硫氧化菌种脱除硫化物生成单质硫限制性因素优化

【目的】针对硫氧化菌种较为特殊的生化特性,优选其氧化硫化物生成单质硫过程的相关限制性因素,以提高该类菌种生成单质硫效率。【方法】采用一株典型脱硫菌Thermithiobacillus tepidarius JNU-2(T.tepidarius JNU-2)氧化硫化物生成单质硫。研究该菌株在以Na2S2O3为能源底物时的培养特性和脱硫性能,并结合单因素实验对菌株氧化硫化物生成单质硫的限制性因素进行优选。【结果】T.tepidarius JNU-2在以Na2S2O3为唯一能源底物培养时的μmax为0.207 h-1,最终生物量为4.0×106 cells/m L。98%的Na2S2O3在24 h时被消耗殆尽,此时单质硫产量达到最大值为0.8 g/L。随后单质硫逐渐被氧化利用,最终稳定在0.2 g/L。经过对该过程主要限制性因素进行单因素实验优化,确定最佳碳氮源、Mg SO4、Fe SO4和能源底物条件分别为:CO2、NH4Cl0.5 g/L、Mg SO4 0.5 g/L、Fe SO4 0.1 g/L和Na2S2O3 15.0 g/L。优化后的氧化Na2S2O3生成单质硫过程的最大生物量可达4.8×106 cells/m L,单质硫产量提升至1.14 g/L。相较于未优化之前,单质硫的产量提高了42.5%。【结论】优化该过程主要限制性因素可有效提高化能自养型T.tepidarius JNU-2氧化硫化物生成单质硫效率。     

高粱NADP苹果酸脱氢酶的纯化及其分子特性

用Sephadex G-100柱和制备性等电聚焦电泳纯化了高梁叶片NADP苹果酸脱氢酶,得到电泳均一的酶制剂,酶比活力提高350倍。天然酶含有两个分子量为4万D的亚基。动力学研究表明Km(OAA)=31μmol/L:K_m(NADPH)=48 μmol/L;K_m(Mal)=11m mol/L:K_m(NADP)=45μmol/L。NADP为NADPH的竞争性抑制剂,抑制常数K_i=190 μmol/L。 在体外DTT为NADP苹果酸脱氢酶的激活所必需。DTT对该酶的激活受一小分子蛋白、NADP及离子强度所调节。     

一株嗜盐嗜碱硫氧化菌的筛选、鉴定及硫氧化特性

【背景】沼气和天然气等清洁能源中往往会含有一定量的硫化氢,硫化氢的存在不仅污染环境,而且对人类危害很大。【目的】以硫代硫酸钠为唯一硫源从巴丹吉林沙漠盐碱湖岸边沉积物中分离筛选得到一株硫氧化菌BDL05,并研究其硫氧化特性。【方法】通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析对硫氧化菌BDL05进行鉴定。【结果】菌株BDL05为革兰氏阴性菌,弧状,其16S rRNA基因序列与Thiomicrospira microaerophila ASL 8-2的相似性达99.8%,将其命名为Thiomicrospira microaerophila BDL05。该菌氧化硫代硫酸盐的最适pH为9.3,最适总钠盐浓度为0.8mol/L,在以硫化钠为硫源的气升式反应器中单质硫的生成率为94.7%,生成速率为3.0 mmol/(L·h)。【结论】菌株Thiomicrospira microaerophila BDL05为嗜盐嗜碱硫氧化菌,其耐盐耐碱性较强,比生长速率快,硫化钠氧化能力较强,是一株在气体生物脱硫方面具有应用价值的菌株。     

嗜酸喜温硫杆菌硫加氧还原酶基因的克隆、表达及酶活性研究

旨为研究嗜酸喜温硫杆菌硫加氧还原酶的生化特性,以嗜酸喜温硫杆菌TST3的基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增出硫加氧还原酶基因(sor),构建了表达载体p ET-sor,转化到Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)后,获得了重组菌株E.coli BL21(p ET-sor2)。SDS-PAGE实验证明,经IPTG诱导,该重组菌可以表达目的蛋白SOR。对诱导条件进行优化,并在最优的条件下诱导SOR酶表达,再经超声波破碎重组菌,上清液通过Ni+-NTA亲和层析柱纯化获得重组酶,其催化氧化反应的比酶活、Km值和Vmax分别为0.70U/mg,15.672×10-2 g/m L和12.755×10-5 mol/(L·min),而催化的还原反应的比酶活、Km值和Vmax分别为2.21 U/mg,0.507×10-2g/m L和4.876×10-5 mol/(L·min)。     

镉和铜对嗜热四膜虫金属硫蛋白基因的诱导表达

本文在荧光定量PCR优化的基础上,利用该技术考察了不同浓度的重金属镉和铜对嗜热四膜虫金属硫蛋白基因(MTT1)诱导表达的变化规律。结果表明MTT1基因的表达对镉离子的诱导更灵敏,且在一定阈值浓度(≤35.2μmol/L)范围内,镉离子浓度升高会增加MTT1基因表达量,超过该阈值后表达量迅速下降;镉与铜同时诱导时MTT1基因的表达情况与镉单独诱导的类似,但阈值浓度减小为22μmol/L,表明二者的联合毒性为协同作用。镉离子浓度低于22μmol/L时,与铜离子的共同作用会大大增加MTT1基因的表达量,从而增强了四膜虫的解毒能力。     

表面活性剂对嗜盐嗜碱硫碱弧菌D301生成及利用硫颗粒的影响

【背景】微生物脱硫是脱除气体中硫化氢的一种有效方法,其中,硫颗粒的生成与代谢是控制生物脱硫效率的关键,但目前相应的控制方法很少。【目的】研究不同种类表面活性剂对硫碱弧菌D301生成及利用硫颗粒的影响。【方法】通过摇床培养,利用X射线衍射、冷场发射扫描电镜、能谱分析及傅里叶红外光谱对硫颗粒进行表征。【结果】单质硫主要以S₈形式存在,吐温-80和十二烷基磺酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS)的添加对硫颗粒的形态及生成量影响明显。对照组中生成的硫颗粒呈规则球形,光滑完整,其表面附着蛋白质等生物大分子;加入0.01 g/L吐温-80后,硫颗粒呈长杆状、颗粒增大、利用速率减慢;加入0.3g/L的SDS后,硫颗粒呈短棒状、生成量减少、利用速率加快,同时延缓了硫碱弧菌D301的衰亡。【结论】添加表面活性剂可以改变硫颗粒形态并且影响其利用,是一种调控硫颗粒生成和代谢的有效手段。     

北戴河海洋沉积物中L-半胱氨酸脱硫细菌的多样性及其特性

【背景】脱硫细菌对有机硫的脱硫作用在硫的生物地球化学循环以及脱硫工业中都起着重要的作用。【目的】了解海洋沉积物中可分解有机物产生硫化氢的细菌多样性。【方法】对我国北戴河海洋沉积物中可培养的L-半胱氨酸脱硫细菌进行分离与筛选,通过对其16SrRNA基因序列测定与分析,构建系统发育树,并对其脱硫、脱氮能力进行检验。【结果】从海洋沉积物中分离得到97株细菌,从以L-半胱氨酸为硫源的培养基中筛选出62株有机脱硫专一型细菌。根据脱硫细菌的形态及其特征,从中选取12株作为典型代表做进一步分析,它们分别属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)、动性球菌属(Planococcus)和红球菌属(Rhodococcus)。结果表明,这12株细菌均可产生半胱氨酸脱巯基酶,能够将半胱氨酸分解为丙酮酸、硫化氢和氨,即同时具备脱硫与脱氮的能力。其中有5株菌脱硫能力较强,分别属于赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属、动性球菌属和芽孢杆菌属。【结论】海洋沉积物中存在着丰富的L-半胱氨酸脱硫细菌,为进一步研究海洋中硫的生物地球化学循环提供了素材。     

樟子松外生菌根中NADP-依赖型异柠檬酸脱氢酶的酶学性质研究

对褐环乳牛肝菌-樟子松菌根组织、樟子松根组织及褐环乳牛肝菌纯培养菌丝的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitrate dehydrogenase,IDH)进行纯化和酶学性质鉴定。通过硫酸铵分级沉淀及葡聚糖凝胶层析纯化后的IDH进行SDS-PAGE电泳检测,并进行3种来源酶的酶学性质鉴定。菌根组织、根组织及真菌纯培养菌丝NADP-IDH对NADP+的Km值分别为10.7μmol/L、11.4μmol/L和22.1μmol/L;对异柠檬酸的Km值分别为71.7μmol/L、79.3μmol/L和87.8μmol/L。最适p H分别为8.2、8.0和7.5,略偏碱性。菌根IDH和根IDH的最适反应温度为45℃,真菌IDH的最适反应温度为42℃。3种IDH的活性依赖于不同的二价金属阳离子的存在,Mn2+、Mg2+存在时酶活性最强,Ca2+、Co2+、Cu2+和Zn2+对酶的活性有较强抑制作用。菌根真菌与樟子松形成外生菌根之后异柠檬酸脱氢酶的蛋白含量及酶活力都得到了提高。     

沙门氏菌硫修饰基因dptC的克隆表达与分离纯化

摘要:【目的】细菌DNA磷硫酰化修饰是指DNA骨架非磷氧桥上的一个氧被硫取代,该修饰增加了机体的抗氧化作用,其发生受被称为dnd的基因簇控制。沙门氏菌(Salmonella entericaserovar Cerro 87)是具有磷硫酰化修饰现象的细菌之一,其dnd基因簇被命名为dptBCDE。本研究旨在克隆其中的dptC基因,优化dptC表达条件,为进一步研究DptC 在DNA磷硫酰化修饰过程中的酶学功能奠定基础。【方法】以沙门氏菌总DNA为模板,设计特异引物、PCR扩增获得dptC基因片段,连接于表达载体pGEX-6P-1的SmaI和XhoI位点 之间,构建融合表达载体pJTU3622;将pJTU3622转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coliDH10B),经氨苄霉素抗性初选及序列测定,获得阳性克隆;提取阳性中pJTU3622再转化大肠杆菌表达宿主［E. coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS］,获得工程菌株Anxh103;优化表达条件,诱导表达dptC基因;采用GST-Trap柱和kata FPLC纯化系统分离纯化DptC蛋白。【结果】获得沙门氏菌dptC基因表达载体pJTU3622和工程菌株Anxh103;确定dptC最佳诱导表达条件为:诱导温度18℃,诱导时间8－18 h,IPTG诱导浓度0.6 mmol/L,LB培养基中添加50 μmol /L Fe2+。【结论】成功克隆了沙门氏菌dptC基因,实现了沙门氏菌dptC基因的高通量表达;表达载体中引入TEV酶切位点,使得很容易切除GST标签,为进一步研究DptC的酶学功能奠定了基础;沙门氏菌DptC发酵体系中添加50 μmol/L Fe2+可以提高DptC产量,纯化的DptC显示浅棕色,推测与变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)中的同源蛋白蛋白DndC一样,也是一种含4Fe－4S的铁硫蛋白。     

硫化氢减轻同型半胱氨酸诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤

目的探讨硫化氢(H2S)对同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤的改善作用。方法以侧脑室注射同型半胱氨酸的SD大鼠为同型半胱氨酸神经毒性动物模型,采用Tunel染色法分析大鼠海马CA1区神经元的凋亡情况,采用Elisa法分析大鼠海马组织MDA含量。结果 0.6μmol和2.0μmol的同型半胱氨酸使大鼠海马CA1区神经元发生大量的凋亡(P0.01),而NaHS(100μmol/kg)显著抑制同型半胱氨酸(0.6μmol)诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元的凋亡(P0.05);同型半胱氨酸(0.2,0.6μmol)可增加大鼠海马CA1区丙二醛含量(P0.001),而NaHS(100μmol/kg)可抑制同型半胱氨酸(0.6μmol/L)诱导大鼠海马CA1区丙二醛水平的增加(P0.001)。结论硫化氢可减轻同型半胱氨酸诱导大鼠海马CA1区神经元的损伤。     

Sulfide dehydrogenase activity of the monomeric flavoprotein SoxF of Paracoccus pantotrophus

Flavocytochrome c-sulfide dehydrogenases (FCSDs) are complexes of a flavoprotein with a c-type cytochrome performing hydrogen sulfide-dependent cytochrome c reduction in vitro. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the phylogenetic relationship of different flavoproteins reflected the relationship of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The flavoprotein SoxF of Paracoccus pantotrophus is 29-67% identical to the flavoprotein subunit of FCSD of phototrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Purification of SoxF yielded a homogeneous emerald-green monomeric protein of 42 797 Da. SoxF catalyzed sulfide-dependent horse heart cytochrome c reduction at the optimum pH of 6.0 with a k(cat) of 3.9 s(-1), a K(m) of 2.3 microM for sulfide, and a K(m) of 116 microM for cytochrome c, as determined by nonlinear regression analysis. The yield of 1.9 mol of cytochrome c reduced per mole of sulfide suggests sulfur or polysulfide as the product. Sulfide dehydrogenase activity of SoxF was inhibited by sulfur (K(i) = 1.3 microM) and inactivated by sulfite. Cyanide (1 mM) inhibited SoxF activity at pH 6.0 by 25% and at pH 8.0 by 92%. Redox titrations in the infrared spectral range from 1800 to 1200 cm(-1) and in the visible spectral range from 400 to 700 nm both yielded a midpoint potential for SoxF of -555 +/- 10 mV versus Ag/AgCl at pH 7.5 and -440 +/- 20 mV versus Ag/AgCl at pH 6.0 (-232 mV versus SHE') and a transfer of 1.9 electrons. Electrochemically induced FTIR difference spectra of SoxF as compared to those of free flavin in solution suggested a strong cofactor interaction with the apoprotein. Furthermore, an activation/variation of SoxF during the redox cycles is observed. This is the first report of a monomeric flavoprotein with sulfide dehydrogenase activity.     

Isolation of succinate dehydrogenase from Desulfobulbus elongatus, a propionate oxidizing, sulfate reducing bacterium

Succinate dehydrogenase was purified from the particulate fraction of Desulfobulbus. The enzyme catalyzed both fumarate reduction and succinate oxidation but the rate of fumarate reduction was 8-times less than that of succinate oxidation. Quantitative analysis showed the presence of 1 mol of covalently bound flavin and 1 mol of cytochrome b per mol of succinate dehydrogenase. The enzyme contained three subunits with molecular mass 68.5, 27.5 and 22 kDa. EPR spectroscopy indicated the presence of at least two iron sulfur clusters. 2-Heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide inhibited the electron-transfer between succinate dehydrogenase and a high redox potential cytochrome c3 from Desulfobulbus elongatus.     

Monodehydroascorbate reductase from cucumber is a flavin adenine dinucleotide enzyme

Monodehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.6.5.4) was purified from cucumber fruit to a homogeneous state as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cucumber monodehydroascorbate reductase was a monomer with a molecular weight of 47,000. It contained 1 mol of FAD/mol of enzyme which was reduced by NAD(P)H and reoxidized by monodehydroascorbate. The enzyme had an exposed thiol group whose blockage with thiol reagents inhibited the electron transfer from NAD(P)H to the enzyme FAD. Both NADH and NADPH served as electron donors with Km values of 4.6 and 23 microM, respectively, and Vmax of 200 mol of NADH and 150 mol of NADPH oxidized mol of enzyme-1 s-1. The Km for monodehydroascorbate was 1.4 microM. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is presented. In addition to monodehydroascorbate, the enzyme catalyzed the reduction of ferricyanide and 2,6-dichloroindophenol but showed little reactivity with calf liver cytochrome b5 and horse heart cytochrome c. The kinetic data suggested a ping-pong mechanism for the monodehydroascorbate reductase-catalyzed reaction. Cucumber monodehydroascorbate reductase occurs in soluble form and can be distinguished from NADPH dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, DT diaphorase, microsome-bound NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase by its molecular weight, amino acid composition, and specificity of electron acceptors and donors.     

玉米花粉低分子量ATP酶部分性质研究

对纯化的玉米花粉低分子量ＡＴＰ酶－３８ｋＤ蛋白的部分理化及药理学性质进行了研究。该酶与植物细胞中现已发现的马达蛋白（动蛋白及ｄｙｎａｍｉｎ）存在较大差异。紫外吸收光谱在２７８ｎｍ处有最大吸收。圆二色谱分析表明该蛋白呈现典型球蛋白特征。最适ｐＨ为８．０,对ＡＴＰ的Ｋｍ为８×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ为３．５μｍｏｌＰｉ每ｍｉｎ每ｍｇ蛋白质。对ＮＴＰ底物专一性为ＣＴＰ＞ＡＴＰ≥ＧＴＰ＞ＩＴＰ＞ＵＴＰ,药理学研究表明：该酶对０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ３ＶＯ４、２．４ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＦ及０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮＥＭ均非常敏感。     

Formate dehydrogenase of Clostridium pasteurianum

Formate dehydrogenase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from N2-fixing cells of Clostridium pasteurianum W5. The purified enzyme has a minimal Mr of 117,000 with two nonidentical subunits with molecular weights of 76,000 and 34,000, respectively. It contains 2 mol of molybdenum, 24 mol of nonheme iron, and 28 mol of acid-labile sulfide per mol of enzyme; no other metal ions were detected. Analysis of its iron-sulfur centers by ligand exchange techniques showed that 20 iron atoms of formate dehydrogenase can be extruded as Fe4S4 centers. Fluorescence analysis of its isolated molybdenum centers suggests it is a molybdopterin. The clostridial formate dehydrogenase has a pH optimum between 8.3 and 8.5 and a temperature optimum of 52 degrees C. The Km for formate is 1.72 mM with a Vmax of 551 mumol of methyl viologen reduced per min per mg of protein. Sodium azide competes competitively with formate (K1 = 3.57 microM), whereas the inactivation by cyanide follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with K = 5 X 10(2) M-1 s-1.     

Preparation of homogenous NADPH cytochrome c (P-450) reductase from house flies using affinity chromatography techniques.

NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) was purified to apparent homogeneity from microsomes of house flies, Musca domestica L. The purification procedure involves column chromatography on three different resins. The key step in the purification scheme is the chromatography of the enzyme mixture on an affinity column of agarose-hexane-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 83,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contains 1 mol each of FAD and FMN per mol of enzyme. The enzyme exhibited a Bi Bi ping-pong kinetic mechanism with NADPH and cytochrome c. The Vmax and Km for cytochrome c were 42.3 mumol min-1 mg-1 and 12.7 muM, respectively. Turnover numbers based on micromoles of enzyme were 2,600 min-1. NADP+ and 2'-AMP both inhibited the reductases with apparent Ki values of 6.9 and 187 muM, respectively. These preparations of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were found to reduce purified house fly cytochrome P-450 in the presence of NADPH.     

Characterization of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-activated, L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus.

The L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus wt was purified to a final specific activity of 598 mumol pyruvate reduced per min per mg of protein. The specific activity of the pure enzyme with L(+)-lactate was 0.79 units per mg of protein. The M(r) of the native enzyme was 134,000 containing a single subunit type of M(r) 33,500 indicating an apparent tetrameric structure. The L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase was activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in a cooperative manner affecting Vmax and Km values. The activity of the enzyme was also effected by pH, pyruvate and NADH. The Km for NADH at pH 6.0 was 0.05 mM and the Vmax for pyruvate reduction at pH 6.0 was 1082 units per mg in the presence of 1 mM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The enzyme was inhibited by NADPH, displaying an uncompetitive pattern. This pattern indicated that NADPH was a negative modifier of the enzyme. The role of L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase in controlling the end products of fermentation is discussed.     

牛脑Ca~(2+)/CaM依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ的纯化和鉴定

通过一系列层析法,首次从牛脑纯化得到胶凝电泳匀一的Ca~(2+)/CaM PKⅡ。凝胶过滤法测定全酶分子量为550kD,SDS-PAGE法测定亚基分子量为55kD,推测牛脑Ca~(2+)/CaM PK Ⅱ由十个相同的亚基组成。该酶活性绝对依赖于Ca~(2+)和CaM,以63kD PDE同工酶为底物,其AC_(50)分别为0.85μmol/L和0.18μmol/L;以酪蛋白为底物,其AC_(50)分别为0.22μmol/L和0.06μmol/L。牛脑Ca~(2+)/CaM PK Ⅱ旣能催化63kD PDE同工酶等多种蛋白或酶磷酸化,又能进行自身磷酸化。该酶催化63kD PDE同工酶最大磷酸参入量为1mol/mol亚基。磷酸化型63kD PDE同工酶的Ca~(2+)的AC_(50)高于非磷酸化型。     

A novel membrane-bound flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase from the colourless sulfur bacterium Thiobacillus sp. W5

A novel membrane-bound sulfide-oxidizing enzyme was purified 102-fold from the neutrophilic, obligately chemolithoautotrophic Thiobacillus sp. W5 by means of a six-step procedure. Spectral analysis revealed that the enzyme contains haem c and flavin. SDS-PAGE showed the presence of two types of subunit with molecular masses of 40 and 11 kDa. The smaller subunit contains covalently bound haem c, as was shown by haem staining. A combination of spectral analysis and the pyridine haemochrome test indicated that the sulfide-oxidizing heterodimer contains one molecule of haem c and one molecule of flavin. It appeared that the sulfide-oxidizing enzyme is a member of a small class of redox proteins, the flavocytochromes c, and is structurally most related to the flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium limicola. The pH optimum of the enzyme is 8.6. At pH 9, the V _max was 2.1 ± 0.1 μmol cytochrome c (mg protein)^–1 min^–1, and the K _m values for sulfide and cytochrome c were 1.7 ± 0.4 μM and 3.8 ± 0.8 μM, respectively. Cyanide inhibited the enzyme by the formation of an N-5 adduct with the flavin moiety of the protein. On the basis of electron transfer stoichiometry, it seems likely that sulfur is the oxidation product. Received: 15 October 1996 / Accepted: 7 January 1997     

棘孢曲霉SM-L22 β-葡萄糖苷酶的纯化与性质*

通过分子筛层析和离子交换层析等手段,分离纯化了棘孢曲霉SM-L22纤维素酶系中的β-葡萄糖苷酶组分。通过SDS-PAGE和IEF电泳测得其分子量为57.9 kDa,等电点为pH 4.5。该酶组分的最适温度60℃,最适pH 5.5,在40℃以下以及pH 3.0~10.0范围内稳定。Fe2+和Mn2+ 对酶有激活作用,而 EDTA对酶有较明显的抑制作用。底物专一性实验表明,该酶可作用于纤维二糖、水杨素和乳糖。作用于纤维二糖和水杨素的Km值分别为17.13 10-3 mol/L 和11.93 10-3 mol/L,Vmax分别为3.456 10-4 mol/L/min和7.139 10-4 mol/L/min,Kcat分别为3.75 S-1和7.73 S-1。