昆虫病原线虫对烟苗的保护效果

小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon是危害烟草的重要害虫.为了实现该害虫的绿色防控,本研究测定了小地老虎幼虫对不同食物(小白菜、蕹菜、人工饲料和麸皮)取食的偏好性,评价添加鲜叶类诱食剂时昆虫病原线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All粉剂、S.feltiae SN虫尸剂、绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae和化学农药敌杀死(溴氰菊酯)对小地老虎的防控而实现对移栽期烟苗的保护效果.结果表明,尽管不同时间不同食物吸引的小地老虎幼虫数量有差异,但是这些幼虫对鲜叶类蔬菜(小白菜和蕹菜)具有偏好性.当每株烟苗存在2头小地老虎4龄幼虫时,未添加幼虫诱食剂的情况下,昆虫病原线虫粉剂处理后的烟苗死亡率为56.7％,显著低于绿僵菌处理的74.2％、昆虫病原线虫虫尸剂处理70.0％和对照78.3％,但高于敌杀死(溴氰菊酯)处理的烟苗死亡率37.5％;添加诱食剂后,昆虫病原线虫粉剂处理后烟苗的死亡率为40.8％,显著低于绿僵菌62.5％和昆虫病原线虫虫尸剂67.6％处理和对照62.5％,但与敌杀死(溴氰菊酯)处理的烟苗死亡率39.2％,差异不显著.当每株烟苗存在3头小地老虎4龄幼虫时,不论是否添加小地老虎幼虫诱食剂,昆虫病原线虫粉剂处理后的烟苗死亡率显著低于绿僵菌、昆虫病原线虫虫尸剂处理和对照,但与敌杀死(溴氰菊酯)处理的烟苗死亡率差异不显著.同样,添加幼虫诱食剂后,昆虫病原线虫粉剂处理的烟苗死亡率为36.7％,显著低于未加入小地老虎幼虫诱食剂的处理71.7％.因此,烟苗周围存在2头或3头小地老虎4龄幼虫的情况下,S.carpocapsae All线虫粉剂对刚移栽烟苗具有明显保护作用,在烟苗周围添加小地老虎幼虫诱食剂能显著降低烟苗的被危害率,为烟田小地老虎幼虫防控提供了有效的方法.     

植食性昆虫的寄主选择机理及行为调控策略

害虫是影响农作物生产的重要因素,过度使用化学农药已带来严重的“3R”问题。为了长期有效地控制害虫的危害,基于植食性昆虫寄主选择机制的行为调控策略已成为害虫治理研究的重要方向。天然植物资源（如驱避植物、诱集植物与诱集枝把）、物理模拟材料（如诱集色、驱避色与诱集模型）和人工合成物质（如引诱剂、驱避剂、刺激剂与抑制剂）等研发工作皆取得了突破性的进展。除单一措施的使用外,多种诱集措施协同利用的“诱集＋诱集”策略、诱集措施与趋避措施结合使用的“排斥-诱集”策略也已被广泛应用。     

不同诱捕技术对松褐天牛的诱捕效果

通过不同引诱剂、不同诱芯、不同诱捕器和不同缓释量对松褐天牛的诱捕试验,结果表明,4种引诱剂对松褐天牛都有一定的引诱效果.其中,引诱剂MA2K 05的效果最好,引诱活性平均为26.3头/诱捕器,对其它鞘翅目和半翅目昆虫也有引诱作用;引诱剂MA2K 13活性次之,平均21.3头/诱捕器;MA2K 11最弱,平均13.8头/诱捕器.3种诱芯A、B和C的引诱效果分别为14.73、4.25和20.3头/诱捕器,其中诱芯C内引诱剂总量为诱芯A或诱芯B的2.5倍,且诱芯C内的引诱剂3～5 d需添加一次,而诱芯A和诱芯B的引诱活性能持续1个月以上,因此,诱芯B较为理想.宣州诱捕器引诱效果显著高于日式诱捕器,分别为36.4和9.7头/诱捕器.不同剂量诱捕结果表明,随着诱芯缓释量的增加,诱捕效果也相应提高,当剂量从20 ml上升至80 ml时,诱捕效果增加不显著;当诱剂达120 ml时,引诱效果显著增加.     

红火蚁诱捕技术

研究了6种引诱剂、2种诱捕器以及不同风向对红火蚁的野外诱捕效果．结果表明：用于试验的引诱剂中有4种对红火蚁有一定的引诱作用．其中,引诱剂TB1（鱼粉50g、蛋白胨40g、10％蔗糖水10ml、大豆油20m1）的效果最好,平均每个诱捕器诱捕红火蚁77．6头;引诱剂TB2（火腿肠）的效果次之,平均每个诱捕器诱捕红火蚁58．7头;TB4（10％蔗糖水10ml、甘蔗粉100g、大豆油20ml）和TB6（玉米粉100g、大豆油20ml）分别能诱捕到红火蚁7．7和29头;TB3（10％蔗糖水10ml、玉米粉100g、大豆油20ml）和TB5（蜂蜜）未诱捕到红火蚁．离心管诱捕器的诱集效果显著好于纸碟诱捕器,两种诱捕器分别诱捕红火蚁75．2和35．0头．各种饵剂在下风区的诱集效果明显好于上风区．     

罗布麻实生苗移栽试验总结（摘要）

罗布麻种子很小,直播虽能成活,但在较干旱地区,大田保苗管理等方面有一定困难。根据实践经验,以育苗移栽比较方便,为移苗工作顺利进行,特设计一系列试验。1,实生苗移栽方法试验：用山东红麻鲁12做试验材料,处理分移栽时间（上,下午）,带土不带土,带土处理又有（1）先栽苗,后灌水复土。（2）先灌水后栽苗。（3）先放苗再灌水覆,截8个处理组合。试验结果,上,下午移栽效果差别不大,上午比下午表现略好。幼苗移栽带土处理比不带土处理好,前者成活率为73％－90％,后者成活率为18％－25％。至于栽苗前先灌水还是栽后再灌水,二者差别不大。2,移栽时留根长度对成苗率的影响;用山东红麻鲁3为试验材料。移时带土,土方长宽各为10cm,厚度分别为2,3,4,5,6,8,10,15（对照）cm,土言厚度即为根长度。试验结果,根长3cm以上,栽后的成苗率都在75％以上;根长2cm,成苗率为47．1％。根据移后73d生长指标（株高,茎粗,叶片数,分枝数,主根长粗,生长势等项目）其中根长5cm以上处理间差异不十分悬殊。因此,移苗时带土厚度5－6cm即可。3,不同苗龄幼苗移栽试验：试验结果7－8对真叶时移栽,成活率,保苗率都在95％以上;5－6对真叶时移,成活率,保苗率在90％以上;3－4对真叶时移,后期（9月23日）成活率,保苗率为50％;1－2对真叶及子叶期移栽,后期（9月23日记载）成活率和保苗率都在30％以下。由此看出,红麻称多栽应在5对真叶,株高5cm以上是进行为宜。     

喷雾助剂对2种药剂防治花蓟马的减量增效作用

为探讨4种喷雾助剂(强力源、穿导、激健、怀农特)对乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉防治花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa Trybom的减量增效作用,分别采用叶管药膜法和喷雾法,比较了4种喷雾助剂对两种药剂室内毒力增效作用和田间药效的减量效果。室内测定结果表明,乙基多杀菌素LC50为0.05 mg/L,4种喷雾助剂对乙基多杀菌素的增效作用顺序依次为：强力源>穿导>激健>怀农特,增效比介于20.41%～61.22%之间。吡虫啉LC50为43.33 mg/L,4种喷雾助剂对吡虫啉的增效作用顺序依次为：强力源>怀农特>穿导>激健,增效比介于20.36%～47.95%之间。田间试验结果表明,添加强力源可使乙基多杀菌素减量30%,添加强力源和怀农特可使吡虫啉减量30%。其中,乙基多杀菌素减量20%添加强力源药后3 d对花蓟马的防效高达90.11%,较单剂显著提高14.97%,增效比为19.92%;药后7 d防效保持在63.04%。乙基多杀菌素推荐剂量减量20%添加强力源可推荐应用于防治花蓟马实际生产中。     

性诱剂和黄板对设施蔬菜烟粉虱诱集效果的比较

【背景】烟粉虱是设施茄果类蔬菜上的重要害虫。【方法】在温室辣椒和黄瓜田中,研究3种方式(悬挂性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板)对烟粉虱的诱集作用。【结果】性诱剂和黄板对烟粉虱均有较好的诱杀效果,在黄瓜田悬挂性诱剂和黄板4 h后,性诱剂、黄板、性诱剂+黄板上分别诱集到烟粉虱成虫13.80、7.40和31.20头;随着悬挂时间的延长,诱虫量逐渐增多,悬挂24 h后,3种方式的诱集量分别达到32.20、31.80和52.80头。在48 h以内,性诱剂诱虫量明显多于黄板,但48 h后黄板上的诱集量明显多于性诱剂。对黄瓜上残留成虫的性比调查发现,诱集处理24 h后,悬挂性诱剂和性诱剂+黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比分别为4.05∶1和3.31∶1,而悬挂黄板的黄瓜上烟粉虱性比接近1∶1。不论是性诱剂还是黄板,1 d中以10:00~14:00之间对烟粉虱的诱集量最大。性诱剂不同悬挂高度对烟粉虱的诱集效果不同,在辣椒田,性诱剂白板的下端与辣椒顶部冠层叶相平时对烟粉虱的诱集量显著多于白板下端高出辣椒顶部冠层叶上部10 cm与50 cm的处理。诱集处理4 d后,性诱剂、黄板和性诱剂+黄板对蔬菜烟粉虱的校正防效分别为68.18%、60.42%和77.40%。【结论与意义】性诱剂对烟粉虱雄虫有强烈的专性诱集作用,黄板和性诱剂联用对烟粉虱的诱集具有明显的增效作用。     

几种常见杀虫剂对玉米草地贪夜蛾的控制作用

草地贪夜蛾是一种刚入侵我国的世界性迁飞害虫,严重威胁玉米生产安全。本试验选择200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂+激健、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂+5%甲维盐微乳剂、150 g/L茚虫威悬浮剂、25%甲维·茚虫威水分散粒剂、60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂6个处理开展了田间防控草地贪夜蛾的试验。结果发现,施药后1 d,60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂速效性最好,校正防效高达89.24%;药后3 d,60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂校正防效最高为94.35%,200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂及其与激健、甲维盐复配处理校正防效均在85.00%以上;药后7 d,仍以60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂校正防效最高达96.38%,200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂及其与激健、甲维盐复配处理校正防效均在90.00%以上,150 g/L茚虫威悬浮剂、25%甲维·茚虫威水分散粒剂校正防效相对略低。本试验首次采取药剂复配和加入激健助剂防控草地贪夜蛾,对延缓害虫抗性、减少农药使用、降低农药残留、科学防控草地贪夜蛾具有积极的指导作用。     

以壳聚糖为载体束缚脂肪酸吸附CO2在诱捕白纹伊蚊中的应用研究

为了从壳聚糖+脂肪酸离子液体吸附CO2化合物中筛选出对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus具有良好引诱效果的化合物，采用陷阱诱捕法分别测定了壳聚糖+丙酮酸、壳聚糖+乙酸、壳聚糖+丙酸 3种脂肪酸离子液体化合物及其吸收CO2对白纹伊蚊成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明，在供试的3种脂肪酸离子液体中，等物质的量吸收CO2的性能依次是丙酮酸>乙酸=丙酸，对白纹伊蚊的诱蚊效果依次是丙酮酸>乙酸=丙酸。其中最优配方比是壳聚糖∶丙酮酸∶CO2=1∶25∶0.3621，平均累计诱蚊量比单组分丙酮酸增加31.37%，比单组分CO2增加30.73%,比对照纯水增加59.52%（P<0.05）。相同质量的3种脂肪酸吸附CO2，具有协同增效作用，平均累计诱蚊量均显著优于单组分脂肪酸（P<0.05）。现场诱蚊试验结果表明，壳聚糖对3种脂肪酸均有缓释作用，其诱蚊持效期延长1.71~3.00倍。根据离子液体原理以壳聚糖为载体束缚脂肪酸吸附CO2并结合陷阱诱捕器，能够显著提高对白纹伊蚊的诱捕数量（混合物60 d的累计诱蚊总数量是单组分的1.62~1.78倍）。研究结果为进一步开发可适用于家居办公环境中使用的诱蚊剂提供了研究基础。     

甜菜夜蛾对性信息素的行为反应及其田间诱捕效果

人工合成的甜菜夜蛾性信息素两组分（顺,反）-9,12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯（Z9,E12-14：Ac）和（顺）-9-十四碳烯醇（Z9-14：OH）按不同配比制成诱芯,在风洞中均能引起雄蛾搜索气迹、定向飞行及接近诱芯的行为反应.不同配比和剂量的诱芯诱虫效果差异显著（p＜0.05）.Z9,E12-14：Ac和Z9-14：OH按7：3配比,诱虫活性最高,表现在风洞中,搜索气迹、定向飞行和接近诱芯的蛾数最高,与处女蛾的引诱效果相当.以此配比制成的性诱剂在田间诱捕的虫量最多,与风洞的试验结果基本一致.诱芯剂量在0.05～0.5mg范围内均有显著的诱虫效果,但剂量过低或过高均导致诱捕率下降.同一配比诱芯在风洞中引起雄蛾接近诱芯的蛾量与田间诱蛾量呈显著相关（R1=0.968,R2=0.961）.并对这些结果在甜菜夜蛾田间性诱剂防治应用的前景进行了讨论.     

Use of artificial seedlings to estimate damage of forest seedlings due to litterfall and animals

Abstract. The artificial seedling assay method has been used in several tropical and temperate forests to estimate seedling damage and subsequent mortality due to non‐trophic micro‐disturbances such as litterfall and trampling. However, there has been no evidence presented to support the assumption that artificial seedling damage correlates with natural seedling mortality. In this study we evaluated the use of artificial seedlings in five New Zealand forests by comparing damage rates of artificial seedlings with damage and mortality rates of an equal number of selected natural seedlings. A total of 1200 artificial, and 1200 natural seedlings were monitored monthly for two years. Litterfall damage rates of natural seedlings were correlated with those of artificial seedlings. However, there was no relationship found between artificial and natural seedling damage due to animals, or between artificial seedling damage and natural seedling mortality for either cause. Artificial seedlings should not therefore be used to estimate seedling mortality due to non‐trophic microdisturbance. Monitoring natural seedlings enabled non‐trophic animal damage to be readily detected and provided additional information on animal‐plant interactions. The value of using artificial seedlings is that they provide a measure of the litterfall disturbance potential that is independent of the patchy distribution of natural seedlings within safe sites, and independent of species specific resistance to damage. They therefore provide an indication of the selective pressure on seedlings due to litterfall and are useful for comparing the relative ‘safety’ of different forests and microsites. Monitoring natural seedlings provides a measure of the damage and mortality due to litterfall for a specific seedling size class. Concurrently monitoring artificial and natural seedlings for litterfall disturbance provides more information than the same effort expended on either method alone.     

不同小蠹类与天牛类引诱剂联用对蛀干甲虫的林间诱捕效果

松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope是传播松材线虫病的主要媒介,引诱剂是抑制松墨天牛种群数量的无公害调控有效方式之一。本研究通过在中国浙江富阳的林间试验测定了6种小蠹类引诱剂与1种天牛引诱剂不同组合联用对松墨天牛成虫以及其他蛀干害虫的诱捕效果。结果表明： 横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor引诱剂3-carene-10-ol、云杉八齿小蠹Ips typographus引诱剂2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol、欧洲榆小蠹Scolytus multistriatus引诱剂4-methyl-3-heptanol和纵坑切梢小蠹T. piniperda引诱剂verbenol分别与松墨天牛引诱剂联用后,对松墨天牛的引诱效果无显著性差异(P<0.05)。西部松大小蠹Dendroctonus brevicomis 引诱剂exo-brevicomin或黄杉大小蠹D. pseudotsugae引诱剂1-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-ol与松墨天牛引诱剂联用后对松墨天牛的诱捕效果有减弱的趋势。另外,与单独使用中国天牛引诱剂相比,小蠹类引诱剂与其联用后在诱捕其他蛀干害虫的种类和个体数量上均有所减少。     

Oviposition response of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and potential attractants on pecan

Pecan foliage is attacked by three species of aphids [Monellia caryella (Fitch), Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis), and Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell], resulting in damage that can reduce tree nut yield. In this study, we assayed the ovipositional response of the green lacewing Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) to M. caryella and M. caryaefoliae at high and low aphid densities and the development of C. rufilabris larvae when fed solely on each of the three pecan aphid species. During 2004 and 2005, combinations of attractants and food sprays were applied to pecan trees in an orchard to monitor green lacewing ovipositional response. We found that C. rufilabris laid more eggs on seedling trees infested with the M. caryella (at both high and low densities) than on seedlings infested with M. caryaefoliae. Development of C. rufilabris was unaffected by aphid species. At least one attractant/food spray treatment applied to trees in an orchard significantly increased green lacewing oviposition for three of the five treatment dates over both years. These results show that larvae of C. rufilabris will consume all aphid species attacking pecan, even though female ovipositional response can differ for aphid species. It is likely that combinations of attractants and food sprays can be used to enhance green lacewing populations in orchards.     

Evaluation of trap types and food attractants for Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Trapping experiments were conducted during the period of flight activity of the cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. in the area of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, during the years 1993-1997 to test several traps alone and in combination with different food attractants. Yellow sticky-coated visual traps were more effective than McPhail-type traps baited with different food attractants. Of the visual traps, the most effective was the yellow Rebell trap. The Rebell trap, provided with a dispenser containing a slow release formulation of ammonium acetate attached to the lower part of the trap, was found to be the most effective of all treatments tested, capturing approximately 50% more R. cerasi flies than the Rebell trap without any attractant. Ammonium carbonate dispensers did not increase the performance of Rebell traps. More mature females were captured in Rebell traps baited with or without ammonium acetate than in McPhail-type traps baited with ammonium acetate. This study demonstrates that Rebell traps baited with an ammonium acetate dispenser can provide a more effective tool for monitoring and mass trapping of R. cerasi than the currently used unbaited Rebell traps.     

冷激对高温胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及花芽分化的影响

为了解苗期冷激锻炼对番茄幼苗生长和花芽分化的影响,试验采用人工气候箱模拟夏季设施高温环境,每天对番茄幼苗进行10 ℃、10 min的冷激锻炼,研究冷激处理对高温胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、叶片超微结构和花芽分化进程的影响,并观察定植后开花和坐果情况.结果表明：在4叶期经过冷激锻炼的番茄幼苗茎粗、壮苗指数分别比对照提高了7.2%和55.5%;经过冷激锻炼处理的番茄幼苗叶片中叶绿体和线粒体等细胞器形状及结构正常完整,一定程度上缓解了高温对番茄幼苗叶肉细胞超微结构的破坏;冷激锻炼显著提高了番茄幼苗早期花芽分化的分化进程,但随着苗龄的延长这种差异变得不显著.定植后经冷激处理的番茄幼苗第1、2穗果的坐果数和坐果率显著高于未经冷激处理.表明冷激锻炼不仅能够缓解高温对番茄幼苗细胞超微结构的伤害和生长的胁迫,还有利于早期花芽分化进程的提前,提高番茄坐果数和坐果率.     

Susceptibility of Tree Seedlings to Biotic and Abiotic Hazards in the Understory of a Moist Tropical Forest in Panama

We evaluated temporal patterns of seedling survival of eight Neotropical tree species generated under multiple abiotic and biotic hazards (vertebrates, disease, litterfall) in the forest understory on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Seedlings were transplanted at first leaf expansion in low densities along a 6-km transect and damage and mortality were recorded for 1 yr. We also planted and monitored small and large artificial seedlings to estimate physical disturbance regimes. During 0–2 mo after transplant, vertebrate consumers of reserve cotyledons caused high mortality of real seedlings, but little damage to artificial seedlings. On real seedlings after 2 mo, disease became an important agent of mortality, despite a decrease in overall mortality rates. Damage by litterfall remained relatively low during the 1-yr study period. Survival ranks among species showed ontogenetic shifts over time, as species changed susceptibility to the mortality agents. Survival after 2 mo was positively correlated with stem toughness, not because species with tough stems were less likely to receive mechanical damage, but because they survived better after receiving mechanical damage. Within each transplant station, artificial seedlings were not good predictors of litterfall damage experienced by real seedlings. Forest-wide litterfall damage level, however, was similar for both real and artificial seedlings ( ca 10%/yr), a moderate level compared to other tropical forests. In conclusion, species traits including biomechanical traits interact to create complex temporal patterns of first year seedling survival, resulting in ontogenetic shifts that largely reflect changes in the relative importance of vertebrate consumers relative to other hazards.     

不同育秧方式和插植密度下晚籼稻群体动态结构的研究

不同育秧方式和插植密度下晚籼稻群体动态结构存在差异。旱育秧群体分蘖速度快,分蘖能力强。稀植可促进个体分蘖多发、有效穗数增多,但旱育稀植并无分蘖早发的优势。旱育稀植使主茎基部叶片变短而上部叶片变长,生育后期叶面积消长平稳,地上部干物质积累较多。旱育秧、稀植都使主茎叶总数增多,全生育期延长。     

The Range of Attractant Concentrations for Bacterial Chemotaxis and the Threshold and Size of Response over This Range : Weber law and related phenomena

Attractant was added to a suspension of bacteria (the background concentration of attractant) and then these bacteria were exposed to a yet higher concentration of attractant in a capillary. Chemotaxis was measured by determining how many bacteria accumulated in the capillary. The response range for chemotaxis lies between the threshold concentration and the saturating concentration. The breadth of this range is different for attractants detected by different chemoreceptors. Attractants detected by the same chemoreceptor can have their response ranges in widely different places. Over the center of the response range (on a logarithmic scale), bacteria give similar sized responses to similar fractional increases of concentration, i.e. they respond to ratios of attractant concentration, but the response peaks at the center of the range. The size of the response is different for attractants detected by different chemoreceptors. For a detectable response, a smaller increase in attractant concentration is needed for attractants detected by some chemoreceptors than for attractants detected by others. Although the data are inadequate, it appears that the Weber law may be observed over a wide range of concentrations for some attractants but not for others. In the Appendix we aim to explain some of these results in terms of the interaction of an attractant with its chemoreceptor according to the law of mass action.