光谱和光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫行为反应的影响

室内研究了光谱、光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:在340—605 nm波谱内棕榈蓟马雌成虫对14个单色光刺激的趋光行为反应为多峰型。其中蓝光483 nm处峰最高,趋光反应率达34.96%,其次为绿光498—524 nm、562—582 nm、紫外光340 nm处;其避光行为反应共有3个峰,其中紫外光380 nm处最高,避光率18.08%,另外2个峰分别在橙光605 nm、紫光420 nm处。在趋光率较高的单色光(340、483、524、582 nm)和避光率较高的单色光(380、605 nm)以及白光刺激下,棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋光率随光强增强的增强而提高,而避光率则随着光强的增强而降低;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率,最强时均未出现高端平台。因此:棕榈蓟马雌成虫对不同单色光具有明显的选择性,光谱和光强度对其趋光行为和避光行为有较大影响,光强度的影响作用与波长因素有关。     

光谱和光强度对西花蓟马雌虫趋光行为的影响

利用行为学方法研究了光谱、光强对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示：（1）在340~605nm波谱内14个波长其光谱趋光行为反应为多峰型,峰间主次较明显。趋光行为反应中,蓝绿区498~524nm有一较宽峰,趋光率20.31%;其它各峰依大小次序分别位于紫光380nm、蓝光440nm;（２）避光行为反应中,蓝光440nm处略高,避光率17.19%;紫外340nm处亦有一峰,避光率15.63%;（３）随光强增强其趋光反应率增大,白光、380nm和524nm刺激时其光强趋光行为反应呈一倒“L”型式样,498nm为峰型,440nm时为一较缓的平直线型;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率 ,最强时均未出现高端平台;（４）随光强增强其避光反应率增大,440nm为较平缓直线;340nm刺激时为较缓波动线。结果表明：光谱对其趋光行为有很大影响,光强度的影响较大且影响大小与波长因素有关。     

不同光波及光强度下棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)成虫的行为反应

运用室内行为实验方法研究了不同波长单色光和白光刺激的棉铃虫[Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)]成虫趋光、避光反应及其与光强度之间的相互关系.结果显示:(1)一定时间暗适应的棉铃虫蛾对单色光和白光刺激均具有趋光行为反应,依其趋光反应率大小,其光谱反应曲线在340-605nm波谱范围内,表现为大小较复杂的几个峰,其中两个峰分别在蓝光区483nm、紫外340nm,另在近紫外的400nm、绿黄光区的538nm有峰.(2)一定光强度范围内,棉铃虫蛾的趋光反应率随单色光和白光光强度的增强而增大,至一定光强度时增加变缓,呈现近似S型曲线式样.(3)性别、日龄对棉铃虫蛾的光谱、光强度反应曲线均有一定影响,雌性较雄性的趋光反应率和可适应的光强度高,1、3、5日龄蛾中以3日龄的趋光反应率和可适应的光强度高.(4)棉铃虫蛾的趋光、避光反应行为具有相似的波长及光强度选择机制.     

光谱对东亚小花蝽趋光行为的影响

利用行为学方法研究了340—605nm波谱内14个单色光对东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri(Poppius)成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:(1)各单色光均能引起东亚小花蝽成虫趋光行为反应,雌、雄虫的趋光行为反应曲线均为多峰型,峰间主次明显。趋光行为反应率较高的区域有3个,分别是紫外区(340、360 nm和380 nm)、绿光区(524 nm)和橙红光区(582 nm雄虫此处不高、605 nm);(2)各单色光都能引起东亚小花蝽成虫避光行为反应,雌虫避光行为反应曲线为多峰型,避光行为反应率最高的区域为蓝光近紫外区(400 nm),雄虫避光行为曲线为波浪形,避光行为反应率最高的区域为蓝光区(483 nm)。(3)性别对趋光行为反应趋势影响不大,但对趋、避光反应率有较大影响。雌虫趋光反应率最高为47.50%(380 nm),雄虫最高为35.00%(360 nm);雌虫避反应率最高为19.17%(400 nm),雄虫避光反应率最高为11.25%(483 nm)。结果表明:光谱对其趋光行为有一定影响,不同波长之间有较大差异;性别对其光谱行为反应有较大影响。     

光电诱导作用下蝗虫的光谱和光强反应行为研究

目的:研究不同色光和白光刺激下蝗虫成虫和虫蝻的趋光、避光行为反应及其与光强度之间的关系,为蝗虫的光电诱导治理提供理论基础.方法:将蝗虫放置于行为反应试验箱中,运用行为试验方法,观察测定不同光谱和光强下蝗虫的波长选择响应及其运动速度.结果:①蝗虫的趋光、避光反应行为具有相反的波长选择机制,在紫光、蓝光、绿光等短波段趋光性较强,在红光、橙光等长波段趋光性较弱;②低光强度范围内,蝗虫的趋光反应率随光强度的增强而增大,至一定光强度时增加变缓,并趋于稳定;③不同种群、生长阶段对蝗虫的波长、光强度行为反应均有一定影响,东亚飞蝗比亚洲小车蝗有更强的趋光反应率和光强可适应性,成虫比虫蝻的趋光反应率和光强适应性高.结论:光电诱导作用下,蝗虫具有明显的光谱选择行为和光强度行为反应.     

铜绿丽金龟对不同光谱的行为反应

【目的】旨在获得铜绿丽金龟 Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky敏感的波谱范围及性别差异。【方法】本研究利用室内行为学的方法,测试了在波长为340~610 nm的14个单色光刺激下铜绿丽金龟的趋、避光行为反应,并计算趋、避光反应率曲线。【结果】观测显示,各单色光均能引起铜绿丽金龟产生一定的趋、避光反应,其雌雄虫的趋光敏感光区位于紫外光（405 nm）、蓝光（460 nm）和绿光区（505和570 nm）,性别对趋光行为有一定的影响,但是仅存在于趋光反应率曲线波峰的大小,而对波峰的位置没有影响。铜绿丽金龟的避光行为反应,在雌雄之间无明显的性别分化,其避光敏感光谱为紫外光（380 nm）、蓝光（440 nm）和绿光区（492和505 nm）。【结论】铜绿丽金龟成虫对不同波长光的趋性存在差异,性别对其光谱行为反应有一定的影响。该研究结果为铜绿丽金龟光视觉的深入研究奠定必要的理论基础,也为利用其趋光性对该金龟甲进行综合治理提供科学依据。     

不同光波及光强度下棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)成虫的行为反应

运用室内行为实验方法研究了不同波长单色光和白光刺激刺激的棉铃虫「Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）」成虫趋光、避光反应及其与光强度之间的相互关系,结果显示：（１）一定时间暗适应的棉铃虫蛾对单光和白光刺激均具有趋光行为反应,依其趋光反应率大小,其光谱反应曲线在３４０－６０５ｎｍ波谱范围内,表现为大小较复杂上峰,其中两个峰分别在蓝光区４８３ｎｍ、紫外３４０ｎｍ,另外近紫外的４０ｎ     

中华通草蛉复眼光感受性

运用视网膜电位（Electroretinogram,ERG）技术,对中华通草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tjedar成虫复眼在暗适应过程中对单色光和白光刺激的光感受变化进行了测定。结果表明：（1）在340～605 nm光谱范围内该草蛉的光反应表现3个峰,其中最高峰位于562 nm,次峰在524 nm,第3峰在460 nm;（2）一定光强度（LogI=4.5～0）范围内,其复眼ERG值随光强度的增强而增大,呈近线性增长式样;（3）暗适应时间影响其复眼的ERG值大小,在暗适应100 min时其ERG值达到稳定;（4）中华通草蛉复眼ERG的波形由4个部分组成：开光反应、正相电位、持续负电位和闭光反应。     

棉铃虫蛾复眼光反应特性

用视网膜电位图(electroretinogram,ERG)技术研究了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera蛾暗适应过程中对单色光和白光刺激的光感受性变化。结果显示：(1)依ERG振幅大小(峰-峰值),在340～605 nm波谱内有3个大小不等的峰-主峰位于绿 黄光区562 nm,次峰在蓝光区483 nm,第3个峰在近紫外区400 nm,显示其至少有3种感受器;(2)性别、日龄及暗适应时间长短对其光谱敏感性有影响,低龄时雄蛾对单色光刺激较雌蛾敏感,高日龄时相反;1～5日龄内, 3日龄蛾的视网膜电位(ERP)值最高;随暗适应时间延长,其复眼对近紫外区400 nm敏感性明显增加;(3)一定光强度范围内,随单色光和白光光强度增强该蛾复眼的ERP值增大,初期增加较缓,中期较快,呈近似S型曲线,显示其复眼具有较强的光强度自调节和适应机制。     

甘蔗螟虫趋光性研究

甘蔗螟虫具有趋光性,但不同种及性别之间对特定波长光的趋性差异没有详细研究。本文研究3种甘蔗螟虫的雌雄成虫对不同波长光波的行为反应,为该类害虫的灯诱防控应用提供参考依据。试验结果显示,条螟趋光率最高的3个波长为340 nm、460 nm、498 nm,趋光率分别为23.1%、18.2%、18.1%;二点螟趋光率最高的 4个 波长为498 nm、520 nm、380 nm、420 nm,趋光率分别为21.7%、17.2%、15.3%、13.2%;黄螟对各检测光源表现弱的趋光性,趋光率最高为9.2%（光波长582 nm）。3种螟虫不同日龄趋光性有强弱的差异,以3 d 趋光性最强,其次是1 d ,最后是5 d 。条螟、二点螟雌雄蛾趋光率有差异,雄蛾高于雌蛾;交配行为会降低螟蛾趋光率,条螟雄蛾交配前后降幅高达16.6%,已交配的条螟雌蛾则失去趋光反应;二点螟雄蛾交配前后降幅最高达21.7%,已交配的二点螟雌蛾趋光率也一样有较大幅下降,未交配的雌蛾与已交配的雌蛾同一波长的趋光率差异显著。条螟和二点螟主要趋光波长较接近,波段有较好的交集,诱虫灯的开发可以选择这2种虫趋光率较高的几个光波长研究。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.