叶绿体ATP合成酶ε亚基对菠菜叶绿体毫秒延迟发光的影响

在1℃低温条件下,经叶绿体ATP合成酶ε亚基处理的菠菜叶绿体毫秒延迟发光的快相显著高于对照,增加的快相不仅是由膜两侧的电位差所引起的,并且为光系统Ⅱ水氧化释放的质子所促进。当温度升至25℃时,ε亚基对叶绿体毫秒延迟发光快相的影响几乎消失。牛血清白蛋白处理对此快相也有轻微的增强效应。     

叶绿体ATP合成酶ε亚基对菠菜叶绿体毫秒延迟发光的影响

在１℃低温条件下,经叶绿体ＡＴＰ合成酶ε亚基处理的菠菜叶绿体毫秒延迟发光的快相显著高于对照,增加的快相不仅是由膜两侧的电位差所引起的,并且为光系统Ⅱ水氧化释放的质子所促进。当温度升至２５℃时,ε亚基对叶绿体毫秒延迟发光快相的影响几乎消失。     

不同温度下叶绿体毫秒延迟发光和质子区域化的关系

在０～１℃的低温条件下叶绿体毫秒延迟发光的快相明显较室温时的高,说明低温条件有利于水氧化所释放的质子在类囊体膜上形成区域化;磷酸化能在毫秒级范围内就利用水氧化所产生的区域化质子合成ＡＴＰ,使毫秒延迟发光的快相降低。随着温度升高,水氧化产生的区域化质子易向非区域化质子转变,２５℃时毫秒延迟发光的快相主要与膜电位有关而难以观察到水氧化所释放的质子的影响。水氧化产生的质子区域化与叶绿体膜的状态密切相关。     

红光、远红光、钙及IAA对绿豆下胚轴切段伸长的影响

红光明显抑制黄化绿豆下胚轴切段的伸长,远红光则有部分逆转红光的作用。黑暗条件下加钙对切段具有与红光处理相同的抑制伸长效果。IAA可完全逆转红光的作用。     

红光,远红光和植物激素对水稻幼苗生长及CAT,POX活性的影响

红光(R)和远红光(Fr)都抑制水稻胚芽的生长,但对胚芽鞘来说,红光抑制其生长,远红光表现出部分逆转效应。一定浓度单一生长素(IAA)促进水稻胚芽鞘的生长,而赤霉素(GA_3)与生长素作用相反。对于水稻的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POX),红光促进两种酶的活性,远红光则表现出逆转效应。单一10~(-2)ppmIAA、10~(-2)ppmGA_3都促进其活性。照光时,在10~(-2)ppm IAA存在的条件下,红光表现为促进,远红光则表现为抑制;但在10~(-2)ppm GA_3存在的条件下,红光反而对两种酶的活性有抑制作用,远红光则表现为促进作用。     

高浓度钾抑制杜氏盐藻生长的生理机制

在含１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ的杜氏盐藻（Ｄｕｎａｌｉｅｌａｓａｌｉｎａ（Ｄｕｎａｌ）Ｔｅｏｄ．）培养液中加入５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上的ＫＣｌ可观察到Ｋ＋对杜氏盐藻生长有明显的抑制作用,而当ＫＣｌ达１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,杜氏盐藻的生长被完全抑制。另一方面,当培养液中缺乏Ｋ＋时,杜氏盐藻的生长也被显著抑制。在正常培养条件下,伴随着杜氏盐藻的生长,培养液的ｐＨ由８左右升高至１０左右,而高浓度Ｋ＋则显著抑制杜氏盐藻培养液ｐＨ的升高;而在培养液ｐＨ为７．０至１０．０的范围内,不同ｐＨ对杜氏盐藻的生长无明显影响。将杜氏盐藻在高浓度Ｋ＋条件下预处理１２ｈ以上,杜氏盐藻的光合放氧速率显著下降,光合速率下降的程度与Ｋ＋浓度的高低和预处理的时间长短呈正相关。高浓度Ｋ＋处理也引起杜氏盐藻叶绿素含量的显著下降。对经高浓度Ｋ＋预处理的杜氏盐藻的光合放氧速率与培养液中ｐＨ变化同时进行测定的结果表明,Ｋ＋抑制杜氏盐藻光合速率的同时也显著抑制了光照条件引起的培养液ｐＨ的上升。实验结果表明,Ｋ＋抑制杜氏盐藻光合作用以及抑制杜氏盐藻生长与Ｋ＋影响跨盐藻质膜的质子运输之间可能存在一定关系。     

红光和远红光对绿豆叶绿体Ca^2＋—ATP酶活性的影响

10分钟虹光照射抑制绿豆叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性,远红光照射有逆转红光的作用。酶活性的高低取决于最终照射的光质。红光照射后2小时,叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性增加。红光和远红光对离体的叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性没有显著影响。     

红光对五彩苏茎段发根及内源ABA含量的影响

分别以红光（６６０ｎｍ）和远红光（７８０ｎｍ）照射五彩苏茎段,诱导茎段发根,并以免疫法测定五彩苏茎段内源ＡＢＡ含量。结果表明,红光诱导茎段发根而远红光无效;内源ＡＢＡ的含量在全茎段、特别在茎下半段用远红光较红光处理的高。以红光照射黄瓜苗可提高根冠比,进一步证明了红光促进发根的效应。     

雨生红球藻在红光下的生长及营养盐消耗特征

研究了在红光下雨生红球藻Haematcoccus pluvialis的细胞增殖过程中, 叶绿素荧光参数的变化以及氮磷消耗特征, 并且研究了在不同初始氮磷浓度下, 细胞增殖周期、色素变化以及氮磷消耗速率, 以期为雨生红球藻的培养工艺提供参考。结果显示: (1)在细胞增殖过程中, 光合荧光参数PSⅡ、qP、ETR与细胞增殖周期一致, 没有显著差异。Fv/Fm、NPQ则随着细胞密度的上升而下降, 随着细胞密度下降而上升, 且发生变化的拐点与营养盐胁迫造成细胞数量下降的时间点基本一致。(2)以不同初始氮磷浓度(氮磷比10:1, 重量比)的培养液接种细胞, 较高浓度的氮磷条件(45/4.5130/13.0 mg/L), 比较低浓度的氮磷条件(15/1.5 20/2.0 mg/L)有利于提高批次培养后的细胞终产量。但是, 在初始高浓度氮磷下, 接种初期细胞受到胁迫, 相对增长速率小; 氮磷消耗率低, 后期浓度维持高位; 藻细胞指数生长延迟, 培养周期变长。在红光下, 最优化的氮磷接种浓度为45/4.5 mg/L。研究结果对半连续培养雨生红球藻的应用进行了讨论。       

外源MeJA胁迫对盐生杜氏藻生理生化特性的影响

研究外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对盐生杜氏藻细胞β-胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,当外源MeJA浓度为0～100μmol/L时,随着MeJA浓度的升高,β-胡萝卜素和叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,当MeJA浓度为100μmol/L时,盐生杜氏藻β-胡萝卜素和叶绿素含量最高,当MeJA处理浓度大于100μmol/L时,盐生杜氏藻β-胡萝卜素和叶绿素含量逐渐降低。生理生化结果分析表明,外源MeJA处理可提高盐生杜氏藻POD酶和SOD酶活性,随着MeJA浓度的增加,SOD酶活性呈逐渐上升的趋势,POD酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,与β-胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素含量的变化趋势基本一致,说明外源MeJA处理可诱导盐生杜氏藻β-胡萝卜素积累可能与叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性有关。     

Studies on the relation between the fast phase of millisecond delayed light emission and the proton released from oxidation of water in spinach chloroplast

The relation between the fast phase of ms-DLE (delayed light emission measured with a phosphoroscope) and the proton released from water oxidation in spinach chloroplasts was studied in several aspects. When photophosphorylation was allowed to be coupled to the Hill reaction the intensity of the fast phase of ms-DLE of chloroplast was lowered more at 1 °C than at 25 °C, and the photophosphorylation rate within 40 ms of flashing light was higher at 1 °C than at 25 °C. Adding the subunit of ATP synthase to the chloroplast preparation to block the leakage of protons through ATP synthase, the intensity of the fast phase of ms-DLE was enhanced, to a larger extent at 1 °C than at 25°C. When the ms-DLE was measured under isotonic conditions, the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE enhanced by proton released from oxidation of water was more pronounced. The above results support the suggestion that under lower temperature and isotonic conditions, the proton released from water oxidation was liable to be localized and could enhance the intensity of the fast phase of ms-DLE more effectively.     

Influence of State-2 transition on the proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane in spinach chloroplasts

The proton motive force (pmf) across the thylakoid membrane is composed of the proton gradient and the membrane potential, which promotes millisecond-delayed light emission (ms-DLE). In this study, the time courses of LHC II phosphorylation and ms-DLE were investigated in spinach chloroplast during State-2 transition. Red light illumination resulted in an exponential rise in LHC II phosphorylation and a biphasic time course of ms-DLE. The phospho-LHC II appeared upon ∼ 1 min illumination. The phosphorylation level increased exponentially when illumination was elongated to 20 min. The t_&frac; of saturated LHC II phosphorylation was estimated 4–5 min under present illumination. During this process, the amplitudes of ms-DLE increased transiently to a maximal amplitude within 0.5 min illumination, and the reached maximum of the fast phase of ms-DLE was ∼ 140% of the dark control. Then, ms-DLE decreased from the maximum. After ≥3 min illumination, ms-DLE decreased to a lower level than the dark control. In the presence of uncouplers and inhibitors, the transient increase in the biphasic time course of ms-DLE was removed by nigericin and DCMU, and the sequential decrease was delayed by DCCD. The time course was not affected significantly by valinomycin and DBMIB. Moreover, the level of LHC II phosphorylation was enhanced by nigericin, valinomycin and DCCD, and was inhibited completely by DCMU and partially by DBMIB. Taken together, we proposed that the PS II photochemical activity remained unaffected even with a higher level of LHC II phosphorylation, which was reflected by the effect of DCCD on the time course of ms-DLE. Probably, the evidence of LHC II phosphorylation is the rearrangement of LHC II–PS II complex and the thylakoid, a feedback to light-exposure, rather than the redistribution of excitation energy from PS II to PS I.     

Cotton plant size and fiber developmental responses to FR/R ratio reflected from the soil surface

Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were grown in irrigated field plots over red, green or white soil covers (mulches). The far-red (FR) to red (R) light ratios were higher in upwardly reflected light over the red and green surfaces than in incoming sunlight. Plants that grew over the white mulches received higher photosynhetic photon flux (PPF), but the reflected FR/R ratio did not differ significantly from that in incoming sunlight. At five weeks after emergence, seedling stern lengths were significantly longer over red and green than over white surfaces. At maturity, plants that had grown over the red and green surfaces had longer stems, larger shoots, more bolls (fruit), more seed cotton, and longer fibers than plants grown over the white surfaces even though those grown over the white surfaces had received more reflected photosynthetic light during growth and development.     

Phytochrome-mediated growth responses in green and etiolated Lemna minor

Summary The growth of Lemna minor in darkness is log-linear, at a much reduced rate compared to growth in white or red light. This rate of frond production in darkness is stimulated by kinetin, yeast extract, and thiamine either in green plants transferred directly from the light or in plants which had been grown in the dark for 54 days. (Fig. 1).The magnitude of the stimulation of frond production by interruption of darkgrowth with red light (Fig. 2) is smaller in green than in etiolated plants, and is shown to depend upon the length of time that initially green plants were held in darkness (Fig. 4, Table 2). The stimulation of frond production in either green or etiolated plants does, however, obey the reciprocity law (Fig. 3).The stimulation by red light can be fully and repeatedly nullified by far red light only in etiolated plants, but the efficiency of nullification of the red effect by far red seems to increase in green plants with increasing sets of red + far red exposures (Fig. 5).As the dark-interval between red and far red exposures is lengthened, the efficiency of nullification is lessened significantly for etiolated plants only after 30 min (Fig. 6).     

Photosystem I-dependent cyclic electron transport is important in controlling Photosystem II activity in leaves under conditions of water stress

Leaves of the C₃ plant Brassica oleracea were illuminated with red and/or far-red light of different photon flux densities, with or without additional short pulses of high intensity red light, in air or in an atmosphere containing reduced levels of CO₂ and/or oxygen. In the absence of CO₂, far-red light increased light scattering, an indicator of the transthylakoid proton gradient, more than red light, although the red and far-red beams were balanced so as to excite Photosystem II to a comparable extent. On red background light, far-red supported a transthylakoid electrical field as indicated by the electrochromic P₅₁₅ signal. Reducing the oxygen content of the gas phase increased far-red induced light scattering and caused a secondary decrease in the small light scattering signal induced by red light. CO₂ inhibited the light-induced scattering responses irrespective of the mode of excitation. Short pulses of high intensity red light given to a background to red and/or far-red light induced appreciable additional light scattering after the flashes only, when CO₂ levels were decreased to or below the CO₂ compensation point, and when far-red background light was present. While pulse-induced light scattering increased, non-photochemical fluorescence quenching increased and F₀ fluorescence decreased indicating increased radiationless dissipation of excitation energy even when the quinone acceptor Q_A in the reaction center of Photosystem II was largely oxidized. The observations indicate that in the presence of proper redox poising of the chloroplast electron transport chain cyclic electron transport supports a transthylakoid proton gradient which is capable of controlling Photosystem II activity. The data are discussed in relation to protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against photoinactivation.Abbreviations F, F_M, F'_M, F"_M, F₀, F'₀ chlorophyll fluorescence levels - _exc quantum efficiency of excitation energy capture by open Photosystem II - _{PS II} quantum efficiency of electron flow through Photosystem II - P₅₁₅ field indicating rapid absorbance change peaking at 522 nm - P₇₀₀ primary donor of Photosystem I - Q_A primary quinone acceptor in Photosystem II - Q_N non-photochemical fluorescence quenching - Q_q photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence     

The effect of monochromatic red light on ethylene production in leaves of Impatiens balsamina L. and other species

The effect of red and white light on ethylene production was investigated in several plant species. In most cases light inhibited ethylene production. However, stimulation or no effect were also observed in a few species. In those plants where light inhibited ethylene synthesis, the effect of red light was much stronger than that of white light.Both red and white light inhibited ethylene production in green and etiolated seedlings and green leaves of Impatiens balsamina L. The inhibitory effect of red light was stronger than that of white light and much more pronounced when the plants were pretreated with ACC. The effect of red light could be reversed by far-red light. These results suggest that light affects the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) activity and that its action is mediated by phytochrome.     

The function, action and adaptive significance of phytochrome in light-grown plants

Abstract. It has previously been proposed that the fundamental function of phytochrome in the natural environment is the perception of the relative proportions of red and far-red light, i.e. the red: far-red ratio. This paper re-evaluates this hypothesis, for vegetative green plants, in the light of recent findings. Essentially, three issues are considered: (a) the modulation of the response to red: far-red by fluence rate: (b) the anticipation of competition for light by perception of changes in red: far-red that precede actual shading: and (c) characteristics of phytochrome that may be important in the mechanism of photoperception (i.e. the accumulation of photoconversion intermediates, and the stability of Pfr). We conclude: (a) the red: far-red ratio provides a reliable signal of plant density, even before shading by neighbours occurs: (b) plants are able to perceive and respond to these signals, and that possible ambiguities due to low red: far-red at low solar angles may be avoided by modulation of the perception process by fluence-rate dependent mechanisms; (c) although direct experimental evidence does not yet exist, circumstantial evidence suggests that the perception of red: far-red may confer positive adaptive advantage; and (d) plants of certain species perceive and respond to fluence rate changes, mediated perhaps by a blue-light absorbing photoreceptor or by phytochrome, but that these responses do not necessarily lead to shade avoidance reactions and their ecological relevance is not fully understood.     

Die Wirkung von „Störlicht” auf die Blütenbildung von Sinapis alba L.

Summary The induction of flowering in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was studied by means of night-breaks (Störlicht). The plants were cultivated under fully controlled conditions: 8000 Lux white light (mixed fluorescent and incandescent) 18°C, 80% relative humidity. Raised under our conditions in short days (8 hours of white light) mustard behaved as a quantitative long-day plant (Fig. 2). Flowering can be promoted by long-day treatment (Fig. 3). The long day (16 hours of white light) can be replaced by a short day plus a night-break. The highest effectiveness of the night-break is found near the middle of the dark period (Figs. 4, 5). —The spectral dependence of flower induction was studied with blue, green, yellow, red (Fig. 1) and far-red light using a 2-hour break near the middle of the dark period. The dose response curves (Fig. 6) and the action spectrum (Fig. 7) indicate a very strong effectiveness in the blue part of the spectrum, a small response in red and yellow light and no response at all in green and far-red light. The participation of phytochrome is indicated (Table 1), but no far-red reversibility could be detected (Table 2). Simultaneous irradiation with red and far-red light yielded significant enhancement effects (Fig. 8). In view of the strong shadowing in the leaves (Figs. 9, 10) these data are interpretable on the basis of phytochrome.     

Contribution of ΔpH and ΔE to Photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

The contribution of two components (pH and E) of the proton motive force to photosynthesis of C. reinhardtii was studied. Valinomycin, a photophosphorylation uncoupler, decreased significantly the fast phase (related mainly to the membrane electric potential) of millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) of C. reinhardtii. Nigericin, another photophosphorylation uncoupler, decreased the slow phase (related mainly to the proton gradient) and partly also the fast phase of ms-DLE. Both valinomycin and nigericin decreased the net ATP content and photosynthetic rate of C. reinhardtii, but the inhibition by nigericin was stronger than that by valinomycin. Hence both components of the proton motive force contribute to photosynthesis and although the contribution of pH is larger than that of E, the latter is not negligible in photosynthesis of C. reinhardtii.     

Are two photoreceptors involved in the flowering of a long-day plant?

The effect of daylength extension with narrow spectral bands on the flowering of a long-day plant, Brassica campestris L. cv. Ceres, was investigated to obtain clues to the identity of the photoreceptor involved. Extension of a 9 h photoperiod with 5 h of light pulses at various wavelengths resulted in maximal flowering occurring after irradiation at 710 nm, less at 730 nm, and none at 550, 660 and 750 nm. Flowering at 710 and 730 nm was negated by simultaneous exposures at 550 nm, but not at 660 nm. A short preirradiation at 660 nm enabled a following irradiation at 750 nm to induce flowering. This latter induction was prevented by 550 nm irradiation.
Short flashes of light at 710 nm induced flowering that was negated by a following flash at 550 nm but not at 660 nm. The negation by 550 nm radiation was prevented by subsequent flashes at 710 nm, indicating photoreversibility. A flash at 660 nm enabled subsequent light flashes at 750 nm to initiate flowering that was reversed by a following 550 nm flash.
From the results showing the necessity of red and far-red lights, it is proposed that flowering in this long-day plant is due to two photoreceptors - one is phytochrome and the other an unknown pigment with far-red, green photoreversible properties. By using fluence response data, it is deduced that the unidentified photoreceptor has weak absorption bands in the far-red, but has a strong absorption band in the green. Flowering is induced when effects of red light absorbed by phytochrome interact with effects of far-red light absorbed by the unidentified photoreceptor.