遮荫对连翘光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

本文系统研究了不同程度的遮荫(0%、43%、70%、97%)处理对连翘叶片光合特性和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着遮荫程度增加,最大净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率降低;净光合速率日变化均呈单峰型,峰值和光能利用率增加;叶绿素a b、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量增加,叶绿素a/b降低;叶绿素a荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo日变化呈单谷曲线,值均高于全光照的,且随着遮荫程度的提高其值均依次增加。这说明,连翘是一种耐荫性很强的植物,遮荫可使其降低光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率以及叶绿素a/b,增加总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、光能利用率以及PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和潜在活性,从而增强其在弱光条件下的生长发育能力。     

遮荫对裸花紫珠苗期光合特性及总黄酮含量的影响

为了解遮荫对裸花紫珠(Callicarpa nudiflora)幼苗生长和药材质量的影响,研究了遮荫处理(遮荫30%、50%、70%和对照0%)下2年生裸花紫珠苗的光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素和总黄酮含量的变化。结果表明,无遮荫或遮荫30%下,裸花紫珠的叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈典型的双峰型,而随遮荫程度的增加,Pn日变化曲线逐渐转变为单峰型。蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)日变化曲线呈单峰型,且峰值随着遮荫程度的增加而降低。PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的日变化曲线呈"V"型,且两者均随遮荫程度的增加而升高。幼苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量随遮荫程度的增加而显著增加(P0.05),而Chl a/b和Car/Chl却随遮荫程度的增加而下降。随遮荫程度的增加,叶片中总黄酮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,以遮荫30%为最大。因此,裸花紫珠幼苗最适宜生长在无遮荫条件下,但为获得更高的总黄酮含量,可以选择30%遮荫处理。     

遮荫对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响

系统研究了全光照和不同程度的遮荫(43%,58%,73%,87%,97%)对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响。结果表明,异株荨麻的光补偿点和光饱和点均较低,且随着遮荫程度的提高,其值以及暗呼吸速率均依次降低。净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,光合速率高峰值和日平均光合速率均随着遮荫程度的提高而明显下降。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化与光合速率的日变化趋势一致,遮荫对蒸腾作用和气孔导度均有显著的影响,随着遮荫程度的提高,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著下降。在各光照条件下,蒸腾速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关。蒸腾速率和气孔导度与光合速率的相关性随遮荫条件的不同而异,全光照条件下蒸腾速率与光合速率呈显著正相关,而所有遮荫条件下相关性不显著。气孔导度与光合速率在所有光照下相关性均不显著。各遮荫条件下叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均显著高于全光照的,且随遮荫程度的提高叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素a/b的值则随着遮荫程度的提高而下降。叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ内禀光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)日变化呈单谷曲线。各遮荫条件下Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均高于全光照的,且随着遮荫程度的提高其值均依次增加。这说明,异株荨麻是一种耐荫性很强的植物,遮荫可使其降低光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率以及叶绿素a/b,但增加总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、光能利用率以及PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和潜在活性,以增强在弱光条件下的生长发育能力。     

遮阴对4种紫堇属植物光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用盆栽试验,设置0、20%、40%、60%和80%遮阴度5种遮阴处理,研究遮阴对刻叶紫堇、伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇4种紫堇属植物叶绿素含量、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以加快其在园林方面的应用。结果表明: 随着遮阴度的提高,4种植物叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)总量不断增加,刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理均达到最大,而伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴处理达到最大;叶绿素a/b、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率的变化趋势呈相反的趋势。4种植物中,刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理下,伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴度下各叶绿素荧光参数达到最大。4种植物耐阴性大小为刻叶紫堇＞伏生紫堇＞紫堇＞黄堇。刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理,以及伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴处理下光能利用率最大,光合能力最强,最有利于植物的生长。     

遮荫对短梗大参苗木光合作用及生长的影响

以盆栽短梗大参为试验材料,探讨不同遮荫处理(全光日照、70%光日照及40%光日照)对短梗大参苗木叶绿素含量、光合作用和生长的影响,为耐阴植物引种栽培及在园林上的应用提供理论依据。结果表明:在遮荫处理下短梗大参生长良好,叶色浓绿,植株的冠幅和复叶数显著高于全光日照(P0.05);遮荫处理下叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素的含量显著高于全光日照(P0.05),且随着遮荫程度增强而增加,而叶绿素a/b则呈下降趋势。与全光日照相比,遮荫处理提高了短梗大参表观量子效率(AQY)和最大净光合速率(Pmax),同时明显降低了光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)。遮荫处理提高了PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(F0/Fm),尤其是40%光日照下Fv/Fm和F0/Fm均显著高于全光日照(P0.05)。遮荫处理下非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著低于全光日照(P0.05),并随着遮荫程度的增加而进一步降低,以减少热耗散等途径来提高PSⅡ光能转化效率,但光化学猝灭系数(q P)受遮荫处理影响不大。因此,作为喜阴植物,短梗大参具有较强的弱光利用能力,适宜生长于适度荫蔽的环境。     

干旱胁迫对小紫珠光合生理的影响

以小紫珠(Callicarpa dichotoma)幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽控水法设置4个水分梯度,分别为田间最大持水量的95%(对照)、75%(轻度干旱)、55%(中度干旱)和35%(重度干旱),研究土壤水分对小紫珠光合参数的影响。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,小紫珠的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和水分利用效率(WUE)逐渐下降,其胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下逐渐下降,在重度干旱胁迫下显著升高。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧小紫珠的光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和表观量子效率(AQY)显著减少,光补偿点(LCP)极显著增加(P0.01)。(3)随着胁迫程度的增加,小紫珠的最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ的量子效率(Fv/Fo)逐渐减少,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高(P0.01);随着干旱胁迫的加剧小紫珠能量分配比率参数φPo、Ψo、φEo逐渐下降,φDo逐渐增加;代表单位反应中心活性的参数ABS/RC、TRo/RC、ETo/RC和DIo/RC逐渐升高。(4)随着胁迫程度的增加,小紫珠叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和叶绿素a/b逐渐减少。研究表明,干旱胁迫下小紫珠光合速率的降低既有气孔因素也有非气孔因素,但轻度和中度干旱胁迫下以气孔限制为主,而在重度干旱胁迫下以非气孔限制为主。     

不同遮荫条件下罗布麻光合特性的初步研究

用便携式光合测定仪和叶绿素荧光仪测定了不同遮荫条件下罗布麻叶片的光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数.结果显示:遮荫50%和70%处理较全光照的罗布麻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和光饱和点(LSP)分别降低47%和65%、45%和68%、20.41%和37.45%,而表观量子效率(AQY)分别提高33%和36%;不同遮荫下罗布麻的叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均比全光照降低.研究表明,罗布麻虽对弱光有一定适应能力,但遮荫仍产生明显的弱光抑制而显著降低其光合效率,影响其正常生长.     

光照条件对高山杜鹃光合生理特性的影响

以高山杜鹃‘Furnivall’s Daughter’3年生植株为材料,采用遮阳网遮荫方法设置100%(L1)、53%(L2)、30%(L3)、17%(L4)全光照,研究不同光照对其光合特性及其相关生理特性的影响,探讨高山杜鹃对不同光强的响应及适应机制。结果表明:(1)与全光照条件相比,遮阴处理可有效提高光饱和点(LSP),降低光补偿点(LCP)和呼吸速率(Rd),从而具有较高的净光合速率(Pn);其中L3处理植株的LCP、Rd最低,而且其LSP和饱和光合速率(Pmax)最高,表明L3光照条件是其最适宜的生长光强。(2)随着光照强度的降低,叶片的叶绿素a呈轻微下降趋势,而叶绿素b、单位面积叶氮含量(LNCa)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)则呈显著增加趋势,且光照强度对叶绿素b的影响较叶绿素a敏感,从而导致总叶绿素含量显著增加,而叶绿素a/b比值下降。(3)可塑性分析结果表明,高山杜鹃‘Furnivall’s Daughter’主要通过Pmax、LSP、LCP、Rd、PNUE和叶绿素含量的改变来适应光环境的变化,而比叶重(LMA)、LNCa、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在其适应光环境的过程中作用较小。     

遮荫处理对梅叶冬青叶片形态、光合特性和生长的影响

为了解遮荫环境对梅叶冬青(Ilex asprella)生长和光合特性的影响,采用遮荫网的方法模拟85%、56%和全光照等3种光照环境,研究了遮荫对其生长、光合参数以及生物量等的影响。结果表明,经一年遮荫处理后,梅叶冬青的叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总量都随着遮荫强度的增加而显著增高,胡萝卜素含量则显著降低。与对照相比,56%遮荫处理显著提高梅叶冬青的最大净光合速率和光饱和点,分别提高了17.6%和25.2%,但是85%遮阴处理则显著降低最大净光合速率和光饱和点,分别降低了18.2%和24.1%,两种遮荫处理均显著降低了光补偿点。叶长、叶宽、比叶面积、单片叶面积和叶片含水量均随着遮荫强度的增加而显著增加,而叶片厚度则显著减小。遮荫处理明显抑制整株生物量增长,减小根冠比,但是株高、冠幅和径向生长随遮荫处理时间不同而有所变异。因此,梅叶冬青有耐荫偏阳的特性,在林下种植时需及时调控乔冠层的透光率,一般应大于44%。     

高温高湿胁迫及恢复对番茄快速荧光诱导动力学的影响

为了研究高温高湿复合胁迫对番茄的影响,以番茄品种“金冠五号”(Jinguan 5)为试材,于2018年6-9月在南京信息工程大学农业气象试验室进行温度、相对湿度与处理天数三因素正交试验,温度设置4个水平(昼温/夜温),即32℃/22 ℃、35℃/25℃、38℃/28 ℃、41℃/31℃,空气相对湿度设置3个水平为50%±5%、70%±5%、90%±5%,4个持续时间(3、6、9、12 d),以28℃/18℃、50%~55%环境下处理的番茄幼苗为对照(CK),测定不同处理下番茄叶片光合参数和快速荧光诱导动力学参数.结果表明:在日最高32~41℃范围内,随着温度升高,番茄光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQE)、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光合性能指数(PIabs)、综合性能指数(PItotal)、用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)、用于还原PSI受体侧末端电子受体的量子产额(φRo)、用于电子传递的光能(ET0/CSm)和有活性的反应中心数量(RC/CSm)均有所降低,快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线发生变化,J、I、P相降低,且AK小于0.在高温环境下,70%湿度处理的LSP、AQE、Pmax、Fv/Fm、PIabs PItotal、φEo、φRo、ETo/CSm、RC/CSm等指标显著高于50%和90%湿度处理.不同天数处理和恢复期间各指标无显著性差异.研究表明:高温胁迫破坏了番茄幼苗光系统的结构和功能,在超过日最高35℃的环境中,适当增加空气相对湿度至70%,可稳定光合反应中心,缓解高温胁迫对植物光合系统的伤害.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲对椰子和银海枣的寄主选择性

【目的】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲均为棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,两者的外部形态、取食部位和危害特征相似。研究它们的寄主选择性有助于了解这2种害虫的扩散和成灾机制。【方法】在室内用椰子和银海枣2种寄主植物分别饲养水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲,研究在不同寄主植物上水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲的存活率、产卵率、发育历期等以及这2种害虫对不同寄主植物的选择性。【结果】水椰八角铁甲在2种寄主上的存活率差异显著,除了卵期和蛹期之外,幼虫期各虫态在银海枣上的存活率明显比在椰子上的存活率高;椰心叶甲在椰子上的存活率高于银海枣,各虫态平均存活率分别为95%和86%。取食银海枣的水椰八角铁甲达标准卵量概率为0.23,取食椰子不产卵,无法完成整个世代;取食椰子的椰心叶甲达标准卵量概率为0.86,取食银海枣不产卵,也无法完成整个世代;水椰八角铁甲取食银海枣完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为12.55,椰心叶甲取食椰子完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为66.55。【结论】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲分别对银海枣和椰子这2种寄主植物具有明显的选择性。在海南椰子树的数量远远超过银海枣,该实验结果在一定程度上解释了椰心叶甲在海南岛广泛分布而水椰八角铁甲只是零星发生的原因。     

铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素异质性耐药研究

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见的条件致病菌,其异质性耐药的发生常导致临床治疗失败。【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素的异质性耐药情况,为相关临床感染治疗提供一定的依据。【方法】收集临床分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法(diskdiffusion method)即Kirby-Bauer (K-B)法、菌落谱型分析(population analysis profile,PAP)法、生长实验以及传代稳定性实验探究铜绿假单胞菌的异质性耐药特征。【结果】K-B法初筛得到铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(piperacillin/tazobactam,TZP)和替卡西林/克拉维酸(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid,TIM)的异质性耐药率分别为52%、52%和54%。PAP实验确认后有13株异质性耐药菌,其检出率占总实验菌株的26%。随机选取8株异质性耐药菌株,其耐药亚群的发生频率为7.3×10-7-1.2×10-5。通过无抗生素压力的生长实验发现,异质性耐药菌株PAS92、PAS57与其各自的3株最高PIP浓度平...