小麦和水稻叶绿体基因组进化中核苷酸替代的种属特异性

以玉米叶绿体基因组为参照序列,采用三序列比较法系统分析了小麦和水稻分化过程中叶绿体基因组核苷酸替代的发生方式.结果表明,小麦中存在(A+T)/(G+C)替代偏差,水稻则无,该差异对小麦和水稻分化后叶绿体基因组G+C含量产生不同的影响,替代使小麦叶绿体基因组G+C含量降低、水稻叶绿体基因组G+C含量表现增加.无论在编码区、非编码区,还是不同功能基因区,小麦叶绿体基因组转换与颠换的比值都显著低于水稻.小麦和水稻叶绿体基因组进化中核苷酸替代呈现种属特异性.     

薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣叶绿体基因组及特异性DNA条形码鉴定序列筛选研究

前期研究表明,目前常用的DNA条形码序列对薯蓣属物种的鉴定效率低.本研究利用高通量测序技术测定了薯蓣(Dioscorea opposita)和叉蕊薯蓣(D.collettii)叶绿体基因组,完成了其物理图谱绘制,基因组结构特征解析,特异性DNA条形码序列的筛选.薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣叶绿体基因组总长度分别为152963和153870 bp,均包含两个反向重复区(IRs)、一个大单拷贝区(LSC)和一个小单拷贝区(SSC)4部分.薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣均含有125个基因,其中包含87个蛋白编码基因、30个t RNA和8个r RNA.薯蓣和叉蕊薯蓣的GC含量分别为37.04%和37.17%,经多序列比对发现薯蓣属叶绿体基因组中非编码区变异高于保守的蛋白编码区域,LSC区、SSC区变异大于IR区,筛选出了10个潜在的适合作为鉴定薯蓣属植物的特异性DNA条形码序列,其中包括5个蛋白编码基因和5个基因间隔区.系统进化树显示,叶绿体全基因组序列也可作为薯蓣属物种鉴定的超级条形码.本研究为薯蓣属系统进化以及物种鉴定等领域的研究提供依据.     

十字花科植物叶绿体基因组结构及变异分析

该研究比较了十字花科22个属22个物种的叶绿体基因组,以揭示十字花科叶绿体基因组的一般特征和变异特征。结果发现:(1)基因组大小为150kb左右,不同植物的叶绿体基因组之间存在1~5kb的差异,基因组大小的差异主要是大单拷贝(LSC)长度的差异引起的。(2)十字花科物种基因顺序基本一致,未检测到基因的重排和倒置事件。(3)trnY、trnG、ycf15、rps16基因在一些物种中发生丢失,petB、petD内含子序列也在个别物种内丢失。(4)基因组的4个边界相对保守,反向重复区a-大单拷贝区(IRa-LSC)边界处于rps19基因上,反向重复区a-小单拷贝区(IRa-SSC)边界在所有物种中均位于ycf1基因中,但是rps19和ycf1在边界两侧的长度具有差异,反向重复区b-小单拷贝区(IRb-SSC)边界在大部分物种中位于ycf1假基因和ndhF基因的重叠区内,而在庭荠(Alyssum desertorum)、小花南芥(Arabis alpina)2个物种中发生了改变,分别位于ycf1假基因和ndhF基因内。(5)29个蛋白编码基因长度发生变化,基因长度的变异来源于基因内含子或者编码区长度的改变,ycf1基因长度在3个物种中发生了大片段的缺失,部分基因长度的变化具有明显的系统发育信号。(6)基于叶绿体基因组数据构建的系统发育树具有较好的分辨率,各个进化分支具有较高的支持率。研究结果表明,利用叶绿体基因组数据可以为解决进化较快、系统发育分辨率低的植物类群的系统分类和系统发育关系提供更有力的证据。     

甘薯叶绿体rbcL基因的克隆与序列分析

根据烟草、水稻和菠菜叶绿体的全基因组序列设计引物,以甘薯的叶绿体基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增包舍甘暑叶绿体rbcL完整基因(GenBank登录号为AY942199)在内的一段序列.序列分析表明:此片段的全长为1 627 bp,包括1 443bp的编码区序列在内.推测编码480个氨基酸,同时构建了此片段的限制性酶切图谱.相似性比较显示,此基因编码区序列与烟草、菠菜、小麦、水稻、玉米、矮牵牛、紫花苜蓿、拟南芥、莨菪、葡萄以及甜菜的rbcL基因核苷酸的同源性为85%～98%,氨基酸的同源性为92%～95%.     

基于全基因组从头测序技术盐肤木叶绿体基因组的测序分析

盐肤木是一种重要的经济树种,可为医药和工业染料提供原料。盐肤木具有较强的抗旱、耐寒、耐盐,可在温带、暖温带和亚热带地区生长。本研究首次对盐肤木叶绿体基因组进行从头测序(de novo sequencing)组装研究。结果表明,盐肤木叶绿体基因组长度为159082 bp,具有典型的四部分结构,两个单拷贝区被一对反向重复区分隔。LSC和SSC的长度分别为85394 bp和18663 bp。叶绿体基因组总共编码126个基因,其中包括88个蛋白编码基因,8个rRNA基因,30个tRNA基因。在叶绿体基因组中,61.97%的序列为基因编码区。在盐肤木叶绿体基因组中,只有8个基因含有内含子,除ycf3基因(2个内含子)外,其余均含有1个内含子。盐肤木叶绿体基因组总共存在755个SSR位点。SSR主要由二核苷酸和单核苷酸组成,分别占60%(453)和28.74%(217)。聚类分析结果表明,漆树科与盐肤木最为接近,其次为槭树科和无患子科。本研究为盐肤木的分类提供了分子基础。本研究是关于盐肤木叶绿体基因组的首次报道,对了解其光合作用、进化和叶绿体转基因工程具有重要意义。     

白花刺续断野生居群的叶绿体全基因组特征解析

白花刺续断在中国西藏是一种常用的药用植物,但其叶绿体全基因组的相关研究较少。为揭示该物种叶绿体全基因组的基本特征并探讨其谱系遗传结构,该研究利用Illumina测序平台对来自5个野生居群的10个白花刺续断个体进行二代测序,经组装、注释,得到10条完整的叶绿体全基因组序列,并对它们的基因组特征和居群间的谱系进化关系进行了初步研究。结果表明:(1)白花刺续断的叶绿体全基因组大小为155 335～156 266 bp,共注释113个基因,包括72个蛋白编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因,其叶绿体基因组的大小、结构、GC含量及基因组成等方面在种内高度保守。(2)基因组比较分析表明,白花刺续断变异较大的片段均位于单拷贝区,且IR边界未出现明显的扩张和收缩。(3)群体遗传分析发现,白花刺续断的野生居群具有明显的地理遗传结构,不同居群间在遗传距离与地理距离上具有一定的相关性。研究认为,白花刺续断叶绿体基因组在种内居群水平上比较保守,且叶绿体基因组可在居群水平上揭示物种的地理遗传结构。这为后续开展刺续断属物种群体遗传学和系统发育基因组学研究奠定了基础。     

壳斗科植物叶绿体基因组结构及变异分析

利用生物信息学方法比较壳斗科6个属14个物种的叶绿体基因组间差异,以近缘物种榛为外类群构建系统进化树,揭示壳斗科叶绿体基因组的结构特征及变异规律。结果显示,14种壳斗科植物的叶绿体基因组均为双链环状分子结构,大小在160 kB左右,差异较小,最大仅差1 366 bp;基因顺序基本一致,而基因数量有所差异,infA、petG、rpl22、ycf1、ycf15等多个基因在部分物种中发生丢失;主要有32个蛋白编码基因长度发生变异,其原因是内含子的丢失、内含子或者编码区的长度改变,华南锥基因长度变异较大;4个IR边界相对保守,但锥栗、Castanea pumila、华南锥3个物种由于边界扩张导致rps19基因部分序列进入到IR区;以榛为外类群构建的系统发育树,各进化支支持率较高,分辨率较好。研究结果表明,叶绿体基因组可以用于分析关系较近与进化较快物种的系统发生问题,为系统发育和进化研究提供依据。     

梅花草属叶绿体基因组进化分析

叶绿体基因组序列变异和基因组成等特征可有效反映植物类群间的系统发育和进化关系。本研究利用Illumina高通量测序平台对梅花草属（Parnassia）及其近缘属5种植物的叶绿体基因组进行测序和组装,同时基于已发表的近缘种叶绿体基因组信息,对梅花草属叶绿体基因组结构特征、序列遗传变异和蛋白编码基因密码子偏好性比对分析。结果显示：梅花草属叶绿体基因组整体结构较为保守,均为四分体结构;梅花草多个基因出现假基因化,而本属其他物种叶绿体基因组成一致,均编码115个基因;与近缘属物种相比,本属所有物种均丢失rpl16基因的内含子;蛋白质编码基因的非同义/同义替代率比值较低,叶绿体基因可能经历纯化选择作用;密码子偏好性聚类结果与蛋白编码序列重建的系统发育关系结果一致。本研究表明选择压力可能在梅花草属叶绿体基因组蛋白编码基因进化过程中发挥作用,有助于进一步理解梅花草属植物的进化和适应机制。     

裂叶榆叶绿体基因组及CP-SSR位点分析

榆树材质优良,具有良好的耐旱、耐寒和耐盐碱能力,从温带、暖温带到亚热带都有分布。本研究对榆科植物(裂叶榆)的叶绿体基因组进行De novo测序,裂叶榆叶绿体基因组序列全长为158953 bp,为典型的四段式结构,其中LSC区长度为88032 bp,SSC区长18846 bp,两个IR区长26037 bp,GC含量为35. 57%。裂叶榆叶绿体基因组总共编码139个基因,包括85个蛋白编码基因、8个r RNA和46个t RNA基因。裂叶榆的叶绿体基因组存在755个SSR位点,SSR序列长度主要以6~8 bp的短序列为主,SSR共有49个重复单元,以A/T和AT/AT为主,占所有SSR位点的66. 09%。选取42个物种叶绿体基因组的共有蛋白编码基因进行系统进化分析表明,裂叶榆与大麻科、桑科物种亲缘关系最近,榆科与大麻科、桑科均属于荨麻目,与传统分类学相吻合。本研究报道了裂叶榆的叶绿体基因组序列,对今后榆树的光合作用研究、CP-SSR引物开发、进化研究及叶绿体转基因工程等研究具有重要意义。     

荷花玉兰叶绿体全基因组高通量测序及结构解析

荷花玉兰是重要的药用、观赏及园林绿化植物.应用454高通量测序技术对荷花玉兰叶绿体全基因组进行测序,解析了其基因组结构,并与近缘物种基因组进行了比较分析.荷花玉兰叶绿体基因组全长为159623bp,两个反向互补重复区(IRs)长26563bp,被分隔的大单拷贝区(LSC)和小单拷贝区(SSC)长度分别为87757和18740bp.成功注释129个叶绿体基因,其中18个基因含有内含子.基因的种类、数目以及GC含量等与其他木兰科物种相类似.生物信息学分析获得218个SSR位点,大多位点富含A-T,具有碱基偏好性.木兰科物种的重复基序类型和丰度相对保守,有利于开发叶绿体基因组载体.木兰亚纲植物叶绿体基因组的大小及IR区边界的变化与ycf1的长度密切相关.采用30个物种叶绿体基因组的66个共有蛋白编码基因构建系统发育树,对木兰属在被子植物中的进化位置进行了探讨.荷花玉兰叶绿体全基因组序列的获得和结构解析对优良品种培育、叶绿体基因组工程、木兰科物种分子标记开发及系统发育关系的研究具有重要价值.     

Complete Sequence of the Duckweed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lemna minor</Emphasis>) Chloroplast Genome: Structural Organization and Phylogenetic Relationships to Other Angiosperms

The complete nucleotide sequence of the duckweed (Lemna minor) chloroplast genome (cpDNA) was determined. The cpDNA is a circular molecule of 165,955 bp containing a pair of 31,223-bp inverted repeat regions (IRs), which are separated by small and large single-copy regions of 89,906 and 13,603 bp, respectively. The entire gene pool and relative positions of 112 genes (78 protein-encoding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes) are almost identical to those of Amborella trichopoda cpDNA; the minor difference is the absence of infA and ycf15 genes in the duckweed cpDNA. The inverted repeat is expanded to include ycf1 and rps15 genes; this pattern is unique and does not occur in any other sequenced cpDNA of land plants. As in basal angiosperms and eudicots, but not in other monocots, the borders between IRs and a large single-copy region are located upstream of rps19 and downstream of trnH, so that trnH is not included in IRs. The model of rearrangements of the chloroplast genome during the evolution of monocots is proposed as the result of the comparison of cpDNA structures in duckweed and other monocots. The phylogenetic analyses of 61 protein-coding genes from 38 plastid genome sequences provided strong support for the monophyly of monocots and position of Lemna as the next diverging lineage of monocots after Acorales. Our analyses also provided support for Amborella as a sister to all other angiosperms, but in the bayesian phylogeny inference based on the first two codon positions Amborella united with Nymphaeales.     

Analysis of SSR dynamics in chloroplast genomes of Brassicaceae family

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are present abundantly in most eukaryotic genomes. They affect several cellular processes like chromatin organization, regulation of gene activity, DNA repair, DNA recombination, etc. Though considerable data exists on using nuclear SSRs to infer phylogenetic relationships, the potential of chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSR), in this regard, remains largely unexplored. In the present study we probe various nucleotide repeat motifs (NRMs) / types of SSRs present in chloroplast genomes (cpDNA) of 12 species belonging to Brassicaceae family. NRMs show a non-random distribution in coding and non-coding compartments of cpDNA. As expected, trinucleotide repeats are more common in coding regions while other repeat motifs are prominent in non-coding DNA. Total numbers of SSRs in coding region show little variation between species while considerable variation is exhibited by SSRs in non-coding regions. Finally, we have designed universal primers that yield polymorphic amplicons from all 12 species. Our analysis also suggests that amplicon length polymorphism shows no significant relationship with sequence based phylogeny of SSRs in cpDNA of Brassicaceae family.     

DNA序列在植物系统学研究中的应用

植物DNA序列由于进化速率上的差异而适用于不同分类阶元的系统发育研究,因此,针对某一特定的系统学问题选择相应合适的分子片段是分子系统学研究中最为关键的一步。在前人研究的基础上,主要讨论了目前分子系统发育和进化研究中一些常用的DNA序列的适用范围,包括nrDNA的18S基因及ITS等非编码区,cpDNA的编码基因（rbcI、matK、ndhF、atpB）及非编码区序列（rpL16、rpoC1、rps16、trnL-F和trnT-L）和应用较少的mtDNA。研究表明,18S、rbcI等编码基因及mtDNA一般适用于较高分类阶元甚至整个种子植物谱系间的系统发育的探讨,而ITS及cpDNA的非编码区序列等因其较快的进化速率多用于较低分类阶元的系统关系研究。     

杨树叶绿体3′rps12基因,rps7基因和ndhB基因片段的克隆及序列分析

通过烟草叶绿体相关序列设计引物 ,从杨树的叶绿体基因组中克隆出 2个相邻的DNA片段 .经分析发现 ,这 2个DNA片段包含核糖体蛋白 3′rps12、rps7基因和NADH脱氢酶第二亚基ndhB基因片段 .利用DNAMAN等软件 ,将扩增到的杨树叶绿体DNA片段与烟草、拟南芥、玉米和黑松的相关序列进行比较 ,证实所扩增的片段具有较高的保守性 ,尤其是在这 3个基因的编码区 ,同源性均在 90 %以上 .插入或缺失常发生在基因间隔区 ,同源性在 80 %左右 ;对其编码区所推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较 ,同源性均在 92 %以上 .首次克隆了杨树叶绿体的部分DNA序列 ,详细报道并分析了杨树 3′rps12、rps7基因和ndhB基因片段及其边界序列信息 .所报告的基因序列均已登录GenBank .     

The Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. ‘Aseel’)

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an economically important and widely cultivated palm of the family Arecaceae. We sequenced the complete date palm chloroplast genome (cpDNA) from Pakistani cv. ??Aseel??, using a combination of Sanger-based and next-generation sequencing technologies. Being very similar to a sequence from a Saudi Arabian date palm cultivar ??Khalas?? published recently, the size of the genome was 158,458?bp with a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 27,276?bp that were separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,195?bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,711?bp. Genome annotation demonstrated a total of 138 genes, of which 89 were protein coding, 39 were tRNA, and eight were rRNA genes. Comparison of cpDNA sequences of cultivars ??Aseel?? and ??Khalas?? showed following intervarietal variations in the LSC region; (a) two SNPs in intergenic spacers and one SNP in the rpoc1 gene, (b) polymorphism in two mono-nucleotide simple sequence repeats (SSR), and (c) a 4-bp indel in the accD-psaI intergenic spacer. The SSC region has a polymorphic site in the mono-nucleotide SSR located at position 120,710. We also compared cv. ??Aseel?? cpDNA sequence with partial P. dactylifera cpDNA sequence entries deposited in Genbank and identified a number of potentially useful polymorphisms in this species. Analysis of date palm cpDNA sequences revealed a close relationship with Typha latifolia. Occurrence of small numbers of forward and inverted repeats in date palm cpDNA indicated conserved genome arrangement.     

Many parallel losses of infA from chloroplast DNA during angiosperm evolution with multiple independent transfers to the nucleus

We used DNA sequencing and gel blot surveys to assess the integrity of the chloroplast gene infA, which codes for translation initiation factor 1, in >300 diverse angiosperms. Whereas most angiosperms appear to contain an intact chloroplast infA gene, the gene has repeatedly become defunct in approximately 24 separate lineages of angiosperms, including almost all rosid species. In four species in which chloroplast infA is defunct, transferred and expressed copies of the gene were found in the nucleus, complete with putative chloroplast transit peptide sequences. The transit peptide sequences of the nuclear infA genes from soybean and Arabidopsis were shown to be functional by their ability to target green fluorescent protein to chloroplasts in vivo. Phylogenetic analysis of infA sequences and assessment of transit peptide homology indicate that the four nuclear infA genes are probably derived from four independent gene transfers from chloroplast to nuclear DNA during angiosperm evolution. Considering this and the many separate losses of infA from chloroplast DNA, the gene has probably been transferred many more times, making infA by far the most mobile chloroplast gene known in plants.     

Isolation and characterization of six different chicken actin genes.

Genes representing six different actin isoforms were isolated from a chicken genomic library. Cloned actin cDNAs as well as tissue-specific mRNAs enriched in different actin species were used as hybridization probes to group individual actin genomic clones by their relative thermal stability. Restriction maps showed that these actin genes were derived from separate and nonoverlapping regions of genomic DNA. Of the six isolated genes, five included sequences from both the 5' and 3' ends of the actin-coding area. Amino acid sequence analysis from both the NH2- and COOH-terminal regions provided for the unequivocal identification of these genes. The striated isoforms were represented by the isolated alpha-skeletal, alpha-cardiac, and alpha-smooth muscle actin genes. The nonmuscle isoforms included the beta-cytoplasmic actin gene and an actin gene fragment which lacked the 5' coding and flanking sequence; presumably, this region of DNA was removed from this gene during construction of the genomic library. Unexpectedly, a third nonmuscle chicken actin gene was found which resembled the amphibian type 5 actin isoform (J. Vandekerckhove, W. W. Franke, and K. Weber, J. Mol. Biol., 152:413-426). This nonmuscle actin type has not been previously detected in warm-blooded vertebrates. We showed that interspersed, repeated DNA sequences closely flanked the alpha-skeletal, alpha-cardiac, beta-, and type 5-like actin genes. The repeated DNA sequences which surround the alpha-skeletal actin-coding regions were not related to repetitious DNA located on the other actin genes. Analysis of genomic DNA blots showed that the chicken actin multigene family was represented by 8 to 10 separate coding loci. The six isolated actin genes corresponded to 7 of 11 genomic EcoRI fragments. Only the alpha-smooth muscle actin gene was shown to be split by an EcoRI site. Thus, in the chicken genome each actin isoform appeared to be encoded by a single gene.