木聚糖酶XYNB的N46D突变、表达及酶学性质变化

对来源于Streptomyces olivaceoviridis的高比活木聚糖酶XYNB进行同源建模和同源序列比较,发现第11族木聚糖酶的催化结构域在β折叠股A3和B3之间存的一个保守的氨基酸位点,该位点与木聚糖酶的pH特性有关.据此设计了XYNB的N46D定点突变.将突变酶XYNBN46D在毕赤酵母中表达,表达的XYNBN46D经纯化后与原酶XYNB(同样经毕赤酵母表达后纯化)进行酶学性质比较,结果表明, XYNBN46D的最适pH值由5.2下降到4.2,pH稳定性也向酸性pH偏移,同时,热稳定性和最适温度也有一定的提高, 但酶的比活性显著下降.结果证实,木聚糖酶XYNB的第46位Asn与其最适pH值相关.对导致酶学性质改变的可能因素进行了分析,结果为进一步的结构与功能研究提供了资料.     

N13D、S40E点突变提高木聚糖酶XYNB的热稳定性

对来源于Streptomyces olivaceoviridis的高比活木聚糖酶XYNB进行同源建模和序列比较,设计了N13D、S40E的定点突变,以期改善中温酶XYNB的热稳定性。突变酶N13D、S40E分别在毕赤酵母中表达,经纯化后与野生型酶XYNB(同样经毕赤酵母表达后纯化)进行酶学性质比较,结果表明,突变酶N13D和S40E在70℃处理5min,热稳定性比XYNB分别提高了24.76%和14.46%;突变酶N13D的比活性比XYNB提高了22%。在其他性质方面突变酶N13D、S40E与野生型酶XYNB基本相似。通过对木聚糖酶XYNB的定点突变,提高了该酶的热稳定性,并为结构与功能的进一步研究提供了材料。     

植酸酶phyAm基因结构延伸突变改善酶的热稳定性

将来源于黑曲霉N25的植酸酶基因phyA^m重组于大肠杆菌表达载体pET30b(+),以重组表达载体pET30b-F-phyA^m为模板经PCR扩增获得结构延伸突变植酸酶基因phyA^e（在植酸酶基因C端增加了来源于pET-30b-F-phyA^m载体上13氨基酸残基）。含突变基因的重组表达载体pPIC9k-phyA^e在GS115酵母中表达。纯化的突变酶PP-NP-e与野生型酶PP-NP-m8相比：PP-NPAe的最适反应温度上升了3℃,75℃处理10min,热稳定性提高21%,比活力略有提高。最适反应pH为5.6,有效pH范围pH4.6到pH6.6。比未突变酶扩大了0.4单位。     

来源于橄榄绿链霉菌A1的高比活木聚糖酶XYNB的高效表达及性质的比较分析

高效表达高比活木聚糖酶是进一步提高木聚糖酶发酵效价、降低其生产成本的有效途径。将橄榄绿链霉菌(Streptomyces olivaceoviridis) A1的高比活木聚糖酶成熟蛋白编码基因xynB克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9中,转化毕赤酵母得到重组酵母,在重组酵母中木聚糖酶基因得到了高效分泌表达,且表达产物具有生物学活性。在3L发酵罐中蛋白表达量约14mg/mL, 酶活性(效价)为1200IU/mL。SDSPAGE分析表明,表达的木聚糖酶XYNBa为糖基化蛋白, 分子量为31kD, 经脱糖基化处理得到21kD 的XYNBb, 与橄榄绿链霉菌A1所产原酶XYNB大小一致。通过对XYNB、XYNBa及XYNBb酶学性质的比较发现：三者在比活性、Vmax及热稳定性方面有较大差异。该酶对不同木聚糖的酶解产物的糖份分析表明：酶解产物的主要成分为木二糖、木三糖和木四糖,占总糖含量的95%以上。     

通过N端替换提高木聚糖酶的热稳定性

以来源于Thermomonospora fusca的耐高温木聚糖酶TfxA和来源于Streptomycesolivaceoviridis的高比活木聚糖酶XYNB为亲本,构建出耐热高比活融合木聚糖酶TB,将TB在大肠杆菌BL21和毕赤酵母GS115中进行表达并对表达产物的酶学性质进行分析比较。分析表明,融合蛋白TB最适pH值为6.0,最适温度为70℃,较XYNB有大幅度的提高;在热稳定性方面,TB明显优于XYNB,将两种稀释好的酶液分别在80℃和90℃下热处理3min,TB的热稳定性较XYNB提高了6倍左右;TB的pH稳定性为5～9(相对剩余活性在50%以上的pH范围),较XYNB有所下降,但两者的比活性基本不变,保持了亲本XYNB的高比活性。通过同源建模和序列比较,分析了可能影响融合蛋白TB酶学性质的因素,为进一步研究木聚糖酶的结构与功能提供了新的思路。     

来源于酸热脂环酸杆菌的嗜酸性α-淀粉酶的表达研究

从嗜酸耐热的酸热脂环酸杆菌Alicyclobacillusacidocaldarius中克隆到α_淀粉酶的基因 (amy) ,该基因全长 390 3bp ,编码130 1个氨基酸 ,理论分子量约 140kD。将基因amy分别克隆到大肠杆菌E .coli表达载体pET-2.2b(+)和毕赤酵母P .pastoris表达载体pPIC9α ,并在大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母中得到了表达 ,表达产物具有淀粉酶的活性。对酵母中表达的酶蛋白AMY进行了纯化 ,并初步研究了它的酶学性质 ,它的作用最适pH3.2 ,在pH 2.5～4.6范围内 ,酶活性保留 50%以上 ,它的最适温度65℃ ,在 70℃下处理 30min ,酶活性维持50%以上 ,基本保留了天然酶蛋白的耐热性和嗜酸性。位于基因amy内部 +1174～+3288bp的基因片段amy′全长 2115bp ,编码705个氨基酸 ,在E .coli表达后依然具有淀粉酶的活性。     

木聚糖酶Xyn Ⅱ的D37N突变、表达及酶学性质变化

对来源于宇佐美曲霉(Aspergillus usamii)E001的木聚糖酶Xyn Ⅱ进行同源建模和序列比较,发现第11族木聚糖酶的催化结构域在β折叠股A3和B3之间存在一个保守的氨基酸位点,该位点与木聚糖酶的pH特性有关,据此设计了Xyn Ⅱ的D37N定点突变.酵母表达的Xyn ⅡD37N 经纯化后与原酶Xyn Ⅱ(同样经毕赤酵母表达后纯化)进行酶学性质比较,结果表明,Xyn ⅡD37N 的最适pH由4.2升高到5.3,pH稳定范围由3.0～7.5缩减为3.0～5.5,但最适温度和热稳定性基本保持不变.结果证实,木聚糖酶Xyn Ⅱ的第37位Asp与最适pH相关,为进一步的结构与功能研究提供了理论基础.     

运用定点突变提高重组木聚糖酶在毕赤氏酵母中的表达

运用PCR介导的定点突变对米曲霉(Aspergillus　oryzae)来源的木聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的重组表达进行了研究,获得一表达量远远高于亲本的突变株I156A,对其进行了提纯并研究其酶学特性,除热稳定性外其余与亲本基本一致。突变株I156A所产木聚糖酶XynFl的分子量为35kD,在pH 4～9范围内稳定,最适pH为70,最适温度为45℃,在50℃以下稳定性略高于亲本。     

定点突变提高里氏木霉木聚糖酶 (XYN II) 的稳定性

通过定点突变的方法,在来源于里氏木霉Trichderma reesei的木聚糖酶XYN II的N-末端两个β折叠片层间添加二硫键,以提高木聚糖酶的稳定性。原酶XYN-OU和突变酶XYN-HA12 (T2C、T28C和S156F) 分别在毕赤酵母中分泌表达,突变酶与原酶纯化后进行酶学性质比较。结果表明：突变酶最适反应温度由50℃提高到60℃;在70℃的半衰期由1 min提高到14 min;最适反应pH为5.0,与原酶保持一致,但是在50℃、30 min条件下的pH稳定范围由4.0~9.0扩展到3.0~10.0。对木聚糖酶分子改良的结果反映出在β片层间添加二硫键可以有效改善酶在较高温度下三维结构的刚性,提高热稳定性。     

链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceoviridis A1-木聚糖酶基因xynA在大肠杆菌及毕赤酵母中的高效表达

从橄榄绿链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceoviridis A1中克隆出木聚糖酶基因xynA,将带与不带原基因信号肽编码序列的xynA分别以正确的阅读框架克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET22b(+)上的pellB信号肽编码序列之后,得到2种构建的重组载体,在重组大肠杆菌中木聚糖酶得到了表达,表达产物具有生物活性。进一步将不带原基因信号肽编码序列的xynA插入到毕赤酵母转移载体pPIC9中,转化毕赤酵母得到重组子,在重组子中木聚糖酶基因得到了高效分泌表达,在摇床培养水平上的表达量达到200mg/L,且表达产物具有生物学活性。     

Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Thermostability of Xylanase XYNB from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus niger</Emphasis> 400264

Xylanase is one of the most important hemicellulases in industry. However, its low thermostability limits its applications. In this study, one thermostable xylanase-producing strain 400264 was obtained from screening 11 Aspergillus niger strains (producing thermotolerant xylanase), and the optimum temperature of crude xylanase extracted from it was 55°C. Original activity of the crude xylanase is 64% at 60°C and 55% at 85°C with an incubation time of 30 min, respectively. After the expression of recombinant xylanase gene (xynA/xynB), the XYNB (xylanase B) showed higher thermostability than XYNA (xylanase A). Recombinant enzyme XYNB retained 94% of its activity for 10 min at 85°C, while XYNA with no activity left. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to replace Ala33 of XYNB by Ser33 resulting 19% decrease in enzyme activity after incubating at 85°C for 30 min. It suggested that the Ala33 residue may have a certain effect on the thermophilic adaptation of xylanase.     

Introduction of a disulfide bridge enhances the thermostability of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces olivaceoviridis</Emphasis> xylanase mutant

Substitution of the N-terminus of Streptomyces olivaceoviridis xylanase XYNB to generate mutant TB has been previously shown to increase the thermostability of the enzyme. To further improve the stability of this mutant, we introduced a disulfide bridge (C109–C153) into the TB mutant, generating TS. To assess the effect of the disulfide bridge in the wild-type enzyme, the S109C-N153C mutation was also introduced into XYNB, resulting in XS. The mutants were expressed in Pichia pastoris, the recombinant enzymes were purified, and the effect of temperature and pH on enzymatic activity was characterized. Introduction of the disulfide bridge (C109–C153) into XYNB (XS variant) and TB (TS variant) increased the thermostability up to 2.8-fold and 12.4-fold, respectively, relative to XYNB, after incubation at 70°C, pH 6.0, for 20 min. In addition, a synergistic effect of the disulfide bridge and the N-terminus replacement was observed, which extended the half-life of XYNB from 3 to 150 min. Moreover, XS and TS displayed better resistance to acidic conditions compared with the respective enzymes that did not contain a disulfide bridge.     

Directed evolution of the thermostable xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus

The thermostability of the endo-beta-1,4-xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (xynA) was improved by directed evolution using error-prone PCR. Transformants expressing the variant xylanases were first selected on 0.4% Remazol Brilliant Blue-xylan and then exposed to 80 degrees C. Whereas the wild type XynA lost 90% activity after 10 min at 80 degrees C, five mutants displayed both higher stabilities and activities than XynA. Four mutants were subjected to further mutagenesis to improve the stability and activity of the xylanase. Subsequent screening revealed three mutants with enhanced thermostability. Mutant 2B7-10 retained 71% of its activity after treatment at 80 degrees C for 60 min and had a half-life of 215 min at 70 degrees C, which is higher than that attained by XynA. Sequence analysis of second generation mutants revealed that mutations were not concentrated in any particular region of the protein and exhibited much variation. The best mutant obtained from this study was variant 2B7-10, which had a single substitution (Y58F) in beta-sheet A of the protein, which is the hydrophilic, solvent-accessible outer surface of the enzyme. Most of the mutants obtained in this study displayed a compromise between stability and activity, the only exception being mutant 2B7-10. This variant showed increased activity and thermostability.     

Probing the structural basis for the difference in thermostability displayed by family 10 xylanases

Thermostability is an important property of industrially significant hydrolytic enzymes: understanding the structural basis for this attribute will underpin the future biotechnological exploitation of these biocatalysts. The Cellvibrio family 10 (GH10) xylanases display considerable sequence identity but exhibit significant differences in thermostability; thus, these enzymes represent excellent models to examine the structural basis for the variation in stability displayed by these glycoside hydrolases. Here, we have subjected the intracellular Cellvibrio mixtus xylanase CmXyn10B to forced protein evolution. Error-prone PCR and selection identified a double mutant, A334V/G348D, which confers an increase in thermostability. The mutant has a Tm 8 degrees C higher than the wild-type enzyme and, at 55 degrees C, the first-order rate constant for thermal inactivation of A334V/G348D is 4.1 x 10(-4) min(-1), compared to a value of 1.6 x 10(-1) min(-1) for the wild-type enzyme. The introduction of the N to C-terminal disulphide bridge into A334V/G348D, which increases the thermostability of wild-type CmXyn10B, conferred a further approximately 2 degrees C increase in the Tm of the double mutant. The crystal structure of A334V/G348D showed that the introduction of Val334 fills a cavity within the hydrophobic core of the xylanase, increasing the number of van der Waals interactions with the surrounding aromatic residues, while O(delta1) of Asp348 makes an additional hydrogen bond with the amide of Gly344 and O(delta2) interacts with the arabinofuranose side-chain of the xylose moiety at the -2 subsite. To investigate the importance of xylan decorations in productive substrate binding, the activity of wild-type CmXyn10B, the mutant A334V/G348D, and several other GH10 xylanases against xylotriose and xylotriose containing an arabinofuranose side-chain (AX3) was assessed. The enzymes were more active against AX3 than xylotriose, providing evidence that the arabinose side-chain makes a generic contribution to substrate recognition by GH10 xylanases.     

Engineering of multiple arginines into the Ser/Thr surface of Trichoderma reesei endo-1,4-beta-xylanase II increases the thermotolerance and shifts the pH optimum towards alkaline pH

We studied the effects of increase in the number of surface arginines on the enzyme activity and stability of Trichoderma reesei endo-1,4-beta-xylanase II. The number of arginines was increased in two mutant series. The first set contained six arginines on different sides of the protein surface. These arginines had no significant effect on the thermostability. However, the optimal pH region became narrower. Another series of five arginines was engineered into the 'Ser/Thr surface', formed of part of the double-layered beta-sheet located on one side of the 'right-hand-like' xylanase. These mutations shifted the activity profile to the alkaline region by approximately 0.5-1.0 pH units. In addition, the arginines on the Ser/Thr surface increased the enzyme activity at high temperature, although the enzyme stability in the absence of substrate decreased significantly at 50-55 degrees C. In the presence of the substrate, the thermostability increased 4-5-fold at 60-65 degrees C. Thus, the substrate neutralized the destabilizing effect of Ser/Thr surface arginines and revealed a stabilizing effect of the same mutations. The stabilizing effect of arginines at high temperatures was seen clearly only when five arginines were introduced into the Ser/Thr surface.     

The inhibition specificity of recombinant Penicillium funiculosum xylanase B towards wheat proteinaceous inhibitors

The filamentous fungus Penicillium funiculosum produces a mixture of modular and non-modular xylanases belonging to different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families. In the present study, we heterologously expressed the cDNA encoding GH11 xylanase B (XYNB) and studied the enzymatic properties of the recombinant enzyme. Expression in Escherichia coli led to the partial purification of a glutathione fusion protein from the soluble fraction whereas the recombinant protein produced in Pichia pastoris was successfully purified using a one-step chromatography. Despite O-glycosylation heterogeneity, the purified enzyme efficiently degraded low viscosity xylan [K(m)=40+/-3 g l(-1), V(max)=16.1+/-0.8 micromol xylose min(-1) and k(cat)=5405+/-150 s(-1) at pH 4.2 and 45 degrees C] and medium viscosity xylan [K(m)=34.5+/-3.2 g l(-1), V(max)=14.9+/-1.0 micromol xylose min(-1)k(cat)=4966+/-333 s(-1) at pH 4.2 and 45 degrees C]. XYNB was further tested for its ability to interact with wheat xylanase inhibitors. The xylanase activity of XYNB produced in P. pastoris was strongly inhibited by both XIP-I and TAXI-I in a competitive manner, with a K(i) of 89.7+/-8.5 and 2.9+/-0.3 nM, respectively, whereas no inhibition was detected with TAXI-II. Physical interaction of both TAXI-I and XIP-I with XYNB was observed using titration curves across a pH range 3-9.     

Molecular characterization of xynX, a gene encoding a multidomain xylanase with a thermostabilizing domain from Clostridium thermocellum

A Clostridium thermocellum gene, xynX, coding for a xylanase was cloned and the complete nucleotide sequence was determined. The xylanase gene of Clostridium thermocellum consists of an ORF of 3261 nucleotide encoding a xylanase (XynX) of 1087 amino acid residues (116 kDa). Sequence analysis of XynX showed a multidomain structure that consisted of four different domains: an N-terminal thermostabilizing domain homologous to sequences found in several thermophilic enzymes, a catalytic domain homologous to family 10 glycosyl hydrolases, a duplicated cellulose-binding domain (CBD) homologous to family IX CBDs, and a triplicated S-layer homologous domain. A deletion mutant of xynX having only the catalytic region produced a mutant enzyme XynX-C which retained catalytic activity but lost thermostability. In terms of half-life at 70 °C, the thermostability of XynX-C was about six times lower than that of the other mutant enzyme, XynX-TC, produced by a mutant containing both the thermostabilizing domain and the catalytic domain. The optimum temperature of XynX-C was about 5–10 °C lower than that of XynX-TC. Received: 12 January 2000 / Received revision: 24 April 2000 / Accepted: 1 May 2000