三峡库区消落带4种典型草本植物的生态化学计量特征

为研究三峡水库消落带优势植物的养分利用特征及其对生境的适应策略,选择消落带分布最多的4种草本植物为研究对象,分析了植物根、茎、叶的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量和化学计量比特征。结果表明:(1)相比陆地系统和自然湿地系统,消落带植物具有较低的C含量和较高的N、P、K含量,C/N、C/P、C/K均较低,表明植物具有低固碳和高养分积累、低养分利用效率和高生长速率的特征;(2)4种植物的养分含量和计量比存在一定差异,其中狗牙根具有较低的N、P、K含量和较高的C/N、C/P、C/K,且变异系数均低于其他3种植物,其低养分需求、高养分利用效率以及较强的内稳性可能是其在库区分布最广的重要机制;(3)4种植物在不同器官的养分分配策略相似,均表现为叶片C含量低于根和茎,而N、P、K含量则显著高于根、茎;同时,与根、茎相比,叶片C/N、C/P、C/K较低,N/P、N/K较高,且在不同生境条件下变异系数较小,表现出相对较高的稳定性;(4)落消带植物的养分含量及计量比从全库区上游至下游的空间变异性较强,其中N、C/N、N/P变异性较大,而C、P、K变异性较小,表明植物N含量受生境变化的影响较大,加之消落带不同植物生长均受到严格的N限制,因此N供给可能是影响消落带生态系统结构的重要因子。三峡库区消落带植物生态化学计量特征具有明显的变异性和特殊性,是植物群落演替及生态系统功能变化的重要驱动因素。     

氮磷添加对荒漠草原植物-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

为明确植物、凋落物和土壤养分含量及化学计量比对土壤中添加多种限制性养分的响应，阐明"植物-凋落物-土壤"连续体化学计量动态及各组分之间的协同作用，以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象，于2018年开始进行氮（N）、磷（P）养分添加控制试验。试验处理包括对照（CK）、N添加、P添加、NP共同添加4个处理。结果表明：（1） NP共同添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物N和P含量、以及凋落物和土壤P含量，显著降低了荒漠草原植物C：N和C：P、以及土壤和凋落物C：P和N：P。P添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物、凋落物和土壤P含量，显著降低了植物、凋落物、土壤C：P和N：P。N添加分别增加了植物、凋落物N含量和N：P，但对植物N含量影响未达到显著水平。（2） C、N、P含量和N：P大小均表现为植物 > 凋落物 > 土壤，C：N和C：P均表现为凋落物 > 植物。（3） N添加提高了荒漠草原植物对P再吸收效率，降低了荒漠草原植物对N利用效率；P添加提高荒漠草原植物对N再吸收效率，降低荒漠草原对P的利用效率；NP共同添加提高了荒漠草原植物对N和P再吸收效率，降低了荒漠草原植物对N和P利用效率。（4）植物-凋落物-土壤的N、P含量和化学计量比之间显著相关，其中植物N、P、N：P与凋落物和土壤N、P、N：P显著正相关，凋落物P、C：N与植物和土壤C：P、N：P显著负相关。（5）荒漠草原植物和凋落物N较稳定（1/H=0.45和1/H=0.48），而植物和凋落物P、N：P较敏感（1/H=0.80、0.73和1/H=0.81、0.78）。荒漠草原植物生长受N限制，N添加缓解荒漠草原植物N限制，P添加和NP添加加剧荒漠草原植物N限制，荒漠草原植物通过改变养分利用策略和再吸收利用效率适应土壤中N、P含量的变化。     

Relationship between the Relative Limitation and Resorption Efficiency of Nitrogen vs Phosphorus in Woody Plants

Most previous studies have ascribed variations in the resorption of a certain plant nutrient to its corresponding environmental availability or level in tissues, regardless of the other nutrients’ status. However, given that plant growth relies on both sufficient and balanced nutrient supply, the nutrient resorption process should not only be related to the absolute nutrient status, but also be regulated by the relative limitation of the nutrient. Here, based on a global woody-plants dataset from literature, we test the hypothesis that plants resorb proportionately more nitrogen (or phosphorus) when they are nitrogen (or phosphorus) limited, or similar proportions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) when co-limited by both nutrients (the relative resorption hypothesis). Using the N:P ratio in green foliage as an indicator of nutrient limitation, we found an inverse relationship between the difference in the proportionate resorption of N vs P and this foliar N:P ratio, consistent across species, growth-forms, and vegetation-types globally. Moreover, according to the relative resorption hypothesis, communities with higher/lower foliar N:P (more likely P/N limited) tend to produce litter with disproportionately higher/lower N:P, causing a worsening status of P/N availability; this positive feedback may somehow be counteracted by several negative-feedback mechanisms. Compared to N, P generally shows higher variability in resorption efficiency (proportion resorbed), and higher resorption sensitivity to nutrient availability, implying that the resorption of P seems more important for plant nutrient conservation and N:P stoichiometry. Our findings elucidate the nutrient limitation effects on resorption efficiency in woody plants at the global scale, and thus can improve the understanding of nutrient resorption process in plants. This study also suggests the importance of the foliar N:P ratio as a key parameter for biogeochemical modeling, and the relative resorption hypothesis used to deduce the critical (optimal) N:P ratio for a specific plant community.     

不同基因型甘蔗种质资源的表型遗传多样性

植物的碳、氮、磷化学计量特征能反映植物对土壤营养元素的利用效率,岩溶区植物经过长期的进化形成了自身独特的生理生态和生态化学计量特征,通过岩溶区植物叶片碳、氮、磷化学计量可以揭示岩溶生态系统各组分之间的养分循环规律.该研究在桂林毛村岩溶区次生林中选择3个20 m×20 m 的样方,采用多元统计方法分析了岩溶区森林12种典型植物叶片共186个样品的碳、氮、磷的生态化学计量特征,研究它们之间的相互关系,探讨碳、氮、磷化学计量学在岩溶生态系统中的生态指示作用.结果表明：(1)虽然岩溶区石灰土氮和磷的含量较高,但由于其有效性低,植物对养分的吸收和利用缓慢,岩溶区石灰土植物的生长仍然受到 N 和 P 的共同限制;(2)由于岩溶区植物叶片中 N 和 P 的含量显著偏低导致较高的 C∶N 和 C∶P 值(C∶N 的平均值为80．86;C∶P 的平均值为639．65);(3)利用 N∶P＜14表明氮受限制,N∶P＞16表明磷受限制,14＜N∶P＜16表明 N 和 P 共同限制的标准判断植物叶片受 N 或 P 的限制在岩溶区不完全适合;(4)元素间相关性分析表明,叶片的 C 和 N 呈极显著负相关关系(P ＜0．01),C 和 P 呈显著负相关关系(P ＜0．05),N 和 P之间呈现极显著正相关关系(P ＜0．01).这体现了植物体内两营养元素含量需求变化的相对一致性.研究结果有助于了解岩溶区森林植物的适生机制及其生态地球化学过程,可为岩溶区生态治理提供理论依据.     

不同基因型甘蔗种质资源的表型遗传多样性

为探明甘蔗原种和地方种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,以期筛选出优良甘蔗种质和优良杂交亲本.该研究对18份甘蔗原种和地方种的14个数量性状进行了表型遗传多样性分析.结果表明：通过14个数量性状的变异系数(coefficient of variance,CV)和性状之间的相关分析,18份甘蔗原种和地方种的数量性状遗传变异主要来自甘蔗蔗糖分、单茎重、叶宽、茎径和纤维分;对14个数量性状进行主成分分析提取获得了4个主成分因子,分别命名为“品质因子”、“生长因子”、“成熟度因子”和“光合因子”,主成分因子累积贡献率达83．482％;进一步通过对主成分因子开展综合评价分析,获得数量性状综合表型高于平均水平的10份材料,依次为 Sampana→甜圪塔→合庆草甘蔗→桂林竹蔗→坦桑尼亚→芒戈→古芝蔗→大岛再来→托江红→春尼;聚类分析基于不同的遗传距离可将18份种质聚为5个类别,潜在的优良杂交组合是 Sampana 和甜圪塔或 Sampana 和合庆草甘蔗,表明在甘蔗遗传育种亲本选择上既要考虑各性状主要因子的互补,又要保持一定的遗传距离.该研究认为,在甘蔗育种工作中,利用因子分析法进行表型遗传多样性分析,将更加有助于亲本和杂交组合的选择.     

Potassium: a vital nutrient mediating stress tolerance in plants

Nutrients have been known to affect stress conditions, in fact, nutrient deprivations are stress conditions for plants itself. Likewise, three important nutrients Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) mediates major stress responses in plants. Here, involvement of K has been discussed briefly in plant stress response along with its impact on plant development. K has been regarded as immensely important nutrient in agriculture, hence, its deficiency triggers various signaling cascades, finally enabling plants to activate stress adaptation responses. So far, K⁺ has been reported to play pivotal role in various abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, water stresses etc. However, the exact mechanism and interplay of these different abiotic stress regulation by K⁺ is not completely explored and demand further functional investigations. The in-depth understanding of components involved in K⁺ sensing, transport, and homeostasis will enable plant biologist to engineer crop varieties tolerant to abiotic stresses and nutrient deficient soil in near future.

     

Strategies for Improving Potassium Use Efficiency in Plants

Potassium is a macronutrient that is crucial for healthy plant growth. Potassium availability, however, is often limited in agricultural fields and thus crop yields and quality are reduced. Therefore, improving the efficiency of potassium uptake and transport, as well as its utilization, in plants is important for agricultural sustainability. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in potassium uptake and transport in plants, and the molecular response of plants to different levels of potassium availability. Based on this information, four strategies for improving potassium use efficiency in plants are proposed; 1) increased root volume, 2) increasing efficiency of potassium uptake from the soil and translocation in planta, 3) increasing mobility of potassium in soil, and 4) molecular breeding new varieties with greater potassium efficiency through marker assisted selection which will require identification and utilization of potassium associated quantitative trait loci.     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium availability on emergence,nodulation and growth of Trifolium medium L. in alkaline soil

Little is known about the effects of nutrient availability on the growth of Trifolium medium in alkaline soil. In 2010, a pot experiment (10 N, P and K fertiliser treatments) with seeding of T. medium into alkaline soil was performed and emergence of seedlings, survival, aboveground and belowground organs were studied. The positive effects of increased nutrient availability on seedling emergence ranged from 5% in the control to 17% in the high P treatment. The lowest mortality was in treatments with P and K supply and the highest in treatments with N supply, due to the sensitivity of young plants to high N availability. The highest values of most measured aboveground plant traits were recorded in treatments with simultaneous application of N, P and K. There were highly positive effects of P supply alone or in combination with N and K on the development of belowground organs. Taproot length ranged from 11.5 in high N to 40.2 cm in P treatment. There was a negative effect of N application on nodulation, especially in N treatments, where growth of T. medium was limited by insufficient P supply. The number of nodules per plant ranged from 0.8 to 4.5 in the high N and P treatments. As demonstrated in this study, T. medium is a potentially suitable legume for alkaline soils. It requires a relatively high P and K supply as well as moderate mineral N supply to achieve its maximum growth potential.     

不同降水条件下荒漠草原植物的养分含量及回收对增温和氮素添加的响应

为了探讨荒漠草原植物养分回收特征对长期增温和氮素添加的响应以及自然降水变异对其的调控作用,该研究依托实施12年的模拟增温和氮素添加实验平台,在相对多雨的2016年(超过长期均值52%)和相对少雨的2017年(低于长期均值16%),以常见C_3植物银灰旋花(Convolvulus ammannii)和C_4植物木地肤(Kochia prostrata)为研究对象,测定分析绿叶和枯叶的氮磷含量及回收效率。结果表明:(1)在相对多雨年(2016年),增温使2种植物的绿叶氮、枯叶氮、绿叶磷、枯叶磷含量分别增加了14.32%、25.45%、17.97%和46.47%,氮、磷回收效率分别显著减小了9.41%和16.99%(P0.05);氮素添加使2种植物的绿叶氮、枯叶氮、绿叶磷、枯叶磷含量分别提高了17.32%、25.62%、20.21%和51.41%,而氮、磷回收效率显著降低了9.33%和18.89%(P0.05);增温+氮素添加共同处理显著增加了植物氮磷含量、降低了氮磷回收效率。(2)在相对少雨年(2017年),增温、氮素添加、增温+氮素添加处理对植物叶片氮磷含量、回收效率均无显著影响。(3)叶片氮磷含量在物种间差异极显著(P0.000 1),而氮磷回收效率在物种间无显著差异。(4)回归分析表明,植物叶片氮磷含量随着土壤无机氮、有效磷及含水量的增加而增加,植物氮磷回收效率则随着土壤养分和水分的可利用性的增加而降低。研究认为,荒漠草原植物养分回收对全球变化的响应受自然降水变异的调控。     

Convergent responses of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption to nitrogen inputs in a semiarid grassland

Human activities have significantly altered nitrogen (N) availability in most terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. Although studies of how changes in N availability affect biodiversity and community composition are relatively common, much less remains known about the effects of N inputs on the coupled biogeochemical cycling of N and phosphorus (P), and still fewer data exist regarding how increased N inputs affect the internal cycling of these two elements in plants. Nutrient resorption is an important driver of plant nutrient economies and of the quality of litter plants produce. Accordingly, resorption patterns have marked ecological implications for plant population and community fitness, as well as for ecosystem nutrient cycling. In a semiarid grassland in northern China, we studied the effects of a wide range of N inputs on foliar nutrient resorption of two dominant grasses, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis. After 4 years of treatments, N and P availability in soil and N and P concentrations in green and senesced grass leaves increased with increasing rates of N addition. Foliar N and P resorption significantly decreased along the N addition gradient, implying a resorption‐mediated, positive plant–soil feedback induced by N inputs. Furthermore, N : P resorption ratios were negatively correlated with the rates of N addition, indicating the sensitivity of plant N and P stoichiometry to N inputs. Taken together, the results demonstrate that N additions accelerate ecosystem uptake and turnover of both N and P in the temperate steppe and that N and P cycles are coupled in dynamic ways. The convergence of N and P resorption in response to N inputs emphasizes the importance of nutrient resorption as a pathway by which plants and ecosystems adjust in the face of increasing N availability.     

亚热带红壤侵蚀区马尾松针叶养分含量及再吸收特征

叶片衰老过程中的养分再吸收是植物适应养分贫瘠生境的一种重要策略,一直是生态学领域的研究热点。以亚热带红壤侵蚀区生态恢复先锋树种马尾松为研究对象,分析4种不同恢复水平下马尾松叶片养分含量随叶龄的变化情况及养分再吸收特征。结果表明:(1)叶片中N、P、K含量变化范围分别在(6.10±0.52)—(12.02±0.85)mg/g、(0.17±0.03)—(1.02±0.01)mg/g、(1.58±0.49)—(9.46±0.90)mg/g,随叶龄增长整体呈先增加后降低的趋势,具有一个快速积累期和一个相对漫长衰减期的动态特征,这表明叶龄也是影响叶片养分含量的重要因素;(2)叶片N、P、K含量随生境恢复水平的提高而增加,且N、P含量在除凋落叶外的叶龄阶段均表现出显著正相关,表明叶片中这两种营养元素在动态变化上存在协同性;(3)在叶片N、P、K再吸收效率中,P、K再吸收效率较高,而N相对较低。养分再吸收受生境中营养元素的含量水平、循环方式等因素的综合影响表现出一定选择性,对生境中较为贫瘠或使其生长受到限制的元素具有较高的再吸收效率。这不仅可以减小植物对外源养分的依赖性,同时也维持了体内重要营养元素的平衡。随叶龄增长叶片中N/P逐渐增大,反映出在叶片衰老过程中对限制元素P具有较强的再吸收能力,这种反馈调节提高了马尾松对养分贫瘠环境的适应性。本文的研究结果可为亚热带红壤侵蚀退化区先锋物种在贫瘠生境条件下的养分利用机制与适应对策方面的研究提供理论依据。     

The “isohydric trap”: A proposed feedback between water shortage,stomatal regulation,and nutrient acquisition drives differential growth and survival of European pines under climatic dryness

Climatic dryness imposes limitations on vascular plant growth by reducing stomatal conductance, thereby decreasing CO₂ uptake and transpiration. Given that transpiration‐driven water flow is required for nutrient uptake, climatic stress‐induced nutrient deficit could be a key mechanism for decreased plant performance under prolonged drought. We propose the existence of an “isohydric trap,” a dryness‐induced detrimental feedback leading to nutrient deficit and stoichiometry imbalance in strict isohydric species. We tested this framework in a common garden experiment with 840 individuals of four ecologically contrasting European pines (Pinus halepensis, P. nigra, P. sylvestris, and P. uncinata) at a site with high temperature and low soil water availability. We measured growth, survival, photochemical efficiency, stem water potentials, leaf isotopic composition (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O), and nutrient concentrations (C, N, P, K, Zn, Cu). After 2 years, the Mediterranean species Pinus halepensis showed lower δ¹⁸O and higher δ¹³C values than the other species, indicating higher time‐integrated transpiration and water‐use efficiency (WUE), along with lower predawn and midday water potentials, higher photochemical efficiency, higher leaf P, and K concentrations, more balanced N:P and N:K ratios, and much greater dry‐biomass (up to 63‐fold) and survival (100%). Conversely, the more mesic mountain pine species showed higher leaf δ¹⁸O and lower δ¹³C, indicating lower transpiration and WUE, higher water potentials, severe P and K deficiencies and N:P and N:K imbalances, and poorer photochemical efficiency, growth, and survival. These results support our hypothesis that vascular plant species with tight stomatal regulation of transpiration can become trapped in a feedback cycle of nutrient deficit and imbalance that exacerbates the detrimental impacts of climatic dryness on performance. This overlooked feedback mechanism may hamper the ability of isohydric species to respond to ongoing global change, by aggravating the interactive impacts of stoichiometric imbalance and water stress caused by anthropogenic N deposition and hotter droughts, respectively.     

Mycorrhizal Networks Interacting with Litter Improves Nutrients and Growth for One Plant through the Vary of N/P Ratio under Karst Soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi affect nutrient uptake for host plants, while it is unclear how AM fungi interacting with soil litter affect plant growth and nutrient utilization through mycorrhizal networks in karst soil of deficient nutrients beyond the rhizosphere. An experiment was conducted in a microcosm composed of a planting compartment for Cinnamomum camphora seedlings with or without Glomus mosseae fungus (M⁺ vs. M⁻ ) and an adjacent litter compartment containing or not containing additional litter material of Arthraxon hispidus (L⁺ vs. L⁻ ), where the compartments are connected either by nylon mesh of 20 μm or 0.45 μm which either allow available mycorrhizal networks within the litter compartment or prevent mycelium entering into the litter compartment (N⁺ vs. N⁻ ). Plant biomass and nutrients were measured. The results showed that the addition of litter changed the symbiotic process in mycorrhizal colonization, spore, and hyphal density, which when in association with the host plant then affected the biomass, and accumulations of N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) in the individual plant as well as root, stem, and leaf respectively. AM fungi increased N and P accumulations and N/P ratio in individual plants and plant tissues. A decrease of the N/P ratio of the individual plant was observed when AM fungus interacted significantly with litter through mycorrhizal networks in the litter compartment. The results indicate that the C. camphora seedlings benefited from litter in nutrient utilization of N and P through the vary of N/P ratio when accessing mycorrhizal networks. These findings suggest that mycorrhizal networks interacting with litter improve growth and nutrients of N and P for plants through the vary of N/P ratio in order to alleviate nutrient limitation under karst soil.     

Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol,the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites

Plant derived sesquiterpene strigolactones, which have previously been characterized as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants, have recently been identified as the branching factors which induce hyphal branching morphogenesis, a critical step in host recognition by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We show here that, in red clover plants (Trifolium pratense L.), which is known as a host for both AM fungi and the root holoparasitic plant Orobanche minor Sm., reduced supply of phosphorus (P) but not of other elements examined (N, K, Mg, Ca) in the culture medium significantly promotes the release of a strigolactone, orobanchol, by the roots of this plant. In red clover plants, the level of orobanchol exudation appeared to be regulated by P availability and was in good agreement with germination stimulation activity of the root exudates. This implies that under P deficiency, plant roots attract not only symbiotic fungi but also root parasitic plants through the release of strigolactones. This is the first report demonstrating that nutrient availability influences both symbiotic and parasitic interactions in the rhizosphere.     

SEASONAL NUTRIENT DYNAMICS,NUTRIENT RESORPTION,AND MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION INTENSITY OF TWO PERENNIAL FOREST HERBS

Patterns of mycorrhizal infection, seasonal foliar nutrient concentrations, nutrient allocation to shoots and rhizomes, and nutrient resorption were measured in relation to soil nutrient availability in two species of perennial forest herbs, Geranium maculatum L. and Polygonatum pubescens Pursh., in four forest stands in southern and central Ohio. The percentage of plants with V-A mycorrhizae and the proportion of root length colonized by VAM structures increased with decreasing nutrient availability in both species. Foliar N and P concentrations in plants from lower fertility sites were as high, or higher, than those in plants from higher fertility sites; as a result, tissue nutrient enrichment ratios (foliar concentration/soil available concentration) increased with decreasing fertility. Proportional resorption of N and P generally decreased with decreasing nutrient availability, a pattern inconsistent with those exhibited by woody plants in these forest stands. We hypothesize that the inverse relationship between nutrient uptake efficiency (via mycorrhizae) and nutrient use efficiency (resorption) exhibited by these forest understory herbs, but not by trees or herbs from high-light environments, may be related to low-light limitation of energy reserves in the forest understory.     

Integration of C/N-nutrient and multiple environmental signals into the ABA signaling cascade

Due to their immobility, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to robustly monitor and appropriately respond to dynamic changes in nutrient availability. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are especially important in regulating plant metabolism and development, thereby affecting crop productivity. In addition to their independent utilization, the ratio of C to N metabolites in the cell, referred to as the “C/N balance”, is important for the regulation of plant growth, although molecular mechanisms mediating C/N signaling remain unclear. Recently ABI1, a protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C), was shown to be a regulator of C/N response in Arabidopsis plants. ABI1 functions as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction. ABA is versatile phytohormone that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and adaptation to environmental stress. This review highlights the regulation of the C/N response mediated by a non-canonical ABA signaling pathway that is independent of ABA biosynthesis, as well as recent findings on the direct crosstalk between multiple cellular signals and the ABA signaling cascade.     

Environmental and physiological factors governing nutrient resorption efficiency in barley

Summary Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare cv. stepto) were grown in a greenhouse under two nutrient and water levels and four treatments intended to alter sourcesink relationships, in a factorial experiment designed to study factors governing efficiency of nutrient resorption from senescing leaves. Plant growth was enhanced in high-nutrient treatments, leading to higher concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in leaves and ears. Water stress reduced growth, but plants in waterstressed treatments had equal or higher nutrient concentrations than watered plants. Nutrient resorption efficiency was higher at low than at high nutrient availability, and was higher in watered than in water-stressed plants. Treatments in which sink strength was increased had enhanced resorption efficiency, as well as those in which the source activity was reduced. Our data show that the amount of nutrient resorbed and the efficiency of the resorption process depend on plant nutrient and water status, and that the presence of an active sink strongly enhances nutrient resorption.     

基于地理种源的刨花楠苗木比叶面积与叶片化学计量学关系

探讨植物比叶面积(SLA)与叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量学关系,能够反映植物为获取最大光合生产所采取的内部调控机制,共同体现植物的适应策略。利用生长于同一土壤与气候环境中培育的刨花楠(Machilus pauhoi)1年生苗木,对其SLA与叶片C、N、P含量进行测定,并对SLA与叶片C、N、P化学计量学特征及其与种源地环境因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)叶片养分含量的变异系数大小排序为CNP;SLA与叶片N、P含量呈显著的正相关,与叶片C∶N及C∶P呈极显著的负相关。(2)SLA与经度、年均温、年降水量呈显著负相关;叶片C、N、P含量也受种源地环境因子影响,其中以海拔最为重要。研究结果有助于理解刨花楠苗木的生存适应对策,对探究刨花楠对养分的资源利用效率等具有重要意义。     

Endophytic fungi (Neotyphodium coenophialum) affect the growth and mineral uptake, transport and efficiency ratios in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

Neotyphodium coenophialuminteracts mutualistically with its host grasses. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plants infected by the fungal endophyte,Neotyphodium coenophialum(Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, often perform better than non-infected plants, especially in limited resource environments. However, there is a scarcity of information about endophyte-grass ecotypes interaction in Andisols of temperate regions. Clones of three tall fescue ecotypes (Fukaura, Koiwai and Showa) either infected with N. coenophialum (E+) or noninfected (E–) were grown in Andisols (Black Andisol: naturally low content of phosphorus, high in other nutrients; Red Andisol: naturally high content of phosphorus, low in other nutrients) for 133 days in a controlled environment. Cumulative shoot dry weight, daily regrowth rates (tiller number, plant height and shoot dry matter) after clippings and nutrient uptake, transport and efficiency ratios were measured. In Black Andisol, E+ plants had significantly higher cumulative shoot dry weight as well as daily regrowth rates than E– plants, while in Red Andisol the reverse was true. Among the ecotypes studied, Showa had the highest shoot growth. Significantly higher phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) uptake as well as transport were identified in E+ vs. E– plants grown in Black Andisol. With few exceptions, values for nutrient efficiency ratios were not significantly different between E+ and E– plants grown in both soils. Significant three-way interaction (endophyte × ecotype × soil) for cumulative shoot dry weight and regrowth rate revealed that the ecotype specific regrowth responses to endophyte infection were depended on soil nutrient conditions. Vegetative growth and nutrient acquisition in tall fescue varied with ecotype and were modified by abiotic (soil fertility status) as well as biotic (endophyte infection) factors.     

Effects of fire alone or combined with thinning on tissue nutrient concentrations and nutrient resorption in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Desmodium nudiflorum</Emphasis>

This study examined tissue nutrient responses of Desmodium nudiflorum to changes in soil total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and available phosphorus (P) that occurred as the result of the application of alternative forest management strategies, namely (1) prescribed low-intensity fire (B), (2) overstory thinning followed by prescribed fire (T + B), and (3) untreated control C), in two Quercus-dominated forests in the State of Ohio, USA. In the fourth growing season after a first fire, TIN was significantly greater in the control plots (9.8 mg/kg) than in the B (5.5 mg/kg) and T + B (6.4 mg/kg) plots. Similarly, available P was greater in the control sites (101 μg/g) than in the B (45 μg/kg) and T + B (65 μg/kg) sites. Leaf phosphorus ([P]) was higher in the plants from control site (1.86 mg/g) than in either the B (1.77 mg/g) or T + B plants (1.73 mg/g). Leaf nitrogen ([N]) and root [N] showed significant site–treatment interactive effects, while stem [N], stem [P], and root [P] did not differ significantly among treatments. During the first growing season after a second fire, leaf [N], stem [N], litter [P] and available soil [P] were consistently lower in plots of the manipulated treatments than in the unmanaged control plot, whereas the B and T + B plots did not differ significantly from each other. N resorption efficiency was positively correlated with the initial foliar [N] in the manipulated (B and T + B) sites, but there was no such relation in the unmanaged control plots. P resorption efficiency was positively correlated with the initial leaf [P] in both the control and manipulated plots. Leaf nutrient status was strongly influenced by soil nutrient availability shortly after fire, but became more influenced by topographic position in the fourth year after fire. Nutrient resorption efficiency was independent of soil nutrient availability. These findings enrich our understanding of the effects of ecosystem restoration treatments on soil nutrient availability, plant nutrient relations, and plant–soil interactions at different temporal scales.