境的适应对策,本文比较了青藏高原高寒草甸3种小型草食哺乳动物的消化道长度及消化道器官指数。结果显示:根田鼠的胃指数高于高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔,小肠、大肠及盲肠指数均是高原鼠兔高原鼢鼠根田鼠,消化道各部位相对长度均是根田鼠高原鼠兔高原鼢鼠。根田鼠大肠及盲肠长度占消化道总长的比例高于高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠;小肠占消化道总长的比例最低。结果表明,动物消化道形态的差异可能与食物组成、能量和代谢需求等因素有关。面对不同的环境压力,消化道这种适应性差异是不同物种为适应多变的环境条件进化的结果。     

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策

调查青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中两种主要啮齿动物及其天敌动物的种群密度,分析天敌动物对两种啮齿类的捕食方式、捕食强度,探讨啮齿类动物的捕食风险及生存对策。研究结果表明,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的种群密度分别为4．97只／hm^2和10．6只／hm^2,而它们的主要天敌赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的种群密度分别为0．16只／100hm^2、0．37只／100hm^2、3只／100hm^2。艾虎和香鼬在取食过程中主要搜寻啮齿类的洞道系统,全部食物几乎都来源于洞道系统内;赤狐或取食地面活动的鼠兔,或挖掘洞口待高原鼢鼠封闭洞口时取食猎物。高原鼠兔在赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的食物中所出现的频次分别为100％、96．1％、100％,高原鼢鼠在3种天敌动物的食物中所出现的频次分别为87．5％、73．2％、0％。3种天敌动物对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食强度分别为0．703％和0．038％,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠所承受的捕食风险分别为0．780和0．393。高原鼠兔在高的捕食风险下通过行为对策和繁殖对策增加其适合度,而承受捕食风险较小的高原鼢鼠主要通过封闭的洞道系统和高的存活率增加其适合度。     

高原鼠兔和根田鼠的最大代谢率

采用He-O2混合诱导方法测定了高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）和根田鼠（Microtus oeconomus）的最大代谢率（MMR）。高原鼠兔的最大代谢率在夏季和冬季分别为5．93（体重为118g）和6．33（体重为115．8g）mlO2/g.h,而根田鼠在夏季和冬季分别为12．70（体重为27．8g）和18．29（体重为17．5g）mlO2/g.h,并且根田鼠的最大代谢率的变化幅度大于高原鼠兔,存在种间差异。MMR季节变化的不显著性来源于动物环境温度在夏季较低,而在冬季为越冬亦采用行为调节等其它机制。栖于青藏高原的高原鼠兔和根田鼠同时受到低温和低氧的腔迫,而两者对最大代谢率作用相反,导致两种动物的最大代谢率与各自期望值相比差异不大。     

达乌尔鼠兔和布氏田鼠食物资源竞争关系的研究

布氏田鼠和达乌尔鼠兔是内蒙古典型草原的两种主要害鼠。本文研究了重叠分布于内蒙古克什克腾旗阿其乌拉境内克氏针茅+冷蒿+羊草草场上的布氏田鼠和达乌尔鼠兔的食物资源竞争关系。胃内容物显微组织学分析结果表明,夏季布氏田鼠取食羊草、杂花苜蓿、阿尔泰狗娃花等20种植物,而达乌尔鼠兔则选择羊草、菊叶委陵菜和杂花苜蓿等15种植物为食     

温度和光周期对高原鼠兔和根田鼠最大代谢率的影响

研究了光周期和温度对高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae)和根田鼠（Microtus oeconomus)最大代谢率（MMR）的影响。结果表明在高原鼠兔中,光周期对MMR的影响较小,而低温可显著地导致MMR的增加（P＜0．01）,由此提出温度是高原鼠兔MMR季节性变化的主要生理信号;在根田鼠中,光周期和温度对MMR的影响皆达到显著水平（P＜0．01）,短光照和低温都可导致MMR的增加。     

单宁酸对高原鼠兔和根田鼠生殖激素的影响

高原鼠兔和根田鼠是生存于青藏高原的小哺乳动物,它们所取食的高原植物含有多种次生化合物。为了证明食物中的次生化合物对高原鼠兔和根田鼠繁殖相关激素的影响,探讨它们与取食植物间的协同进化,分别对两种动物灌服0、5、10 和20 mg/ kg BW 剂量单宁酸1 d、3 d 及5 d 后,测定其下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素、血浆中睾酮和血浆雌二醇的含量。结果表明,单宁酸对高原鼠兔的LD₅₀ 为112 ±27.72 mg/ kg BW,对根田鼠的LD₅₀ 为117 ± 17.37 mg/ kg BW;单宁酸可以使高原鼠兔和根田鼠血浆睾酮和雌二醇水平升高,但对下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素水平没有明显的影响。说明单宁酸可能会促进这两种动物的性成熟,有利于它们的繁殖。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.