基于GARP模型的紫茎泽兰空间分布预测——以云南纵向岭谷为例

紫茎泽兰入侵会挤占其他物种的生存空间,降低生物多样性和生态系统生产力带来诸多负面生态效应。尽早了解其入侵区域及其潜在扩散区域,对于合理估测其危害并采取正确的应对措施具有重要意义。利用云南纵向岭谷区紫茎泽兰的分布及其环境因：数据,通过GARP模型预测了紫茎泽兰的潜在入侵区域。结果表明：（1）研究区的南部是：茎泽兰最主要的适生区域,除个别地点外,基于GARP的紫茎泽兰适宜分布指数绝大部分在0．5以上;研究区的北部由于地势高和气温低,除一些河谷地段外,紫茎泽兰生长的适宜度较小,适宜分布指数一般在0．5以下。（2）人工神经网络模拟结果与GARP模型基本一致,表现出南部显著高于北部的空间分布特征,在南部的一些局部高山地区,也不适宜紫;泽兰生长和分布。北部地区除一些河流的谷底由于海拔较低,适宜紫茎泽兰生长外,大部分生境不适宜紫荆泽兰生长。     

紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.在中国入侵分布预测

原产于墨西哥的紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.作为一个有害的外来物种在印度、新西兰和澳大利亚生长已有很长时间。在中国,尤其是在南方和西南地区其蔓延速度之快,带来了不可忽视的经济和社会后果。我们采用了生态位模拟新方法来预测紫茎泽兰可能入侵的范围。据此,预测的潜在分布区包括该植物在中国境内已分布的省份及未来华中、华东易受入侵的区域。     

滇中地区公路沿线紫茎泽兰的分布格局及其生境因子

选取云南楚雄境内的典型路段,根据路域特点选择4个土地覆盖类型(荒山灌草丛、云南松林、桉树人工林和次生半湿润性常绿阔叶林)作为研究对象,设置12个样带,分析了紫茎泽兰的分布格局及其生境特点。结果表明:距公路不同距离对紫茎泽兰的丛数、丛面积、株高、盖度及种子数量存在显著影响。紫茎泽兰丛数、丛面积、株高、盖度及种子雨数量均在距公路距离为5m处达到峰值随后下降;不同土地覆盖类型对紫茎泽兰丛数、丛面积、盖度和种子数量存在显著影响,其中次生半湿润性常绿阔叶林能较好地抑制紫茎泽兰的扩散和入侵;主成分分析表明,描述紫茎泽兰生境的生态因子所含的生态信息可由3个主成分表征,即光照及生物因子(第1主成分)、水热因子(第2主成分)和地形因子(第3主成分)。其中紫茎泽兰盖度与乔木盖度、物种丰富度呈显著负相关,而与光照强度呈显著正相关,表明覆盖较好的自然植物群落能较好抑制紫茎泽兰的扩散和入侵。     

云南路网特征及其与紫茎泽兰传播扩散的相关性分析

公路廊道是外来植物入侵定居和扩散的主要通道之一, 公路沿线频繁的人工干扰与车辆交通, 有利于外来植物种子的传播与扩散, 同时公路和铁路有助于外来植物克服地理或生态的传播阻碍。论文分析云南省公路路网空间分布格局和公路里程与紫茎泽兰传播扩散的关系。结果表明: 云南省路网分布不均匀, 西部公路密度偏低, 中东部地区密集; 紫茎泽兰发生总面积较大的区域其公路里程和路网密度处于中等水平; 紫茎泽兰发生总面积和单位发生面积与省道里程呈显著正相关。紫茎泽兰在快速扩散期时, 省道里程对紫茎泽兰在云南的传播扩散影响最为显著。紫茎泽兰的入侵扩散还受其他人为干扰因素和生境条件的影响, 交通道路干扰可作为评价紫茎泽兰入侵扩散的一个重要指标, 同时, 公路廊道促进紫茎泽兰扩散传播的景观机制应进一步加强研究, 为公路沿线生物入侵防治提供科学依据。     

丛枝菌根真菌在内的土壤真菌对入侵植物紫茎泽兰的正反馈:证据来自野外实验(英文)

【背景】包括紫茎泽兰在内的许多外来植物都能够与新入侵生境的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)形成互利共生,因此菌根真菌如何调节外来植物种的入侵是当前亟待研究的问题。【方法】测定了紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段(紫茎泽兰呈零星丛状分布于本地植物群落中[部分入侵生境]及紫茎泽兰单优群落形成期[入侵生境])的土壤化学性状,而后通过野外试验,采用杀真菌剂处理,研究了包括AMF在内的土壤真菌对紫茎泽兰入侵的反馈作用。【结果】紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤化学性状。施用杀真菌剂降低了紫茎泽兰叶面积、叶片碳、氮、磷、和δ13C含量。【结论与意义】综合分析发现,在紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落中,土壤真菌能够增加紫茎泽兰叶片碳和δ13C含量,但是不能提高紫茎泽兰的光合作用,表明碳和δ13C含量的提高,不是光合作用的结果,而是通过其他机制实现的。因此可以得出,在部分入侵生境中,碳从土壤或临近植物经由菌丝网向紫茎泽兰转移。紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段土壤养分的变化利于紫茎泽兰种群建立,同时利于紫茎泽兰借助真菌(尤其是AMF)从土壤或临近植物转移碳,促进种群扩散,这可能是紫茎泽兰入侵的机制之一。     

丛枝菌根真菌在内的土壤真菌对入侵植物紫茎泽兰的正反馈：证据来自野外实验

包括紫茎泽兰在内的许多外来植物都能够与新入侵生境的丛枝菌根真菌（ AMF）形成互利共生,因此菌根真菌如何调节外来植物种的入侵是当前亟待研究的问题。测定了紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段（紫茎泽兰呈零星丛状分布于本地植物群落中[部分入侵生境]及紫茎泽兰单优群落形成期[入侵生境]）的土壤化学性状,而后通过野外试验,采用杀真菌剂处理,研究了包括AMF在内的土壤真菌对紫茎泽兰入侵的反馈作用。紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤化学性状。施用杀真菌剂降低了紫茎泽兰叶面积、叶片碳、氮、磷、和δ13 C含量。综合分析发现,在紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落中,土壤真菌能够增加紫茎泽兰叶片碳和δ13 C含量,但是不能提高紫茎泽兰的光合作用,表明碳和δ13 C含量的提高,不是光合作用的结果,而是通过其他机制实现的。因此可以得出,在部分入侵生境中,碳从土壤或临近植物经由菌丝网向紫茎泽兰转移。紫茎泽兰入侵不同阶段土壤养分的变化利于紫茎泽兰种群建立,同时利于紫茎泽兰借助真菌（尤其是AMF）从土壤或临近植物转移碳,促进种群扩散,这可能是紫茎泽兰入侵的机制之一。     

用AFLP技术分析紫茎泽兰的遗传多样性

利用AFLP技术,选择EcoRI/MesI这一酶切组合,应用6对E 3/M 3引物组合进行选择性扩增,检测了24个地区的紫茎泽兰种群的基因组DNA多态性。共扩增出509个遗传位点,其中392个多态位点,多态率为77.01%。有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.50,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.29,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.42。并通过Jaccard的方法将电泳带矩阵转化为遗传相似性系数矩阵,进行了UPGMA聚类分析。结果表明:被检测的24个紫茎泽兰种群遗传多样性丰富;丰富程度与入侵定植时间有关,最早受紫茎泽兰入侵的云南省遗传多样性最丰富,变异最大,大致分为9个类群,紫茎泽兰的遗传基因可能对该省多样的气候条件或生境产生了明显的适应性变化;新入侵地区的则遗传多样性相对较低,并与云南省临近地区具有明显的种源地的地源性亲缘关系。子实的风媒传播是紫茎泽兰入侵的主要途径,样点间均具有明显的地源性亲缘关系;水媒也可能是该草传播的途径之一。紫茎泽兰可能首先从缅甸、越南、老挝经风媒入侵我国云南南部,逐渐扩散入侵中北部,又从云南北部和东部传入四川、贵州、广西、湖北等省。     

地形因素对外来入侵种紫茎泽兰的影响

 在紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)的分布区内设置171块临时样地,研究它的盖度和多度与经纬度、海拔、坡向、坡度、风向坡等地形因素的关系。结果表明,紫茎泽兰入侵最严重地区位于102° E左右,随着纬度增加入侵能力逐渐下降,但不显著(p>0.05);紫茎泽兰在中国的分布以云贵高原,尤其是云南高原为主体,通过云贵高原与原产地墨西哥、哥斯达黎加的气候条件对比,推断紫茎泽兰将来在中国的分布区主体还将局限在云贵高原,但不排除在某些局域气候条件下,形成斑块的可能;该次调查的海拔范围为75 m～2 330 m,以200 m为一个海拔梯度,多项式回归分析显示：紫茎泽兰的盖度与多度随着海拔升高而增加（p<0.05）,但在2 000 m左右已趋平缓,表明紫茎泽兰适宜生长在海拔2 000 m左右; ANOVA的结果显示：坡向对紫茎泽兰的入侵影响显著（p<0.05）,通过多重比较发现,北坡和南坡的盖度比东坡大（p<0.05）;北坡的多度比东坡大（p<0.05）,说明东坡不易被紫茎泽兰入侵,而北坡和南坡紫茎泽兰的盖度和多度差异并不显著（p>0.05）,说明温度与湿度可能不是造成不同坡向紫茎泽兰入侵差异的主导因素;坡度对紫茎泽兰入侵的影响并不显著（p>0.05）;风向坡对紫茎泽兰的盖度影响不显著（p>0.05）,而对多度的影响显著（p<0.05）,背风坡的多度显著大于侧风坡。     

紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤细菌的群落组成和多样性的影响

外来生物入侵可能对生物群落结构和生态系统功能产生多种影响, 但入侵植物与土壤微生物群落组成和多样性的关系尚不清楚。为了揭示外来植物紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵对土壤化学性质和细菌群落组成及多样性的影响, 本研究利用第二代高通量测序技术, 比较了紫茎泽兰不同入侵程度的生境(本地植物群落、紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落、紫茎泽兰单优群落)土壤中细菌群落的差异。土壤化学性质分析表明, 土壤pH值、有机质、全N和全K随着紫茎泽兰的入侵而逐渐降低, 而土壤全P则在入侵程度最高的生境土壤中最高。通过测序共获得7,755个细菌OUT (operational taxonomic unit)。结果表明, 紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤的细菌多样性影响较小, ACE和Chao指数在3种不同生境间的差异不显著。细菌在紫茎泽兰与本地植物混生群落中的Shannon指数最低, 即细菌的多样性在中等入侵程度的生境最低。此外, 紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤细菌组成和结构, 酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度, 从本地植物群落、混合群落到紫茎泽兰单优群落, 呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。可见, 紫茎泽兰入侵一定程度上改变了土壤微生物的多样性和群落结构, 并改变了土壤的化学性质。     

紫茎泽兰对四川省凉山州共生植物种间联结性及稳定性的影响

紫茎泽兰是中国危害最严重的入侵植物之一。为有效预测和评估紫茎泽兰入侵程度,基于2×2联列表,采用χ~2和W检验,联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数(OI)、Dice指数(DI)的种间联结性分析和Godron M群落稳定性测定方法,以四川省凉山州危害最严重的入侵植物紫茎泽兰群落为研究对象,分析了西昌市、会理县、会东县、德昌县和普格县紫茎泽兰与其共生植物间的联结性及群落稳定性。结果表明:四川省凉山州与紫茎泽兰共生的植物共有155种,其中草本植物86种,灌木34种,乔木22种,藤本植物10种,蕨类植物2种,苔藓植物1种。χ~2和W检验发现,紫茎泽兰群落主要植物间的总体关联性VR(方差比率)为0.9677,小于1,检验统计量χ~2_(0.95)(50)Wχ~2_(0.05)(50),表明紫茎泽兰群落主要物种间总体表现为不显著负相关。种群间χ~2统计量均小于3.841,说明主要种对间联结性较低,甚至趋于独立,紫茎泽兰群落优势种群对环境的适应性相似甚至相同,但对资源利用存在竞争。种间联结性分析表明,紫茎泽兰群落中20个种对间表现出正相关性,22个种对间则表现出负相关性,或处于完全独立的状态。紫茎泽兰-鬼针草、紫茎泽兰-野艾蒿、紫茎泽兰-马唐和紫茎泽兰-灯笼草种对的共同出现百分率PC值均处于[0.4,0.6)区间内,OI指数和DI指数均大于0.6,一方面说明紫茎泽兰在一定时期内,与鬼针草、野艾蒿、马唐和灯笼草具有相同或相似的生态位需求和对环境的适应性,另一方面说明鬼针草、野艾蒿、马唐和灯笼草等物种对紫茎泽兰抑制其他物种生长特性的抵抗能力较强;群落稳定性分析可知,模型方程与直线方程的交点为51/49,距离稳定交点坐标20/80较远,说明紫茎泽兰群落处于不稳定状态。结论:紫茎泽兰入侵使四川省凉山州原有植物群落处于相对不稳定状态,种间会出现一定程度的分离,以降低竞争强度,从而逐步趋于稳定。该结论可为及早预测和评估紫茎泽兰入侵程度提供一定参考。     

Native range climate is insufficient to predict anuran invasive potential

Niche conservatism explains biological invasions worldwide. However, a plethora of ecological processes may lead invasive species to occupy environments that are different from those found within native ranges. Here, we assess the potential invadable areas of  the world’s most pervasive invasive amphibians: the cane toad, Rhinella marina?+?R. horribilis, and the North American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus. The uncontrolled spread of such voracious, large-bodied, and disease-tolerant anurans has been documented to impact native faunas worldwide. To disentangle their invasion-related niche dynamics, we compared the predictive ability and distributional forecasts of ecological niche models calibrated with information from native, invaded and pooled (native?+?invaded) ranges. We found that including occurrences from invaded ranges improved model accuracy for both studied species. Non-native occurrences also accounted for 54% and 61% increase in the total area of potential distribution of the cane toad and bullfrog, respectively. Besides, the latter species occupied locations with climatic conditions that are more extreme than those found within its native range. Our results indicate that the occupancy of environments different from those found in native ranges increases the overall potential distribution of the studied invasive anuran species. Therefore, climate information on native ranges alone is insufficient to explain and anticipate the distributional patterns of invasion of cane toads and bullfrogs, underestimating predictions of potential invadable distribution. Moreover, such an observed expansion of realized niches towards occupancy of climates not found within native ranges also has clear implications for invasion risk assessments based on climate modelling worldwide.

     

Ecological Niche Transferability Using Invasive Species as a Case Study

Species distribution modeling is widely applied to predict invasive species distributions and species range shifts under climate change. Accurate predictions depend upon meeting the assumption that ecological niches are conserved, i.e., spatially or temporally transferable. Here we present a multi-taxon comparative analysis of niche conservatism using biological invasion events well documented in natural history museum collections. Our goal is to assess spatial transferability of the climatic niche of a range of noxious terrestrial invasive species using two complementary approaches. First we compare species’ native versus invasive ranges in environmental space using two distinct methods, Principal Components Analysis and Mahalanobis distance. Second we compare species’ native versus invaded ranges in geographic space as estimated using the species distribution modeling technique Maxent and the comparative index Hellinger’s I. We find that species exhibit a range of responses, from almost complete transferability, in which the invaded niches completely overlap with the native niches, to a complete dissociation between native and invaded ranges. Intermediate responses included expansion of dimension attributable to either temperature or precipitation derived variables, as well as niche expansion in multiple dimensions. We conclude that the ecological niche in the native range is generally a poor predictor of invaded range and, by analogy, the ecological niche may be a poor predictor of range shifts under climate change. We suggest that assessing dimensions of niche transferability prior to standard species distribution modeling may improve the understanding of species’ dynamics in the invaded range.     

Climate niche shift in invasive species: the case of the brown anole

Anolis sagrei, a Cuba and Bahama native lizard, is a successful invader in Florida and adjacent areas. Herein, we focus on conservatism in its climate niche axes and possible congruencies with its natural history properties. The not mutually exclusive hypotheses of the present study explaining its northern range limit are: (1) climatic conditions within species' native and invasive ranges are identical; (2) the species is pre‐adapted to novel conditions as a result of historical climate variations; and (3) only some niche axes limit the species' invasive distribution and the observed pattern is explained by an interplay between the potential niche within its native range and life‐history. Species distribution models for native and invasive distributions were built on ten bioclimatic variables. Using Schoener's niche overlap index, the degree of niche conservatism among variables was identified. Significances of hypothesis (1) were tested using null‐model approaches. Possible climatic pre‐adaptations were evaluated by comparing its actual tolerance within its invasive range with that of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) within its native range (hypothesis 2). Results of (1) and (2) are discussed in relation to natural history, approaching hypothesis 3. We detect varying overlaps in niche axes, indicating that natural history properties are associated with conservative niche axes. Climatic comparisons with LGM of native and current conditions of invasive range suggest that pre‐adaptations are unlikely. Possible shifts in the fundamental niche of the species may have been facilitated by enhanced genetic diversity in northern invasive populations. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104 , 943–954.     

Evidence of the niche expansion of crofton weed following invasion in China

Niche dynamics of invasive alien plants (IAPs) play pivotal roles in biological invasion. Ageratina adenophora—one of the most aggressive IAPs in China and some parts of the world—poses severe ecological and socioeconomic threats. However, the spatiotemporal niche dynamics of A. adenophora in China remain unknown, which we aimed to elucidate in the present study. China, Mexico; using a unifying framework, we reconstructed the climate niche dynamics of A. adenophora and applied the optimal MaxEnt model to predict its potential geographical distribution in China. Furthermore, we compared the heterogeneity of A. adenophora niche between Mexico (native) and China (invasive). We observed a low niche overlap between Mexico (native) and China (invasive). Specifically, the niche of A. adenophora in China has distinctly expanded compared to that in Mexico, enhancing the invasion risk of this IAP in the former country. In fact, the climatic niche of A. adenophora in Mexico is a subset of that in China. The potential geographical distribution of A. adenophora is concentrated in the tropical and subtropical zones of Southwest China, and its geographical distribution pattern in China is shaped by the combination of precipitation and temperature variables. The niche dynamics of A. adenophora follow the hypothesis of niche shift and conservatism. The present work provides a unifying framework for studies on the niche dynamics of other IAPs worldwide.     

应用生态位模型研究外来入侵物种生态位漂移

由于基础生态位和实际生态位的改变,外来入侵物种在入侵地成功定殖、扩散后常会发生生态位漂移,而物种生态位漂移往往很难直接证明。生态位模型在假设入侵物种的生态位需求保守的前提下,以物种在其原产地的生态位需求为基础,预测其在入侵地的潜在分布,通过比较预测分布与实际分布的差异可以从一定程度上得到外来入侵物种的生态位是否发生漂移的间接证据。以我国入侵杂草胜红蓟在原产地的生态位需求为基础,应用生态位模型预测其在其他地区的潜在分布。研究结果表明,生态位模型可以很好地预测胜红蓟在亚太平洋地区和非洲地区的分布,但在我国,其预测分布与实际分布存在较大差别。胜红蓟在我国预测分布主要为云南、海南、台湾部分地区,而胜红蓟入侵我国后现已广泛分布于长江以南地区,其实际分布比预测分布广泛得多,由此推测胜红蓟在入侵我国后其生态位已经产生了漂移。     

Predicting the spread of an invasive plant: combining experiments and ecological niche model

Rapid evolutionary adjustments to novel environments may contribute to the successful spread of invasive species, and can lead to niche shifts making range dynamics unpredictable. These effects might be intensified by artificial selection in the course of breeding efforts, since many successful plant invaders were deliberately introduced and cultivated as ornamentals. We hypothesized that the invasion success of Buddleja davidii, the ornamental butterfly bush, is facilitated by local adaptation to minimum temperatures and thus, exhibits unpredictable range dynamics. To assess the potential effects of adaptive evolution and artificial selection on the spread of B. davidii, we combined a common garden experiment investigating local adaptation to frost, with ecological niche modelling of the species’ native and invasive ranges. We expected that populations naturalized in sub‐continental climate are less susceptible to frost than populations from oceanic climate, and that the invasive range does not match predictions based on climatic data from the native range. Indeed, we revealed significant variation among invasive B. davidii populations in frost resistance. However, frost hardiness was not related to geographic location or climatic variables of the populations’ home site, suggesting that invasive B. davidii populations are not locally adapted to minimum temperatures. This is in line with results of our ecological niche model that did not detect a niche shift between the species’ native range in China, and its invasive range in Europe and North America. Furthermore, our niche model showed that the potential invasive range of B. davidii is still not completely occupied. Together with the frost resistance data obtained in our experiment, the results indicate that climatic conditions are currently not limiting the further spread of the species in Europe and North America.     

Global realized niche divergence in the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis

Although of crucial importance for invasion biology and impact assessments of climate change, it remains widely unknown how species cope with and adapt to environmental conditions beyond their currently realized climatic niches (i.e., those climatic conditions existing populations are exposed to). The African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, native to southern Africa, has established numerous invasive populations on multiple continents making it a pertinent model organism to study environmental niche dynamics. In this study, we assess whether the realized niches of the invasive populations in Europe, South, and North America represent subsets of the species’ realized niche in its native distributional range or if niche shifts are traceable. If shifts are traceable, we ask whether the realized niches of invasive populations still contain signatures of the niche of source populations what could indicate local adaptations. Univariate comparisons among bioclimatic conditions at native and invaded ranges revealed the invasive populations to be nested within the variable range of the native population. However, at the same time, invasive populations are well differentiated in multidimensional niche space as quantified via n‐dimensional hypervolumes. The most deviant invasive population are those from Europe. Our results suggest varying degrees of realized niche shifts, which are mainly driven by temperature related variables. The crosswise projection of the hypervolumes that were trained in invaded ranges revealed the south‐western Cape region as likely area of origin for all invasive populations, which is largely congruent with DNA sequence data and suggests a gradual exploration of novel climate space in invasive populations.     

Niche Conservatism and the Future Potential Range of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the current distribution of suitable niches for the invasive orchid species, Epipactis helleborine, and to estimate the possibility of its further expansion. Moreover, niche modeling tools were used to explain its rapid expansion in North America and to test the niche conservatism of the species. The maximum entropy method was used to create models of the suitable niche distribution. A database of E. helleborine localities was prepared based on the examination of herbarium specimens, information from electronic databases as well as data gathered during field works. The differences between the niches occupied by native and invasive populations were evaluated using the niche overlap and niche identity test indexes. Moreover, the coverage of the most suitable habitats for the species was measured for three future scenarios as well as for the present time model. Populations of E. helleborine occupy North American west coast habitats very similar to those preferred by native, Eurasian populations, while the expansion in the east coast is related to the niche shift. The created models of suitable niche distribution indicate that the species does not realize its potential niche in the native range. The total surface of the habitats potentially available for E. helleborine will decrease in all climate change scenarios created for 2080.     

洲际入侵植物生态位稳定性研究进展

人类活动引起的大规模洲际物种交换与生物入侵, 改变了当地生态系统结构与功能, 使生物多样性受到日益严重的威胁。本文通过综合分析主要国家和地区入侵植物的地理起源, 发现洲际入侵主要包括东亚—北美、东亚—南美、欧洲—南非、欧洲—北美、欧洲—东亚、北美—大洋洲等, 这些洲际入侵造成的后果往往比陆内入侵更为严重。利用物种分布模型(SDMs)预测入侵物种潜在分布范围是有效管理和提早预防生物入侵的重要依据, 但这些模型的一个关键假定是: 入侵物种的生态位在空间和时间上是保守的、稳定的。然而, 对于远离原产地种群并能快速适应新生境的洲际入侵植物来说, 生态位可能发生显著的变化。入侵种能否在入侵地保持原有的生态位, 取决于制约其生态分布的限制因素和生态过程在不同地区间是否发生变化。本文中作者总结了洲际入侵与陆内入侵的生态与进化过程的异同点, 认为这些限制物种原产地分布的因素如扩散限制、种间互作、适应性进化、生态可塑性和种群遗传特性等均可能导致入侵物种生态位的改变。建议下一步的研究应该重视: (1)对生态位属性进行多尺度的研究, 包括时间、空间、环境或系统发育等几个方面; (2)对比生态位稳定与发生偏移的物种特性, 确定什么样的入侵物种更容易改变原有的生态位; (3)进行生态位时间动态格局研究, 探讨生态位变化的倾向、历史速率和偏移程度, 以便判定生态位变化趋势。这些研究结果将会进一步提高物种分布模型的预测能力, 有助于更为准确地揭示气候变化和物种入侵对生物多样性的影响。     

Evidence of climatic niche shift during biological invasion

Niche-based models calibrated in the native range by relating species observations to climatic variables are commonly used to predict the potential spatial extent of species' invasion. This climate matching approach relies on the assumption that invasive species conserve their climatic niche in the invaded ranges. We test this assumption by analysing the climatic niche spaces of Spotted Knapweed in western North America and Europe. We show with robust cross-continental data that a shift of the observed climatic niche occurred between native and non-native ranges, providing the first empirical evidence that an invasive species can occupy climatically distinct niche spaces following its introduction into a new area. The models fail to predict the current invaded distribution, but correctly predict areas of introduction. Climate matching is thus a useful approach to identify areas at risk of introduction and establishment of newly or not-yet-introduced neophytes, but may not predict the full extent of invasions.