水稻花粉植株的诱导条件及影响诱导频率的某些因素

在离体培养条件下,测定了水稻花药中花粉愈伤组织形成的条件,并对影响花粉愈伤组织的形成和分化的某些因素进行了实验,得到以下主要结果: 1.掌握合适的花粉发育时期(单核后期接近第一次花粉分裂),在仅仅含有2毫克/升2,4-D和6％蔗糖的简单培养基上就得到了花粉愈伤组织,对于花粉细胞最初分裂的推动,生长素、碳源和渗透压是必要的条件。由无机盐、微量元素、维生素、糖及生长物质组成的复杂培养基对于花粉愈伤组织的发生和早期生长并非必需,但有利于愈伤组织的进一步生长。 2.培养基中蔗糖的作用,在于充当碳源和调节渗透压,在维持一定渗透压的条件下,过高浓度的蔗糖会抑制愈伤组织的形成。 3.椰乳、酪蛋白水解物及单核苷酸等有机附加物对花粉愈伤组织的形成及以后的器官分化都有明显的良好作用。 4.培养基中附加低浓度8p.p.m.、40p.p.m的2-氯乙基磷酸(乙烯利)和接种前在10℃下,预先处理稻穗48小时,都有明显的提高花粉愈伤组织发生频率的作用。 5.花粉愈伤组织的年龄对愈伤组织的器官分化能力有明显的影响,随愈伤组织年龄的增长而降低了花粉植株的诱导频率。     

天仙子(Hyoscyamus niger)花粉的胚胎发生与器官发生

天仙子花粉在附加不同浓度NOA的BN培养基中,形态发生能力不同,低浓度易由花粉直接形成胚状体,高浓度一般先形成愈伤组织,再由愈伤组织分化胚状体或根芽。实验表明,直接起源于花粉的胚状体与经花粉愈伤组织形成的胚状体,其胚胎发生的模式和顺序相同,均由原胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷期胚到子叶期胚,但二者原胚的起源不同。花粉愈伤组织亦可经器官发生途径产生根芽。     

影响小麦花粉植株分化的几个因素

以小麦杂种Ｆ１代花粉愈伤组织为材料，研究了影响花粉植株分化的几个因素。试验结果表明，随着花药培养时间的延长．其愈伤组织的分化能力逐渐降低；分化培养基中附加ＫＴ和ＢＡ两种细胞分裂素相结合有利于绿苗分化；４℃─５℃低温处理愈伤组织２４小时能提高绿苗分化率。     

石刁柏花粉植株诱导及其起源鉴定的研究

采用高渗蔗糖溶液预处理石刁柏花药可以显著抑制花药体细胞分裂和提高花粉愈伤组织诱导率。愈伤组织在转入含低浓度激素的培养基中分化得到了花粉植株。其中单倍体、二倍体、四倍体和非整洁体分别占４．３％、６４．５％、１７．２％和１４．０％。单倍体的频率随愈伤组织培养时间延长而下降,石刁柏幼茎中莽草酸脱氢酶同工酶的多态性表现稳定,用其作为遗传标记结合细胞学方法可以鉴定花粉植株的起源。     

诱导小麦花粉愈伤组织分化植株的研究

小麦花粉愈伤组织年龄对分化的影响很大,随着年龄的增长其分化能力逐渐降低。继代培养的愈伤组织分化能力较之未继代培养的略有增加。低温保存既可使小麦愈伤组织在较长时期内仍能保持一定的分化能力,又有促进染色体自然加倍的作用。小麦分化培养基的蔗糖浓度不宜太高。激动素浓度以0.5毫克/升较为适宜。190-2分化培养基分化花粉植株的能力显著高于修改的MS培养基。愈伤组织的分化频率因供试小麦材料基因型的不同而表现出明显的差异。     

小麦—天兰偃麦草—黑麦三属杂种花粉植株诱导条件的研究

研究表明,三属杂种处于单核中晚期阶段的花粉最适于诱导形成愈伤组织。低温预处理对促进三属杂种花粉愈伤组织的诱导有一定的作用。利用以马铃薯提取物为基础物质的马铃薯-Ⅱ培养基作诱导培养基,其愈伤组织诱导与分化的频率比目前两个较好的合成培养基要高。同一个三属杂种F_1春、秋播种植株之间在形成愈伤组织的能力上有较大的差异,秋播材料形成愈伤组织的能力明显高于春播材料。F_(?)杂种植株诱导愈伤组织和分化植株的频率均比F_1杂种明显提高。     

β-昆虫蜕皮激素对小麦花粉苗形成的影响

将β-蜕皮激素加入小麦花药培养基中,观察到它对花粉苗诱导的影响。0.5～10毫克/升β-蜕皮激素提高了花粉胚和愈伤组织诱导率,它们能直接长成小苗。1～10毫克/升激动素抑制这种作用。β-蜕皮激素加2,4-D能得到高的愈伤组织诱导率,但这些愈伤组织不能在原培养基上直接分化成苗。β-蜕皮激素1毫克/升与萘乙酸1～5毫克/升相配合产生最高的花粉苗诱导率。这些小苗移入土中容易成活。对花药培养中花粉发育过程进行了细胞学观察。     

低温预处理提高水稻花粉愈伤组织诱导频率的作用(初报)

在水稻花药培养中,低温预处理可以显著提高花粉愈伤组织的诱导频率。在低温预处理期间,花粉可以完成其转向孢子体发育的诱导过程并且很少退化;未处理的花粉需要培养5～6天才能完成此过程,此时大部份花粉已经退化。经过低温预处理的花药,在培养最初4天,其花粉退化也较少。低温预处理的上述效应可能是提高水稻花粉愈伤组织诱导频率的主要原因。     

影响小麦(Triticum vulgare)花粉植株诱导频率的几种因素

在离体培养条件下,对影响小麦花粉愈伤组织的诱导和分化的某些因素进行了对比试验;对部分组合的愈伤组织进行了染色体观察,其结果:1.做为碳源和调节渗透压的蔗糖,10%的浓度最适宜;2.酪蛋白水解物对花粉愈伤组织的形成,器官分化及细胞染色体的自然加倍有明显效果;3.花药接种前在3—5℃下处理48小时,对提高诱导频率有明显作用;4.较高的温度对愈伤组织的诱导及其分化能力有促进作用;5.遗传型的差异,对花粉植株的成功率起着一定作用。     

水稻游离花粉培养的高频率再生植株

用二个水稻栽培品种(Oryza sativa L Sub.japonica.)中花11号和盐粳的花粉处于单核靠边期的花药,经低温处理10—20天,在无糖培养基中预培养2—4天后游离花粉进行培养。培养基为KM8P,附加1mg/L 2,4-D,100mg/L脯氨酸,500mg/L水解酪蛋白,9%蔗糖。培养5天,花粉进行一次分裂,10天后分裂频率为21.3%,21天可见小愈伤组织形成。随即将直径为0.5—1.0mm的愈伤组织移至分化培养基上,2—4星期后得到绿苗,频率为70%。并从许多花粉诱导的愈伤组织克隆中筛选出高频率再生绿苗的花粉细胞悬浮系。     

百日草根尖和花药愈伤组织染色体制片技术

以种子萌发根尖和花药愈伤组织为材料,研究了取样时间、预处理方法对百日草染色体制片的影响。结果表明:根尖上午8:00～9:00,花药愈伤继代3～5d上午9:00～10:00为最佳取样预处理时间;采用三种药剂预处理活体根尖,以4℃下饱和对二氯苯溶液或0.002mol/L的8-羟基喹啉液预处理8h效果最佳,花药愈伤则以饱和对二氯苯溶液预处理6h效果最佳。本实验的预处理温度是固定的,可克服预处理随季节和时间温度的变化而带来的不稳定性,且百日草花药愈伤染色体观察为首次报道。     

Formation of multiple embryo-like structures from single microspores during maize anther culture

In a previous study on the RFLP analysis of the maize anther culture response (Wan et al. 1992), some of the anther-derived callus Unes from hybrids H99 x Pa91 (HP) and H99 x FR16 (HF) showed the same RFLP patterns with 58 (for HP Unes) or 35 (for HF lines) RFLP markers used. Since the callus Unes with the identical RFLP pattern were initiated from individual embryo-like structures (ELSs) from the same anther culture plate, these must have originated from the same microspore. Twin embryos which apparently had originated from the same microspore were also observed. Thus in certain cases one microspore must be capable of forming more than one ELS. However, in the case of the callus Unes from a different F1 hybrid (Pa91 x FR16), no identical RFLP patterns were observed. Thus multiple ELS formation from a single microspore may be genetically controlled. Since in some cases the proportion of callus lines resulting from multiple ELS formation can be quite high (about 50% for the HP lines), estimates of gene segregation and anther culture response frequencies can be affected greatly.     

Reciprocal effects in anther cultures of wheat hybrids

This study was conducted to determine the reciprocal effects for anther culture response in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using a set of 4 × 4 full diallel crosses. Both reciprocal and nuclear genetic effects were highly significant for anther culture response and useful for selection and breeding purposes. General combining ability (GCA) effects were predominant for all investigated anther culture traits. Also, significant differences for specific combining ability (SCA) effects were detected between reciprocal crosses. Although significant reciprocal differences for responding anther, callus number and green plant regeneration were recorded in some reciprocal crosses, there were no significant reciprocal differences for albino plant regeneration. The use of one parent as male or female could lead to change at the production of green plants from the F₁ hybrids and screening of inbred lines for response to anther culture, without reciprocal effects, could decrease the utilization of breeding material.     

Efficient callus induction and plant regeneration from filaments with anther in lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.)

Bulb scale propagation makes it difficult to obtain a large number of bulblets from disease-free stocks in a short time. The establishment of improved micropropagation procedures by in vitro culture is therefore desirable. Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) filaments with and without anther were excised and cultured in vitro with different media and culture conditions. In cultures of filaments with anther, callus developed and led to bulb, shoot, and root formation, whereas in cultures of filaments lacking anther, callus development did not occur. Among the various media tested, the B5 medium combined with darkness and the N6 medium combined with darkness or light, both supplemented with 9% sucrose, proved to be superior. A total of 1260 plants were regenerated from callus, acclimatized under a mist, and transferred to the greenhouse with a 100% success rate. No morphological abnormalities were observed among plants regenerated from filament-derived callus and all plants displayed isozyme banding patterns identical to the original cultivar. Chromosome observations revealed that all callus-regenerated plantlets tested were diploid (2n=24). The results suggest that in vitro culture of filaments with anther can be cultured for mass propagation. Received: 5 February 1997 / Revision received: 12 May 1997 / Accepted: 2 June 1997     

Antimitotic and hormone effects on green double haploid plant production through anther culture of Mediterranean japonica rice

Rice double haploid (DH) plants are produced mainly through anther culture. In order to improve the anther culture protocol, microspores of two japonica rice genotypes (NRVC980385 and H28) were subjected to three growth regulator combinations and four colchicine treatments on induction medium. In addition, a post anther culture procedure using colchicine or oryzalin was tested to induce double haploid plantlets from haploid plantlets. A cold pre-treatment of microspores for 9 days at 10 °C increased callus induction 50-fold in the NRCV980385 genotype. For both genotypes, 2 mg L^?1 2,4-D and 1 mg L^?1 kinetin on colchicine-free induction medium gave the best culture responses. The culturability of both genotypes changed on colchicine-supplemented induction media. A high genotype dependency was recorded for callus induction, callus regenerating green plantlets and regeneration of green double haploid plantlets. Colchicine at 300 mg L^?1 for 48 h enhanced callus induction 100-fold in H28. Colchicine-supplemented media clearly improved green double haploid plantlet regeneration. We showed that the post-anther culture treatment of haploid plantlets at 500 mg L^?1 of colchicine permitted fertile double haploid plantlets to be generated. Finally, an enhanced medium-throughput flow cytometry protocol for rice was tested to analyse all the plantlets from anther and post anther culture.     

Ploidy stability of maize anther culture-derived callus lines

Summary Ploidy levels of 26Zea mays L. anther culture-derived callus lines of the F1 hybrids (H99 × Pa91, Pa91 × FR16, and H99 × FR16) were determined at various times after culture initiation using flow cytometry (for 21 lines) or chromosome counting of callus cells or regenerated plants (for the remaining 5 lines). Twenty of the lines remained haploid, whereas 6 were diploid. The results from flow cytometry, after examining the DNA content of 5000 nuclei of each callus line, show that each callus line consisted of homogenous haploid or diploid cells. Thus for diploid callus lines, spontaneous chromosome doubling must have occurred before or in the early stages of androgenesis, before the initiation of callus cultures. These long-term callus cultures (growing for up to 38 mo.) have stably maintained their ploidy levels so it is unlikely that the culture conditions have caused chromosome doubling. The restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern obtained with 52 to 58 markers for each diploid callus line shows that all the diploid lines are homozygous diploid so each originated from a microspore and not from diploid maternal F1 hybrid tissue.     

Spontaneous versus colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in maize anther culture

The range of genetic variation of spontaneous chromosome doubling frequency of maize haploid plantlets derived from in vitro anther culture was evaluated. When regeneration is obtained by direct embryo-genesis, bypassing the callus phase, it appears that the frequency of spontaneous doubling may exceed 40 of the regenerated plantlets. This high frequency may be one consequence of the use of doubled haploid lines derived from anther culture and spontaneous chromosome doubling. We also report an increase, by more than 50, of the productivity of diploid fertile regenerated plantlets produced by colchicine supplemented medium during the cold shock pretreatment of the microspores inside the anthers. Optimization of the treatments and the anther culture procedure are discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Correlations between low-temperature tolerance of anther donor clones of potato and the production of anther-derived embryos and calli at low temperatures

The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the degree of tolerance to low non-freezing temperatures of immature microspores in anther culture was correlated to the degree of low-temperature tolerance, measured by chlorophyll fluorescene, in the anther donor clone. Anther cultures of six tetraploids and eight dihaploids, derived from anther cultures of clone 199.13, were incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 °C respectively. The embryo and callus production were determined and subsequently two quotients/clone, designated temperature-related embryo and callus production, were established. The quotients were defined as embryo and callus production at 10 or 15 °C divided by the embryo and callus production, for the individuals clone, at the optimal temperature (20 or 25 °C) for the same production. These quotients were thereafter correlated to the low-temperature tolerances of the anther donors. The tetraploid and dihaploid group were treated separately and significant positive correlations were found in both cases. This indicates that tolerance to low temperatures is expressed in the anther donor plant as well as in the microspores grown in anther culture. It is suggested that in vitro selection through anther culture may be a useful tool for breeding for increased tolerance to low temperatures in potato.     

Wheat anther culture: effect of genotype and environmental conditions

Twenty-two cultivars and lines of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied, most for the first time, for their anther culture response. The response was genotype dependent. Plants grown in the field gave higher callus induction frequency than those grown in the greenhouse and the controlled environment chamber. Donor plants grown in a season of low drought stress as compared to a season of severe drought stress resulted in a higher frequency of callus induction. Spherical microcalli were observed in two wheat genotypes in some of only those anthers that were placed with only one loculus in contact with the medium. Wheat lines that were more responsive to anther culture were identified.     

The early ontogeny of embryoids and callus from pollen and subsequent organogenesis in anther cultures of Datura metel and rice

Summary Haploidy induction through anther culture has been examined in Datura metel and rice with a view to tracing the precise sequence of development of the pollen, either directly or through an intervening callus, into an embryo and seedling. In D. metel, the vegetative cell of the young pollen grain assumes the major role in formation of embryos whereas the generative cell and its few derivatives degenerate. Embryos and seedlings arising directly from pollen without an intervening callus phase always proved to be haploids, whereas those differentiating from pollen-derived callus gave haploid, diploid and even triploid plants. Cytological analysis of callus tissue showed cells of various ploidy levels ranging from haploid to triploid, and in rare instances even with higher chromosome numbers.In rice anther cultures the embryoids arose from an initial callus phase. Of 15 different rice cultivars tried, only four produced a callus, and in only one, was there differentiation of plants, both haploid and diploid ones. Among other species tried, egg plant has also yielded plantlets through a callus phase whereas only callus production has been achieved in jute, tea and petunia. No response has been obtained in wheat, maize, cotton and coconut.Coconut milk (CM) appears to be the most important component of the medium for the initial induction of embryoids and callus in anther cultures of most of the species tried. However, further growth and differentiation of plants may require a simpler medium; in D. metel, continued culture on CM led to dedifferntiation.Dedicated to the memory of the late Dr. J. P. Nitsch.