三峡重庆库区不同鸟类群落的物种组成及多样性研究

1996～1997年,对三峡工程重庆库区的鸟类群落物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共调查记录库区鸟类15目48科226种,数量18929只。用鸟类数量级划分、Sorensen相似性指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分析库区各种生境鸟类群落物组成和物种多样性结果表明：1）库区天然林、人工林、灌草丛和水域生境中鸟类群落的组成与农田生境具有较高的相似性,尤以人工林和农田的相似性最高;2）库区人工林生境鸟类群落物种多样性最高;3）库区由于长期以来人类活动的影响,生境日趋单一,已逐渐形成一种以农田灌丛鸟类为主的鸟类生态系统。     

邢台市及郊区鸟类区系组成及多样性

2003年3月~2005年7月对邢台市鸟类区系组成及多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类166种,隶属15目42科。本文重点探讨了不同生境、不同季节鸟类群落的种类、多样性、均匀度、相似性等群落特征。结果表明,鸟类种数由多至少依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数由大到小依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。比较这5种生境之间的相似性得出,公共绿地生境鸟类群落与建筑区生境鸟类群落、林地生境鸟类群落相似,相似性达到60%以上,而河流水域生境鸟类群落与其他生境鸟类群落有极明显的差异。     

四川老君山自然保护区不同生境鸟类多样性研究

2006年4~5月采用"点样带法"(point transects)对四川老君山自然保护区的鸟类物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共记录到85种鸟类,分属7目22科。其中,国家级保护鸟类5种,我国特有种13种,优势种4种。把调查区域划分为3种生境:原始林、次生林和人工林,并对各生境鸟类群落的鸟类数量级、鸟类群落的物种多样性、鸟类群落间的相似性进行了比较分析,其结果表明:1)国家级保护鸟类在原始林中最多,次生林中最少;我国特有种则是次生林中最多,人工林中最少。2)鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数原始林最高,人工林最低。3)原始林和次生林之间的B ray-Curtis相似性指数最高,原始林和人工林之间相似性指数最低。     

广西山口红树林保护区海陆交错带夏季鸟类多样性调查

2011年6～8月采用样带法对山口地区海陆交错带的5种生境的鸟类多样性及群落相似性进行了研究,共记录到夏季鸟类31种,隶属于9目20科。在5种生境的鸟类群落中,红树林生境的鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener指数最高,农田生境的均匀度指数最高,农田生境和红树林生境的鸟类群落相似性指数最高,为0.759,桉树林生境和农田生境的相似性指数最低,为0.240。同时还对海陆交错带不同生境鸟类群落的多样性和相似性方面的问题进行了讨论。     

内蒙古乌兰察布地区鸟类区系组成及生态分布

2012年10月至2013年12月对内蒙古乌兰察布地区的鸟类区系及生态分布进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类215种,隶属于17目48科。其中留鸟42种,夏候鸟101种,旅鸟67种,冬候鸟5种;繁殖鸟143种,构成区系的主体。繁殖鸟中古北界种类有118种,占繁殖鸟总数的82.5%,鸟类区系具有典型的古北界特征。国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类有5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类有28种。依据地形地貌和植被类型,将该地区划分为湿地、林地、草地、农田、居民区5种生境,其中,湿地鸟类丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,居民区鸟类丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数最低;优势度指数在居民区最高,在湿地生境中最低。从不同生境鸟类群落间β多样性的变化看,湿地与林地之间物种更替变化最大,群落相似性小;农田与居民区物种更替变化小,群落相似性大,与聚类分析的结果相一致。对该地区不同生境鸟类群落结构及其之间的关系进行了分析,探讨鸟类对栖息环境的选择以及鸟类与环境的关系。     

二滩水电站建成前后库区流域鸟类多样性初步研究

对二滩水库库区的鸟类进行野外调查,发现在水库建成前后的鸟类都是187种,但其种类组成不同,相同种类129种,占观察到的种类的68．98％,同时 发现四川省鸟类新纪录12种,对建成前后的鸟类相对数量和多样性进行对比分析后,发现在水库建成后,云南松林区,常绿阔叶林区和针阔叶混交林区3种生境的鸟为相对数量和物种多样性较建成前增高,均匀度变化不明显,农田耕作区的鸟类物种多样性和均匀度都降低;水库建成后,整个系统的鸟类β多样性略有下降,水域与其它生境的鸟类相似性很低,建成后农田耕作区与其它生境间的鸟类相似性比建成前有所降低,云南松林与另两种森林生境间的鸟类相似性变化不大,常绿阔叶林区和针阔叶混交林区的鸟类相似性增高,导致鸟类多样性变化的一个原因是生境复杂性降低。     

湖北沙湖冬季鸟类群落特征

2006年12月—2007年1月采用样线法对湖北沙湖自然保护区鸟类进行了调查,按照生境特征分为芦苇、草甸、农田、水域4个鸟类群落。共记录到鸟类76种,隶属12目28科,占湖北省鸟类种数456种的16.67%。其中,国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级保护鸟类各1种和10种;濒危物种1种,易危物种2种,稀有物种1种。鸟类群落总体α多样性指数(H′)为2.37,均匀性指数(J)为0.55,优势度(C)为0.17,4个鸟类群落的H′、J和C值分别为：1.67～2.44、0.50～0.86、0.11～0.26。β多样性指数分析表明：农田-草甸的鸟类群落相似性指数(S_i)最高,为0.74,农田-水域的相似性指数最低,为0.40;Bray-Curtis指数(C_N)最高值是芦苇-草甸的鸟类群落,为0.00640,最低值是水域-农田,为0.00022。生境间异质性和人为活动是影响沙湖冬季鸟类群落特征的主要因素。     

河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区不同生境鸟类多样性分析

2006年9月～2007年8月,对河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类进行野外调查,结合文献共统计鸟类16目53科247种.对山地、滩地、水域、人工林4种生境鸟类物种数、鸟类数量等级、多样性、鸟类群落间相似性进行了分析.滩地鸟类物种数及G指数(属的多样性)和F指数(科的多样性)值均最高.山地和人工林鸟类组成有相似性.     

新疆阜康荒漠区不同生境鸟类群落的季节变化

从2009年3月—2010年2月,在新疆准噶尔盆地阜康荒漠区采用样线法对比研究自然和人工生境鸟类群落的季节变化。共调查到鸟类147种,隶属17目、38科、90属,其中,夏候鸟占总数量的49.8%、留鸟31.1%、过境鸟(旅鸟)13.2%、冬候鸟5.9%,表明研究区主栖夏候鸟。留鸟占总物种数的13.9%,在各类生境中均有分布,相对于其他居留型的鸟类,留鸟更可能成为该生境的优势种;湖泊拥有最高的鸟类α多样性指数(4.861)和物种数(106种),是荒漠区夏候鸟栖息或停歇的重要场所;以Morisita相似性指数0.5为界,将不同生境分为湖泊、荒漠和农田3大类,前二者属于自然生境,其季节周转率以春夏季最高,之后持续下降;农田吸引了68.5%的冬候鸟个体,其季节周转率以春夏季最低(0.934),夏秋季最高(1.154)。沙枣林带的保留和种植对提高阜康荒漠区农田冬候鸟多样性至关重要。     

宁夏罗山国家级自然保护区鸟类区系特征及群落结构

自2010年10月至2011年12月对宁夏罗山国家级保护区鸟类区系及群落结构进行了调查研究,共记录到鸟类15目46科98属164种,占宁夏已知鸟类总种数的48.81%。其中留鸟51种(31.10%),夏候鸟68种(41.64%),旅鸟38种(23.17%),冬候鸟7种(4.27%)。繁殖鸟119种,其中以古北界鸟类占优势,有88种,占繁殖鸟总数的73.95%;东洋界种15种,占12.61%;广布种鸟类16种,占13.45%。研究发现不同季节、不同生境中的鸟类群落特征差异较大。林地鸟类物种数和多样性指数最高,水域鸟类具有最高的G-F指数。相似性分析显示,山地荒漠草地和废弃村庄的鸟类群落,林地和浅山灌丛鸟类群落,分别具有一定的相似性。春季鸟类群落物种数、G-F指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数最高。     

北京师范大学校园秋季鸟类环志报告

2001年9月3日至11月10日,在北京师范大学生物园经过51d的工作,共网捕环志鸟类2目10科28种165只。其中留鸟4种,占总数的14．29％;旅鸟18种,占总数的64．29％;夏候鸟4种,占总数的14．29%;冬候鸟2种,占总数的7．15％。通过网捕环志技术,并结合春季同一地区的环志结果,分析了迁徙季节本地区鸟类群落的组成,以及群落随时间、季节的变化情况。     

Diversity of understory birds in old stands of native and Eucalyptus plantations

We compared the vegetation structure between old (>70 year) stands of planted diversified native forests and stands of Eucalyptus tereticornis embedded in a mosaic of Eucalyptus stands. We then tested for differences in the abundance, species richness, species composition, and ecological traits (forest dependence, sensitivity to forest fragmentation, and diet) of the understory bird assemblages inhabiting both kinds of stands. We expected differences in the structure of the bird assemblages because of the different origins and management strategies (contrary to native stands, Eucalyptus stands were selectively logged in the past). Three stands of each habitat (native and Eucalyptus) were sampled with mist nets during 11 months. Eucalyptus stands had a denser understory, whereas native plantations had a more developed vertical structure and a greater density of native trees. The abundance distribution of bird species was more homogeneous in Eucalyptus than in native stands. Eucalyptus had slightly higher species richness (36 species) than native stands (32 species). The composition of species and the occurrence of the diet, forest dependence, and sensitivity to forest fragmentation categories were similar between habitats. Some bird species (e.g. Turdus leucomelas), however, were more abundant in one habitat over the other. Old stands of Eucalyptus and planted native forest can harbor a diverse bird community similar in structure but not exactly equivalent for individual bird species. Planting native diversified forests and keeping set‐aside stands of the exotic tree should be viewed as complementary rather than alternative strategies for maintaining bird diversity within plantations.     

广东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区鸟类资源调查

于2008年1月～2010年12月对广东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类151种,隶属于45科16目。其中非雀形目鸟类74种(占49.01%),雀形目77种(50.99%);94种属东洋界种类(62.25%),42种属古北界种类(27.81%),15种属广布种(9.93%);留鸟88种(58.28%)、冬候鸟44种(29.14%)、夏候鸟15种(9.93%)、旅鸟和迷鸟4种(2.65%);国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类22种(14.57%)。该保护区鸟类特色是中华秋沙鸭种群数量较大,猛禽资源和水鸟资源较丰富。     

Climate change leads to decreasing bird migration distances

Global climate change has led to warmer winters in NW Europe, shortening the distance between suitable overwintering areas and the breeding areas of many bird species. Here we show that winter recovery distances have decreased over the past seven decades, for birds ringed during the breeding season in the Netherlands between 1932 and 2004. Of the 24 species included in the analysis, we found in 12 a significant decrease of the distance to the wintering site. Species from dry, open areas shortened their distance the most, species from wet, open areas the least, while woodland species fall in between the other two habitats. The decline in migration distance is likely due to climate change, as migration distances are negatively correlated with the Dutch temperatures in the winter of recovery. With a shorter migration distance, species should be better able to predict the onset of spring at their breeding sites and this could explain the stronger advancement of arrival date found in several short distance species relative to long-distance migrants.     

云南巍山鸟道雄关2003年度鸟类环志研究简报

2003年9月17日至10月22日,在云南省巍山县鸟道雄关开展了秋季鸟类环志研究工作,累计环志鸟类5603只,计103种,分别隶属于10目20科。     

广东顺德生态乐园夏季鸟类资源和保护

报道了顺德生态乐园夏季鸟类资源的调查 ,记录了该乐园鸟类有 55种 ,隶属 6目2 0科 ,其中属国家二级重点保护鸟类 9种。对鸟类的生态作用、种类和组成作了讨论 ,并提出了保护鸟类的重要性和保护措施。     

The role of landscape in shaping bird community and implications for landscape management at Nanjing Lukou International Airport

Understanding the patterns of bird diversity and its driving force is necessary for bird strike prevention. In this study, we investigated the effects of landscape on phylogenetic and functional diversity of bird communities at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NLIA). Bird identifications and counting of individuals were carried out from November 2017 to October 2019. Based on the land-cover data, the landscape was divided into four main types, including farmlands, woodlands, wetlands, and urban areas. Bird phylogenetic and functional diversity were strongly affected by landscape matrix types. Species richness and Faith's phylogenetic distance were highest in woodlands, while mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest-taxon distance (MNTD), and functional dispersion (FDis) were highest in wetlands. Based on the feeding behavior, carnivorous birds had the lowest species richness but had the highest FDis, which implied that carnivorous birds occupied most niches at the NLIA. Moreover, bird assemblages exhibited phylogenetic and functional clustering in the four kinds of landscapes. A variety of landscape attributes had significant effects on species diversity, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Landscape-scale factors played an important role in the shaping of bird communities around NLIA. Our results suggest that landscape management surrounding airports can provide new approaches for policymakers to mitigate wildlife strikes.     

Mating success of the endemic Des Murs’ Wiretail (Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii,Furnariidae) in fragmented Chilean rainforests

Abstract: We studied the effects of fragment size, vegetation structure and presence of habitat corridors on the reproductive success of the Des Murs’ Wiretail (Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii Des Murs, Furnariidae), a small (10 g) understorey bird, endemic to South American forests. In a rural landscape of Chiloé Island, southern Chile (42°S; 70°W), we determined the mating and nesting success of wiretails in 28 territories distributed in seven small (1–20 ha) and two large (>300 ha) forest fragments during the 1997–1998 breeding season. Wiretails inhabited dense bamboo thickets in the understorey of forest patches, dense shrublands covering old fields, and dense early successional forest vegetation. Wiretails avoided open pastures. Reproductive success depended solely on the probability of finding mates, and the main factor affecting mating success was the presence of corridors. Mated individuals occupied 72% of the territories in forest patches <20 ha connected by corridors, 73% of the territories in large (>300 ha) fragments, but only 20% of territories in isolated fragments surrounded by pastures. Because of the rapid expansion of pastures in southern Chile, the conservation of wiretails and other understorey birds will depend on the maintenance of travel corridors with dense understorey vegetation between forest fragments.     

Aeroecology meets aviation safety: early warning systems in Europe and the Middle East prevent collisions between birds and aircraft

The aerosphere is utilized by billions of birds, moving for different reasons and from short to great distances spanning tens of thousands of kilometres. The aerosphere, however, is also utilized by aviation which leads to increasing conflicts in and around airfields as well as en‐route. Collisions between birds and aircraft cost billions of euros annually and, in some cases, result in the loss of human lives. Simultaneously, aviation has diverse negative impacts on wildlife. During avian migration, due to the sheer numbers of birds in the air, the risk of bird strikes becomes particularly acute for low‐flying aircraft, especially during military training flights. Over the last few decades, air forces across Europe and the Middle East have been developing solutions that integrate ecological research and aviation policy to reduce mutual negative interactions between birds and aircraft. In this paper we 1) provide a brief overview of the systems currently used in military aviation to monitor bird migration movements in the aerosphere, 2) provide a brief overview of the impact of bird strikes on military low‐level operations, and 3) estimate the effectiveness of migration monitoring systems in bird strike avoidance. We compare systems from the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Israel, which are all areas that Palearctic migrants cross twice a year in huge numbers. We show that the en‐route bird strikes have decreased considerably in countries where avoidance systems have been implemented, and that consequently bird strikes are on average 45% less frequent in countries with implemented avoidance systems in place. We conclude by showing the roles of operational weather radar networks, forecast models and international and interdisciplinary collaboration to create safer skies for aviation and birds.     

城市公园植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的影响

城市公共绿地是城市生态系统中重要的鸟类栖息地,其植被特征对鸟类集团存在显著影响。在通过分析植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的作用,从而为公园合理配置植被来提高其作为野生动物栖息地的生态服务功能提供理论基础。2009年10月至2011年10月,采用样线法对上海滨江森林公园进行鸟类调查,利用主成分分析划分鸟类集团,用高度定义植被层次,用卡方检验分析鸟类行为在植被层次上的差异。结果表明,滨江森林公园陆生鸟类群落在乔木层的栖息行为和运动行为频次显著多于其在灌木层和地被层的行为频次,在地被层的取食行为频次显著多于其在乔木层和灌木层的行为频次。陆生鸟类可划分为8个鸟类集团,鸟类集团之间存在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位的重叠。食虫拾取集团、杂食拾取集团、食肉飞取集团和植食拾取集团在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位上均存在较高的重叠度,其通过食性分离各自空间生态位。食虫探取集团和食虫飞取集团互为栖息空间生态位重叠度最高集团,其通过取食方式的不同来实现生态位的分离。根据公园植被特征对鸟类集团的影响结果对上海市公园绿地植被配置提出了建议。