连续可调式沉水植物网床对河道水质的修复

在太湖贡湖水源保护区陆域的一条长约200 m的污染河道内构建了一系列连续可调式沉水植物网床,形成了以菊花草、苦草、伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻和菹草等沉水植物构成的水生植物群落;跟踪监测了总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)等水质指标,分析沉水植物网床引导沉水植被恢复对污染河道的水质修复效果.结果表明:沉水植被网床构建后,水体透明度显著升高,由修复前的0.5m提高到1.7 ～1.8 m;在沉水植被网床构建后的第5天和第20天,TN和TP的削减率分别为35.6％、66.3％和29.4％、63.2％;5个月后,修复河道水体内NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--p和TP的浓度比对照组显著降低,削减率分别达到92.4％、76.8％、72.7％、73.9％、90.5％和92.0％.由连续可调式沉水植被网床引导恢复的水生植物群落可用于河道,特别是陆域浅水污染水体的生态修复.     

大型溞引导的沉水植被生态修复对滴水湖水质的净化效果

2007年4月-2008年1月,在滴水湖D港中段长950m(水量为10000m3)的修复区内投放大型溞(Daphnia magna),以滤除水华藻类等颗粒有机物,然后移栽伊乐藻、苦草、轮叶黒藻、光叶眼子菜和菹草等沉水植物,逐月监测水体中总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、总磷(TP)、活性磷酸盐(PO43--P)和COD等水质指标,分析沉水植被栽培对滴水湖水体水质的净化效果.结果表明:试验期间,修复区水体TN、TP、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和COD显著低于对照区(P0.01),溶解氧(DO)增加了50.4%,水体透明度(SD)平均在3.4~3.7m,水质达到国家Ⅱ~Ⅲ类地表水水质标准;2008年3月应用已构建的沉水植被群落对富营养化流水水体水质进行净化试验,7d后修复区流水水体除BOD外,TN、TP、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和COD均显著降低(P0.01),DO增加了17.98%,SD提高了30cm.利用大型溞控藻后移栽沉水植物对滴水湖水体水质的净化效果十分显著.     

小兴安岭原始红松混交林林隙土壤不同形态氮含量

以小兴安岭地区红松混交林(椴树红松混交林、云冷杉红松混交林和枫桦红松混交林)大、中、小3个林隙为研究对象,对林隙和郁闭林分土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、可溶性全氮(TSN)、可溶性有机氮(SON)、微生物氮(MBN)和全氮(TN)含量进行分析,探讨不同混交林林隙中土壤氮形态特征。结果表明:林隙和郁闭林分土壤以有机氮为主,占TN 98%以上。林隙中土壤NO3--N含量高于NH4+-N含量;SON含量高于NH4+-N和NO3--N含量。红松混交林中土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N、SON和MBN含量在大、小林隙之间以及林隙与郁闭林分之间差异显著,尤其是MBN含量表现为郁闭林分小林隙中林隙大林隙,与林隙面积呈极显著负相关;3个林型中NO3--N/TN和MBN/TN随着林隙面积增大而减小;椴树红松混交林和云冷杉红松混交林林隙中NH4+-N/TN、TSN/TN和SON/TN随林隙面积增大而减小,枫桦红松混交林林隙中随林隙面积增大而增大。林隙和郁闭林分中土壤TSN与SON均呈现极显著正相关;林隙土壤NH4+-N与NO3--N和MBN呈显著相关,但在郁闭林中未表现出此关系。     

潜流-上行垂直流复合人工湿地对氮磷去除效果

研究了潜流-上行垂直流复合人工湿地工艺对NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP的去除效果。在处理负荷为30 L.d-1,水力停留时间为4.8 d时,该工艺对NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP具有良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为95%、52%、79%和81%。对3种含氮化合物的去除效果可以根据运行时间分为两阶段,在两阶段中,对NH4+-N、NO3--N和TN的平均去除率分别为93%和99%,35%和98%,71%和98%。对TP的去除效果在整个试验过程中则保持稳定。     

绿色屋面降雨径流水质及消减污染负荷研究

2011年5月至11月对12场降雨时段的屋面径流和干湿沉降进行采样监测,比较了屋面径流(绿色屋面和沥青屋面)、干湿总沉降和降雨中污染物的浓度和污染负荷,并运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对绿色屋面径流水质的影响。结果表明,从径流水质层面上分析,绿色屋面是总悬浮物(TSS)的汇,对p H值有较好的中和作用,对于总磷(TP)、溶解态铜(DCu)和溶解态锌(DZn)是非源非汇,是电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)、氨态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD5)和溶解态铅(DPb)的源;从污染负荷的角度分析,绿色屋面是NH+4-N、TSS和BOD5的汇,对于TN、DPb、DCu、DZn、TP和COD是非源非汇,是NO-3-N的源;与控制屋面相比,绿色屋面可以消减TSS、TP、BOD5、COD、NH+4-N、DZn和DPb的污染负荷,分别消减了90.53%、49.38%、41.31%、36.48%、35.45%、28.27%和14.20%;但是增加了NO-3-N和TN的污染负荷,分别增加了821.02%和275.48%;绿色屋面径流污染物的浓度与降雨量、降雨历时和降雨强度呈负相关关系,而与降雨间隔呈正相关关系。研究结果为绿色屋面的科学设计及正确评价绿色屋面对径流水质的影响提供依据。     

养殖密度对缢蛏养殖系统水质的影响

依据辽宁丹东东港地区的实验池塘中缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)实际放养密度,设置了0、30、60、90和120 ind·m-25个密度梯度,采用实验生态学方法室内模拟研究了放养密度对缢蛏单养系统水质的影响。结果表明:放养密度对溶解氧(DO)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、活性磷(PO43--P)及总磷(TP)含量的影响极显著(P0.01),对铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量的影响不显著(P0.05);其中,DO、NO3--N及NO2--N含量随缢蛏放养密度的增加而减小,PO43--P及TP含量随缢蛏放养密度的增加而增大;缢蛏放养密度相对较高的实验组(90和120 ind·m-2)明显促进了底泥沉积物中P的循环和再生,同时提高了水中营养物质N的利用率,有效控制NO2--N及NH4+-N等有害物质的含量;在实际养殖中可以按照90~120 ind·m-2的密度放养,并且加强对池塘水质的管理。     

蒲河水质空间异质性特征及其对流域土地利用方式的响应

河流水质空间变化特征是流域生态系统健康评价的关键指标,是地形、地貌、气候、水文等自然环境因素及综合反映人类活动强度的土地利用方式对流域生态环境的复合作用,研究河流水质空间异质性特征及其对流域土地利用方式的响应关系对流域生态管理具有十分重要的指导意义,然而水质空间异质性特征及其对土地利用方式的响应机制研究仍不清楚。本文以辽河流域支流蒲河子流域为研究对象,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析蒲河流域水质指标TN、TP、NH4+-N、CODcr、pH、DO和TDS空间变异特征,探讨流域不同土地利用方式对水质空间变化的影响。结果表明:蒲河流域水质指标NH4+-N、DO和TDS受结构性因素影响显著,表现出较强空间变异性;TP、CODcr和pH的空间异质性较弱,主要由随机性因素引起;TN受到结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用,表现出较弱空间变异特征;TN和NH4+-N含量与林地所占比例呈显著负相关,与耕地和建设用地所占比例呈显著正相关;pH和DO与水域面积和未利用地所占比例呈负相关;表明蒲河流域TN和NH4+-N空间异质性的主导因素为林地、耕地和建设用地等土地利用类型,pH和DO空间异质性的主导因素为水域和未利用地土地利用类型,该研究可为流域水环境管理提供数据支持。     

三峡库区古夫河着生藻类分布与水质因子的关系

于2010年12月至2011年12月,对位于长江三峡库区内的湖北省兴山县古夫河着生的藻类和水体共采样10次,共鉴定出着生藻类28属,检测水质指标12项。对水质变量进行因子分析,根据特征值大于1的原则选取4个主成分,第一主成分主要代表总氮（TN）和硝酸盐氮（NO3--N）,第二主成分主要代表pH和化学需氧量（CODCr）,第三主成分主要代表磷酸盐磷（PO34--P）、总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH4＋-N）,第四主成分主要代表电导率（Cond）和总有机碳（TOC）。将提取的9项主要水质因子与着生藻类重要属进行典型对应分析（CCA）,结果可见,古夫河主要水质因子与着生藻类类群分布相关性大小为：CODCr〉pH〉TN〉NO3--N〉TOC〉TP〉PO34--P〉Cond〉NH4＋-N。Monte Carlo显著性检验表明,CODCr和pH对古夫河着生藻类物种组成及空间分布的影响最大,其次为TN、NO3--N和TOC。pH与CODCr呈极强的负相关关系,古夫河着生藻类大多数类群均与CODCr表现出正相关关系,仅胶毛藻属（Chaetophora）倾向低CODcr和偏碱性的环境。TN和NO3--N有很强正相关性,而两者均与TOC有强负相关,它们将古夫河着生藻类大体上分为两类,即亲碳元素的类群和亲氮元素的类群。TP通常是河流生态系统中的限制性营养因子,但在古夫河流域中并不是影响着生藻类物种分布的主要水质因子。     

水质对东江流域附生硅藻群落的影响

运用相关分析(CA),典型对应分析(CCA),加权平均分析(WA)研究了影响东江流域附生硅藻的主要水质因子及对应的最适生态范围。CA显示,13项水质指标中溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、氨氮(NH4-N)、亚硝氮(NO2-N)、氯化物(Cl)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)与其它指标间的相关性较强(P0.05),其余指标间相关性较低(P0.05)。以相关性较弱的p H、电导率(Cond.)、硅酸盐(Si O2)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、硝氮(NO3-N)、化学需氧量(CODKMn O4)进行CCA分析,排序显示影响附生硅藻的水质因子依次为Cond.、NO3-N、CODKMn O4、TP、TN,对应的生态最适范围分别为39.20—642.00μs/cm、0.46—2.77mg/L、1.0—5.5mg/L、0.02—0.64mg/L、0.48—3.43mg/L。研究表明,Cond、NO3-N、CODKMn O4、TP、TN是影响东江附生硅藻分布的主要水质因子,Cyclostephanos invisitatus、Gomphonema olivaceum、Nitzschia acicularis、N.capitellata、N.intermedia可以指示东江较高的电导率,Aulacoseira ambigua、A.lirata、Cyclotella meneghiniana、Cyclostephanos invisitatus、Eunotia minor、Nitzschia acicularis、N.Clausii、Pinnularia subcapitata是东江TN、TP污染的指示种。Nitzschia acicularis对TN、TP的耐受性最高,Navicula eidrigiana对TN、TP敏感性最强。     

闽江口典型芦苇湿地与短叶茳芏湿地土壤碳氮含量的空间分布特征

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者交错带湿地为对象,研究了不同类型湿地土壤碳氮含量的空间分布特征。结果表明:土壤总氮(TN)和有机碳(SOC)含量在水平方向上整体表现为交错带湿地芦苇湿地短叶茳芏湿地,而在垂直方向上其在不同类型湿地土壤中的含量均随深度增加而降低;与芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地相比,交错带湿地表层土壤的无机氮含量分别降低了15.78%、0.84%(NH4+-N)和13.04%、44.00%(NO3--N),而在下层土壤分别增加了30.00%、6.06%(NH4+-N)和43.75%、23.91%(NO3--N);芦苇湿地土壤NH4+-N含量主要受到有机质含量控制,短叶茳芏湿地土壤TN含量受到土壤盐分的重要影响,而土壤颗粒组成和水分是影响交错带湿地土壤的NH4+-N和NO3--N关键因子。研究发现,芦苇与短叶茳芏种群的竞争作用不但明显增加了交错带湿地土壤SOC和TN含量,而且也深刻改变了NH4+-N和NO3--N含量的空间分布特征,其可能通过改变土壤的细颗粒组成、氮矿化与硝化作用来影响土壤碳氮的空间分布。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.