连续可调式沉水植物网床对河道水质的修复

在太湖贡湖水源保护区陆域的一条长约200 m的污染河道内构建了一系列连续可调式沉水植物网床,形成了以菊花草、苦草、伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻和菹草等沉水植物构成的水生植物群落;跟踪监测了总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)等水质指标,分析沉水植物网床引导沉水植被恢复对污染河道的水质修复效果.结果表明:沉水植被网床构建后,水体透明度显著升高,由修复前的0.5m提高到1.7 ～1.8 m;在沉水植被网床构建后的第5天和第20天,TN和TP的削减率分别为35.6％、66.3％和29.4％、63.2％;5个月后,修复河道水体内NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--p和TP的浓度比对照组显著降低,削减率分别达到92.4％、76.8％、72.7％、73.9％、90.5％和92.0％.由连续可调式沉水植被网床引导恢复的水生植物群落可用于河道,特别是陆域浅水污染水体的生态修复.     

养殖密度对缢蛏养殖系统水质的影响

依据辽宁丹东东港地区的实验池塘中缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)实际放养密度,设置了0、30、60、90和120 ind·m-25个密度梯度,采用实验生态学方法室内模拟研究了放养密度对缢蛏单养系统水质的影响。结果表明:放养密度对溶解氧(DO)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、活性磷(PO43--P)及总磷(TP)含量的影响极显著(P0.01),对铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量的影响不显著(P0.05);其中,DO、NO3--N及NO2--N含量随缢蛏放养密度的增加而减小,PO43--P及TP含量随缢蛏放养密度的增加而增大;缢蛏放养密度相对较高的实验组(90和120 ind·m-2)明显促进了底泥沉积物中P的循环和再生,同时提高了水中营养物质N的利用率,有效控制NO2--N及NH4+-N等有害物质的含量;在实际养殖中可以按照90~120 ind·m-2的密度放养,并且加强对池塘水质的管理。     

太湖湖滨生态修复区大型底栖动物群落结构及梯度分布

2010—2011年对太湖贡湖湾湖滨带生态修复区滨岸挺水植物带(Ⅰ)、湾相沉水植物带(Ⅱ)和堰外开敞水体(Ⅲ)3个滨岸生境梯度带的水质状况和底栖动物群落特征进行了研究。结果表明:调查共发现底栖动物13科18种,其中仅出现于1个生境梯度带的物种7个;在其余的11个物种中,有5个种群的密度在生境梯度带间存在显著差异;比较发现,按底栖动物摄食功能类群的相对比例,刮食者相对丰度在带Ⅰ最高,收集者在带Ⅱ最高,滤食者在带Ⅲ最高,不同生境梯度带间底栖动物的摄食功能类群构成存在显著差异。对底栖动物相对丰度和水环境参数的冗余分析显示,环节动物和昆虫与DO、NO3--N和PO43--P浓度正相关,软体动物则与NO3--N和PO43--P负相关,一些腹足类对低DO耐受能力较强,与NH4+-N和COD正相关。修复区3个梯度带水动力条件、水质状况和底质类型的差异性对底栖动物的分布有重要影响,形成了生活习性、摄食特征等显著不同的3个底栖动物群落。     

三峡库区古夫河着生藻类分布与水质因子的关系

于2010年12月至2011年12月,对位于长江三峡库区内的湖北省兴山县古夫河着生的藻类和水体共采样10次,共鉴定出着生藻类28属,检测水质指标12项。对水质变量进行因子分析,根据特征值大于1的原则选取4个主成分,第一主成分主要代表总氮（TN）和硝酸盐氮（NO3--N）,第二主成分主要代表pH和化学需氧量（CODCr）,第三主成分主要代表磷酸盐磷（PO34--P）、总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH4＋-N）,第四主成分主要代表电导率（Cond）和总有机碳（TOC）。将提取的9项主要水质因子与着生藻类重要属进行典型对应分析（CCA）,结果可见,古夫河主要水质因子与着生藻类类群分布相关性大小为：CODCr〉pH〉TN〉NO3--N〉TOC〉TP〉PO34--P〉Cond〉NH4＋-N。Monte Carlo显著性检验表明,CODCr和pH对古夫河着生藻类物种组成及空间分布的影响最大,其次为TN、NO3--N和TOC。pH与CODCr呈极强的负相关关系,古夫河着生藻类大多数类群均与CODCr表现出正相关关系,仅胶毛藻属（Chaetophora）倾向低CODcr和偏碱性的环境。TN和NO3--N有很强正相关性,而两者均与TOC有强负相关,它们将古夫河着生藻类大体上分为两类,即亲碳元素的类群和亲氮元素的类群。TP通常是河流生态系统中的限制性营养因子,但在古夫河流域中并不是影响着生藻类物种分布的主要水质因子。     

固定化微绿球藻去除NH4+-N、PO43——P效果的研究

为了探究固定化微绿球藻（Nannochloropsis oculata）去除污水中NH4+-N、PO43--P的效果,采用海藻酸钠固定化包埋技术进行实验。开展了固定化藻球大小、藻细胞包埋密度、藻球投放质量及充气培养条件对NH4+-N、PO43--P去除效果的单因子试验研究。结果表明,固定化藻球大小、藻细胞包埋密度、藻球投放质量和充气培养条件对NH4+-N、PO43--P的去除效果影响显著（P0.05）。藻球直径3.5 mm时生长速率（K）值最大（0.3320.002）,同时NH4+-N、PO43--P去除率效果最佳,分别为（75.083.83）%和（80.803.81）%;藻细胞包埋密度100104 cells/ball时K值最大（0.3300.033）,而NH4+-N、PO43--P去除率则以藻细胞包埋密度300104 cells/ball组为佳,分别达（87.200.43）%和（82.581.72）%,但考虑单位藻细胞去除率,包埋密度以100104 cells/ball为宜;随着藻球用量的增加K值下降,10 g/L组K值最大（0.3010.02）、50 g/L组K值最小（0.1930.01）,投放量30和50 g/L时NH4+-N去除率较高分别为（84.120.78）%和（84.630.45）%,30 g/L组PO43--P去除率最高达（77.131.43）%。综合考虑,藻球投放量选用30 g/L为宜;充气条件培养K值、NH4+-N和PO43--P去除率显著（P0.05）高于不充气,K值分别为（0.3060.006）和（0.1770.010）;NH4+-N去除率分别为（85.930.45）%和（49.320.45）%;PO43--P去除率分别为（66.665.00）%和（46.292.12）%。研究优化了微绿球藻固定化条件:固定化微绿球藻应进行充气培养,藻球规格3.5 mm、藻细胞包埋密度100104 cells/ball、藻球投放量30 g/L。     

NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和DO对泥鳅的氧化损伤作用研究

目的:水体富营养化给渔业的发展造成严重的负面影响,成为全球瞩目的环境问题之一。方法:本研究利用泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)作为实验生物,选择氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和溶解氧(DO)含量作为富营养化水体的影响因素。研究富营养化水体中NH4+-N、TN、TP和DO含量对泥鳅抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化水平的影响,旨在阐明富营养化水体对鱼类的氧化损伤作用。结果:随着水体中NH4+-N、TN、TP和DO含量的增加,泥鳅的SOD活性显著降低(P0.05),MDA含量显著增加(P0.05)。与正常的DO水平相比,水中高浓度和低浓度的氧含量都会造成SOD活性的显著下降(P0.05)和MDA含量的显著上升(P0.05)。其中NH4+-N和DO的影响最大。结论:富营养化水体对鱼类的危害与其造成的鱼类氧化损伤有直接关系,实验的开展为富营养化水体的生物监测与评价具有一定指导作用。     

金鱼藻、环棱螺及其组合处理对水生附着生物含量和氮、磷浓度的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya pu-rificata)及其组合3种处理对水生附着生物干质量(附着生物干质量与底栖藻类Chl-a)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N和总磷(TP)的影响.结果表明:(1)金鱼藻对水生附着生物干重和Chl-a含量的增长率分别为295.62%(P<0.01)和32.31%(P<0.05),环棱螺对二者的去除率为65.69%(P<0.05)和46.19%(P<0.01),组合对二者的去除率为70.07%(P<0.05)和70.16%(P<0.01);(2)金鱼藻、环棱螺及其组合对TN的平均去除率分别为35.18%、15.27%和20.48%,对NO3--N为22.34%、18.33%和10.66%,对NH4+-N为37.88%、13.98%和25.72%,对TP为53.12%、8.38%和41.97%;(3)金鱼藻与环棱螺在脱氮除磷时表现出正、负相互作用,负交互作用一定程度地促进了N、P浓度的升高.鉴于水体景观质量的提高和富营养化控制,同时使用沉水植物和螺类有利于水体的生态修复.     

水质对东江流域附生硅藻群落的影响

运用相关分析(CA),典型对应分析(CCA),加权平均分析(WA)研究了影响东江流域附生硅藻的主要水质因子及对应的最适生态范围。CA显示,13项水质指标中溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、氨氮(NH4-N)、亚硝氮(NO2-N)、氯化物(Cl)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)与其它指标间的相关性较强(P0.05),其余指标间相关性较低(P0.05)。以相关性较弱的p H、电导率(Cond.)、硅酸盐(Si O2)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、硝氮(NO3-N)、化学需氧量(CODKMn O4)进行CCA分析,排序显示影响附生硅藻的水质因子依次为Cond.、NO3-N、CODKMn O4、TP、TN,对应的生态最适范围分别为39.20—642.00μs/cm、0.46—2.77mg/L、1.0—5.5mg/L、0.02—0.64mg/L、0.48—3.43mg/L。研究表明,Cond、NO3-N、CODKMn O4、TP、TN是影响东江附生硅藻分布的主要水质因子,Cyclostephanos invisitatus、Gomphonema olivaceum、Nitzschia acicularis、N.capitellata、N.intermedia可以指示东江较高的电导率,Aulacoseira ambigua、A.lirata、Cyclotella meneghiniana、Cyclostephanos invisitatus、Eunotia minor、Nitzschia acicularis、N.Clausii、Pinnularia subcapitata是东江TN、TP污染的指示种。Nitzschia acicularis对TN、TP的耐受性最高,Navicula eidrigiana对TN、TP敏感性最强。     

真江蓠(Gracilaria verrucosa)对网箱养殖海区的生态修复及生态养殖匹配模式

2006年8～9月,在浙江象山港花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)养殖网箱中吊养真江蓠(Gracilaria verrucosa)对网箱养殖造成的水体富营养化进行生态修复研究.通过45d内的平面监测、定点跟踪监测和断面监测,结果表明:该网箱养殖区水体呈严重富营养化状态,营养状态指数(E)为32.00,其营养盐分布由高浓度的中心区向周围150m非养殖水域扩散;真江蓠对养殖区的富营养化海水具有较好的修复效果:江蓠生态修复区及其相邻网箱中水体PO4-P、NO2-N、NH4-N和NO3-N含量显著低于非修复区(P＜0.01),修复区海水PO4-P、NO2-N、NH4-N和NO3-N浓度比非修复区分别降低22%～58%、24%～48%、22%～61%和24%～47%.养殖真江蓠45d后,修复区水体DO浓度和透明度显著高于非修复区(P＜0.05),DO平均提高28%,透明度平均提高30%;而修复区水体Chl-a浓度显著低于非修复区(P＜0.05),平均降低49%.通过建立基于N平衡的鱼藻生态养殖模式,每收获1kg花鲈至少需要匹配江蓠4.7 kg wet wt才可实现对鱼类排放N的完全吸收.因此网箱内栽培江蓠的混合生态养殖模式,可平衡因经济动物养殖所带来的额外营养负荷,有利于实现动物养殖环境的自我修复.     

宁蒙引黄灌区农田排水沟渠水质特征

黄河上游农业面源污染正在变成影响黄河水质的主要污染源,威胁到下游黄河流域水资源的安全利用。通过对宁蒙引黄灌区排水沟渠土壤和水质的调查,发现宁蒙灌区排水的pH、TN、TDS和NO3--N分别受不同排水沟渠、排水沟渠级别及二者互作的影响。内蒙古九排干排水的TDS和NO3--N浓度受排水时间影响显著,TN、TP、NH4+-N和COD浓度主要受排水时间、沟道级别及二者互相的影响。宁蒙灌区沟底底泥中的全盐含量明显低于边坡,而TN和TC平均是边坡土壤的1.2倍。内蒙古河套灌区沟底底泥中TN、TP和TC的增加比例是宁夏灌区的1.6、3.8和6.3倍。内蒙古河套灌区农田排水水质明显差于同期(8月)的宁夏灵武灌区,其TDS、TN、TP、NH4+-N和COD浓度是宁夏灵武灌区的3.2、2.5、2.8、10.0和1.5倍。宁蒙引黄灌区农田排水污染以氮含量超标为主,尤其以农沟和干沟为主,而磷浓度较低,基本不造成污染。内蒙古引黄灌区各主要排水时期,以8月农沟排水中氮超标和干沟排水中氮和磷污染程度最高。     

Mechanical aquatic weed management in the lower valley of the Río Negro, Argentina

A major irrigation system in the Lower Valley of the Rió Negro, Argentina, has been invaded by aquatic plants, with Potamogeton illinoensis Morong dominant in irrigation channels and Potamogeton pectinatus L. dominant in drainage channels. Although several other macrophytes are present, problems are largely caused by the dominant species. Results are presented for plant biomass response to weed control treatments using a chain-cutting method in the principal irrigation channel of the system. Peak above-ground biomass of Potamogeton illinoensis was reduced by about 38% by this physical control regime. The treated populations regrew rapidly after spring clearance, but did not regrow after subsequent mid- and late-season clearance operations, even though untreated population biomass remained high during this period. The highest density of Potamogeton illinoensis ramets was found in treated areas. Chain- cutting produced no discernible effect on dissolved oxygen, water temperature, water conductivity, pH or light extinction coefficient compared with untreated check sectors of the channel.     

A Study on Pollen Morphology of Potamogeton,Zannichellia and Triglochin from China

The pollen morphology of 19 species in the genera Potamogeton, Zannichellia and Triglochin from China was examined under light and scanning electron microscopes. 1. Pollen characteristics (1) Potamogeton L. (Plate 1, 2:1-8) Pollen grains spheroidal, subspheroidal, rarely oblate or ovoid, (17-35)24.41×27.76(18-45)μm in size; anaperturate; exine 1-2μm thick, 2layered or obscure; crass-reticulate, reticulate or finely-reticulate under LM, distinctly reticulate under SEM; muri uniform or not uniform, smooth or granular, rarely with processes; bacula thicker or thinner at the intersection of muri. (2) Zannichellia L. (Plate 2:9) Pollen grains spheroidal, ,(20-26)23.1×24.15(21-27) μm in size; anaperturate; exine 1 μm thick, stratification obscure; nearly reticulate under LM, shallowly reticulate under SEM; luminae shallow, large and irregular, muri very thin and not uniform; bacula absent. (3) Triglochin L. (Plate 2:10-11) Pollen grains spheroidal or subspheroidal; (20-30)23.65×23.7(20-30) μm in size; anaperturate; exine about 1μm thick, stratification obscure, finely reticulate under LM, distinctly reticulate under SEM; luminae rather large or minute; muri uniform, with 1-2 lines of granules, bacula present or absent. 2. Pollen types of Potamogeton L. (1) Thin muri--thick bacula: Potamogeton pectinatus, P. intramongolicus, P. filiformis, P. pamiricus; (2) Uniform muri and bacula: 1) Large pollen subtype: Potamogeton crespus; 2) Medium-sized pollen subtype: Potamogeton heterophyllus, P. perfoliatus, P. distinctus, P. malaianus; 3) Minute pollen subtype: Potamogeton oxyphyllus, P. obtusifolius, P. lucens, P. cristatus, P. gramineus, P. octandrus, P. pusillus     

Recolonization of cleared riverine macrophyte patches: importance of the border effect

Abstract. Recolonization of two experimentally cleared 9 m²-patches by macrophytes in a former channel of the Rhône River, France, was investigated from May to July 1994. Two patterns of recolonization were recognized: (1) Groenlandia densa, Luronium natans and Potamogeton natans invaded the bare areas by propagation from the adjacent vegetation (border effect); (2) Potamogeton pusillus colonized the disturbed areas at random, apparently independently from the position of nearby clumps. An intermediate recolonization pattern was shown by Callitriche platycarpa, Elodea canadensis, Hippuris vulgaris, Ranunculus circinatus and Sparganium emersum. Species recolonization patterns and associated strategies were related to species traits, particularly vegetative and sexual reproduction.     

Growth of macrophytes and ecosystem consequences in a lowland Danish stream

SUMMARY. 1. The River Suså is a small, nutrient-rich stream situated in an open landscape with clayish subsoil under intensive cultivation. Discharge was variable daily and seasonally due to low groundwater input. Above-ground development of submerged macrophytes was restricted to late May to November, when water velocity and depth were low. Dominant macrophytes were rooted Potamogeton pectinatus and Sparganium emersum and unrooted Cladophora . Biomass development was closet) related to light availability.
2. Growth rates of macrophytes were linearly related to light availability when self-shading was accounted for. Potamogeton pectinatus grew rapidly m May-June, concentrated the biomass at the water-surface during July-August, and then declined exponentially when the shoots became basally senescent. Sparganium emersum had linear, flexible leaves that were continuously replaced from a basal meristem. Sparganium emersum was less susceptible to high water velocities than Potamogeton pectinatus and the biomass declined later and at lower rates during autumn. Sparganium emersum also regrew after culling that left its meristem intact in the sediment. Unrooted Cladophora developed a high biomass during sunny periods and subsequently disappeared at high discharges. The summer biomass of rooted macrophytes was greater in years with high summer discharge, whereas the biomass of Cladophora and of the epiphytic microbial community was lower due to scouring.
3. Submerged macrophytes played a key role in structure and functioning of the ecosystem. They reduced water velocities two to four fold during summer and promoted extensive organic sedimentation. The biomass of benthic diatoms declined parallel to increased macrophyte shading and sedimentation. In addition, submerged macrophytes formed a large substratum for macroinvertebrates and for a microbial community.     

ent-Labdane glycosides from the aquatic plant Potamogeton lucens and analytical evaluation of the lipophilic extract constituents of various Potamogeton species

Two new ent-labdane glycosides, one known furano-ent-labdane and a new hydroxylated fatty acid were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the freshwater aquatic plant Potamogeton lucens. The new compounds were assigned the structures of beta-d-glucopyranosyl-8(17),13-ent-labdadien-16,15-olid-18-oate, 18-beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy-8(17),13-ent-labdadien-16,15-olide and 13(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(9Z,11E,15Z)-trien-oic acid by spectroscopic means. The algicidal activity of these compounds was tested against Raphidocelis subcapitata. Based on our previous study of Potamogeton pectinatus, other constituents were identified in P. lucens by LC-UV-MS, LC-NMR and GC-MS. The lipophilic extract profiles of both species are presented. Two other species, Potamogeton perfoliatus and P. crispus, were also investigated by analytical comparison of their non-polar extracts. The distribution of ent-labdanes characterized in Potamogeton is summarized.     

不同水深和底质对太湖马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)生长的影响

在野外通过用钢管在水泥池子中进行吊盆悬挂试验,研究了在1a生长周期内不同底质(软泥和黄土)、不同水深(30、60、90、120 cm和150 cm)对太湖马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus Miq.)生长的影响,试图探询太湖马来眼子菜的最佳生长习性,为太湖进行沉水植物生态修复提供科学依据.结果表明:(1)水深对马来眼子菜的影响比底质的影响大.马来眼子菜的株长、生物量和分蘖数在不同的水深梯度呈显著性差异,而两种底质间却没有显著性差异.(2)马来眼子菜适合在水温为20～30℃的范围内快速生长.(3)马来眼子菜的最佳生长深度是60～120 cm.在60～120 cm的水深范围内马来眼子菜的分蘖数随着时间变化在缓慢增加,株长、株长增加量、相对生长速率和干重增加量均随水深的增加而增大,而水深较大或较小时马来眼子菜都会因为光照不足或者容易脱水等因素限制其生长和繁殖.(4)在经过冬季越冬期后马来眼子菜的营养生长能力下降,繁殖能力上升.     

围隔中鲢和菹草控藻效果及其生态学意义

在滇池沿岸的池塘中 ,构建了面积为 10 0m2 ,水深为 85cm ,底质均为淤泥的四个围隔 ,其中在三个围隔内分别放养密度为 10 0g/m3 、75g/m3 、5 0g/m3 的鲢。它们均在一定程度上控制浮游植物的生物量并改善水体透明度 ,其中初始放养鲢 75g/m3 的围隔控制效果最明显。放养三种密度的鲢在有效控制微囊藻水华的同时 ,原先水体的优势种类发生质的变化 ,水体中浮游植物的多样性也明显增加。放鱼 2个月后 ,在生物操纵的围隔中同时种入菹草 ,在75g/m3 的鲢控藻的围隔中 ,菹草长势良好 ,浮游动物大量出现 ,透明度进一步增加     

Potamogeton ×jutlandicus,a binominal for the hybrid between P. lucens and P. praelongus (Potamogetonaceae)

Because the name Potamogeton ×babingtonii has been synonymised with P. ×angustifolius, no valid binominal exists for the hybrid P. lucens×praelongus. A morphological and anatomical study presented here demonstrates that specimens regarded by Hagström as Potamogeton ×babingtonii f. danicus really represent the hybrid between P. lucens and P. praelongus. As a consequence, a new binominal for this hybrid is introduced and its basionym Potamogeton ×babingtonii f. danicus is lectotypified. Morphological and anatomical characters of Potamogeton ×jutlandicus nom. nov. (=P. lucens×praelongus) are provided and its taxonomic delimitation is discussed.     

A statistical model predicting the occurrence and dynamics of submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes in the Netherlands

Hydrobiologia - Logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between six submerged macrophyte taxa (Chara spp., Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton pusillus,...     

东太湖水生植被及其沼泽化趋势

１９９６年东太湖水生植被调查结果表明,沉水植被、挺水植被及浮叶植被面积分别为７３．８、４５．５和６．７ｋｍ２。有９个群丛,其中微齿眼子菜（Ｐｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎｍａａｃｋｉａｎｕｓ）群丛、菰（Ｚｉｚａｎｉａｌａｔｉｆｏｌｉａ）群丛、伊乐藻微齿眼子菜（ＥｌｏｄｅａｎｕｔａｌｉＰｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎｍａａｃｋｉａｎｕｓ）群丛和芦苇（Ｐｈｒａｇｍｉｔｅｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ）群丛分布面积较大,分别占东太湖总面积的３９３９％、２８２７％、１１２０％和６４０％。与１９６０年相比,水生植被变化极为明显,突出表现为环湖水陆交错带的芦苇群丛严重退化和消失,菰群丛发展迅速并向湖心蔓延占据了东太湖总面积的２８２７％;微齿眼子菜取代了竹叶眼子菜（Ｐｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎｍａｌａｉａｎｕｓ）、黑藻（Ｈｙｄｒｉｌａｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌａｔａ）及苦草（Ｖａｌｉｓｎｅｒｉａｎａｔａｎｓ）,成为沉水植被的优势种,占据了东太湖整个湖心区;外来种伊乐藻（Ｅｌｏｄｅａｎｕｔａｌｉ）侵入,并形成一定规模的群丛。综观该湖区水生植被演化过程,可知东太湖已经出现沼泽化趋势,应引起足够重视