植物苯丙烷代谢及其对重金属胁迫的响应研究进展

苯丙烷代谢途径是植物中最重要的次生代谢途径之一,在植物抵抗重金属胁迫中直接或间接发挥了抗氧化作用,并能够提高植物对重金属离子的吸收与胁迫耐性。本文就苯丙烷代谢途径核心反应与关键酶系进行了总结,同时分析了木质素、类黄酮及原花青素等关键代谢产物的生物合成过程及相关机制,并以此为基础探讨了苯丙烷代谢途径关键产物响应重金属胁迫的相关机制。此外,结合当前研究现状,就苯丙烷代谢参与植物防御重金属胁迫的相关研究提出展望,以期为重金属污染环境的植物修复提供理论依据。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌生防次级代谢产物研究进展

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）是生防芽孢杆菌中的重要代表,作为微生物农药的核心菌种,已被广泛应用于作物病害生物防治。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌具有植物内生性,其生防作用机制主要包括产生次级代谢产物对抗植物病原物;改善宿主植物根际微生物群落,促进宿主营养和生长;激发宿主植物产生防御反应,诱导植物获得系统抗性。其中,产生次级代谢产物是其最重要的生防作用机制。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌含有多个编码生物合成次级代谢产物的基因簇,其中包括编码聚酮化合物合酶（PKS）和非核糖体肽合成酶（NRPS）的基因簇,同时存在核糖体途径合成次级代谢产物基因簇。通过非核糖体途径可产生脂肽类化合物、聚酮类化合物、二肽和铁载体;通过核糖体途径产生小菌素、细菌素、羊毛硫抗生素。这些具有生物活性的次级代谢产物成为了天然新药和候选抗生素的储存库,对于解析生防菌作用机制具有重要意义。本文综述了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的命名与更迭,产生次级代谢产物的类型、合成与调控基因以及靶标病原菌,以期为生防菌株的改良和生物农药的研发提供参考。     

真菌诱导子在发酵工业中的应用现状及展望

真菌诱导子是一类能诱导植物和微生物产生次级代谢产物的活性物质,它一经识别,将通过信号转导途径,引起相关基因表达发生变化,从而调节次级代谢产物合成途径中相关酶的活性,诱导特定次级代谢产物的积累。近年来国内外在真菌诱导子诱导途径及机制方面进行了深入研究,同时在生物工业领域,尤其在发酵工业中的应用也引起了广泛关注。以下结合本实验室的研究工作,重点介绍了真菌诱导子在植物和微生物细胞次级代谢产物合成方面的应用现状、诱导机制和存在的问题及展望。     

环境胁迫下内生菌与宿主代谢相互作用研究进展

植物体内成分是实时反映其生理状态的最直接指标,是其遭受生物或非生物胁迫应激状态的体现,微生物与植物的共生抗逆亦由代谢的重置与调控得以实现。内生菌可以自身细胞功能或代谢产物调控宿主代谢,其自身可产生独特的、显著区别于宿主的代谢成分参与抗逆;而宿主内环境的长期“驯化”亦可改变内生菌的表型和代谢。较全面地分析了植物与微生物共生抗逆在代谢层面的相互作用,旨为同一领域工作者提供有价值的参考。     

深绿木霉中碳代谢抑制因子CRE1功能特性研究

木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)是一种广泛存在于土壤及植物根系生境中的丝状真菌,具有拮抗植物病原真菌和促进植物生长的双重功效。碳代谢抑制子CRE1全局性调控细胞生长代谢过程,保障木霉在不同生境中的存活及拮抗病原菌特性。比较深绿木霉(T.atroviride)T23及其Cre1突变株(T23Δcre1)在不同培养基中的生长和代谢特性,结果表明:cre1基因沉默后,T23Δcre1较T23菌丝生长变慢,产孢滞后且降低一个数量级,cre1对菌丝生长和产孢的调控依赖于培养基组分。此外,cre1基因抑制几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因转录,区别性调控部分次级代谢合成的非核糖体肽合成酶NRPS和聚酮合成酶PKS基因的表达。综上,碳代谢因子CRE1作为一个多效性的转录调控因子,抑制细胞壁降解酶和代谢产物合成相关的基因表达,赋予木霉菌在环境中的适应性和竞争性,是深绿木霉T23生长的必要因子。     

植物花青素合成相关的bHLH转录因子

花青素是由类黄酮途径一个特异的分支合成的,它不仅能够决定花和果实的颜色,还能保护植物免受各种生物和非生物胁迫损伤。bHLH转录因子广泛存在于植物中,在植物的生长发育与形态建成、次级代谢产物的合成及对外界环境胁迫应答中起着重要的调控作用。近年来,随着大规模基因组测序技术和分子生物学的发展,植物中越来越多的bHLH转录因子得到鉴定。本文主要对花青素合成相关的bHLH转录因子及其在调节结构基因表达和花青素合成中的作用进行了综述。     

miRNA调控药用植物生长发育和次生代谢

microRNA(miRNA)作为一类内源性的短链非编码RNA,广泛存在于真核细胞中,主要通过对转录本剪切和抑制翻译等方式,参与转录后基因的表达调控。近年来研究表明,多种药用植物中鉴定出大量的miRNA。这些miRNA对药用植物的生长发育和次生代谢产物合成具有调控功能。次生代谢产物是药用植物的主要有效成分,研究miRNA对药用植物次生代谢过程的调控作用具有十分重要的意义。本文综述了miRNA在植物中的产生途径、作用方式和体内功能,在此基础上重点介绍了miRNA对药用植物生长发育和次生代谢产物生物合成的调控作用,并对药用植物miRNA的研究进行了展望,以期为提高药用植物产量,高效获得药用植物有效成分以及临床应用开拓新的思路。     

微生物次级代谢产物抗辣椒疫霉的研究进展CSCD

辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)是一种破坏性极强的蔬菜作物病原菌,会使植物患疫病,已对农业生产造成巨大的经济损失。微生物次级代谢产物可通过破坏细胞膜通透性、干扰蛋白质合成以及诱导植物产生抗性等机制来抑制辣椒疫霉,在防治辣椒疫霉和其他植物病原菌中发挥着重要作用。微生物源次级代谢产物如吩嗪-1-羧酸是我国自主创制的绿色杀菌剂申嗪霉素(shenqinmycin)的主要成分,对包括辣椒疫病在内的多种植物病害有良好的防治效果。因此,微生物次级代谢产物的应用是生物防治中控制植物病害的有效手段,也是实现农业绿色发展的有效策略。本文以微生物类型(细菌、放线菌和真菌)为主线,简要综述了近二十年来94种具有抗辣椒疫霉活性的微生物次级代谢产物的来源、抗菌效果和部分次级代谢产物的抗菌机理,以期为微生物源次级代谢产物抗辣椒疫霉的研究与开发提供参考。     

盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达分析北大核心CSCD

为探究盐胁迫条件下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达规律,以不同浓度NaCl(0,100,200,300 mmol/L)处理的水培宁夏枸杞幼苗为研究材料,利用高通量测序技术和qRT-PCR对盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达进行分析,同时对该途径中关键酶活性及产物含量进行测定。结果表明,(1)宁夏枸杞在不同浓度NaCl处理下共有58个苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达,且随着盐胁迫程度的增加大部分基因表达水平上调或不变;(2)随着NaCl浓度的增加,宁夏枸杞叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性均下降,而酚类物质、类黄酮和木质素的含量在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下均显著积累。研究发现,宁夏枸杞可能通过调控苯丙烷代谢相关基因上调表达,增加酚类物质、类黄酮和木质素的合成,来清除过多活性氧和提升细胞壁强度以适应盐胁迫;宁夏枸杞可耐受的NaCl浓度在100~200 mmol/L之间。     

碳源与氮源限制下细菌代谢调节研究进展

营养限制是微生物最常面临的环境胁迫之一。除了在营养物质匮乏的海洋、冰川、沙漠、深层地表等自然环境中,越来越多的人工环境也出现了营养限制的特征,例如各类微污染水体、提标改造的废水生物处理系统等。基质浓度极大地影响着包括细菌在内的许多微生物的生长、代谢及群落结构,最终导致其功能的改变。为了在营养限制条件下维持生存,微生物首先需感知营养供给的减少,其后通过基因、蛋白质、信号分子、代谢产物等对各代谢过程进行全局调控,最后改变基质亲和力、生长速率、运动能力、形态等以适应营养不足。胞内各种信号物质及其触发的响应是微生物应对营养胁迫的关键。本文分别梳理了以细菌为代表的微生物应对碳源、氮源限制时的关键信号物质、受体蛋白/调控过程及响应结果,并分析了碳氮限制响应过程中的相互作用,以期为极端环境微生物的认识、营养限制条件下微生物的应用,尤其是低浓度污染物生物处理、生物监测等领域提供理论基础。     

Nitric oxide elicitation for secondary metabolite production in cultured plant cells

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signal molecule in stress responses. Accumulation of secondary metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. NO has been reported to play important roles in elicitor-induced secondary metabolite production in tissue and cell cultures of medicinal plants. Better understanding of NO role in the biosynthesis of such metabolites is very important for optimizing the commercial production of those pharmaceutically significant secondary metabolites. This paper summarizes progress made on several aspects of NO signal leading to the production of plant secondary metabolites, including various abiotic and biotic elicitors that induce NO production, elicitor-triggered NO generation cascades, the impact of NO on growth development and programmed cell death in medicinal plants, and NO-mediated regulation of the biosynthetic pathways of such metabolites. Cross-talks among NO signaling and reactive oxygen species, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid are discussed. Some perspectives on the application of NO donors for induction of the secondary metabolite accumulation in plant cultures are also presented.     

Making new molecules - evolution of pathways for novel metabolites in plants

Plants have adapted to their environments by diversifying in various ways. This diversification is reflected at the phytochemical level in their production of numerous specialized secondary metabolites that provide protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant speciation is therefore intimately linked to metabolic diversification, yet we do not currently have a deep understanding of how new metabolic pathways evolve. Recent evidence indicates that genes for individual secondary metabolic pathways can be either distributed throughout the genome or clustered, but the relative frequencies of these two pathway organizations remain to be established. While it is possible that clustering is a feature of pathways that have evolved in recent evolutionary time, the answer to this and how dispersed and clustered pathways may be related remain to be addressed. Recent advances enabled by genomics and systems biology are beginning to yield the first insights into network evolution in plant metabolism. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding the evolution of clustered and dispersed pathways for new secondary metabolites in plants.     

药用植物生长发育与有效成分积累关系研究进展

药用植物有效成分是其发挥临床疗效的物质基础, 也是评价药材质量的重要指标, 而这些有效成分的产生和分布通常有种属、器官、组织以及生长发育时期的特异性。明确药用植物主要药用成分在植物不同生长发育阶段的积累变化规律和形成机制, 对中药品质与临床疗效有重要的指导意义。该文主要概述了不同发育阶段对药用植物不同药用部位(根、茎、叶、花、果实和种子)中有效成分积累的影响, 并对药用植物次生代谢产物合成和积累机制的相关研究技术进行了展望, 为生产实践上调控药用植物次生物质合成、药用植物的合理利用以及提高中药材品质奠定了理论基础。     

The effects of season and water availability on chemical composition,secondary metabolites and biological activity in plants

Plants react towards changes in their environment, which can be a result of biotic or abiotic activities. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of abiotic stress on plants, and how it affects the primary as well as secondary metabolism. Generally it is accepted that plants react to environmental stress by increasing secondary metabolites. This is however a very broad and simplified explanation and often inaccurate. Various examples are provided where plants react positively, and often negatively towards seasonal variation and water availability, resulting in a lowering of certain secondary metabolites concentration, while others are increased. Furthermore species differences, cultivars and interaction of other environmental factors such as temperature complicates a simple conclusion from the effect of stress on plants. The differential expression of genes in different species and in different metabolic pathways ensures a complex and very specific reaction of a plant to environmental stress. Overall the paper provides support for a complex and intricate response system which differs for each plant species, and could be explained by understanding and studying the different metabolic pathways responsible for secondary metabolite production.     

Involvement and interaction of various signaling compounds on the plant metabolic events during defense response,resistance to stress factors,formation of secondary metabolites and their molecular aspects

Plants are a nearly unlimited source of phytochemicals. The plants produce various secondary metabolites, which are useful in its interaction with the environment, various stress factors and development of resistance against pathogen attack. A wide array of external stimuli are capable of triggering changes in the plant cell which leads to a cascade of reactions, ultimately resulting in the formation and accumulation of secondary metabolites which helps the plant to overcome the stress factors. The biotic and abiotic elicitors can result in an enhancement of the secondary metabolite production. The stimuli are perceived by receptors, which then result in the activation of the secondary messengers. These then transmit the signals into the cell through the signal transduction pathways leading to gene expression and biochemical changes. There is interplay of the signaling molecules also which regulates the entire pathway. This review is oriented towards the factors, which influence signal transduction pathway(s) with special reference to polyamines, calcium, jasmonates, salicylates, nitric oxide and ethylene. The interplay of these components to elicit a defense response is discussed. Molecular aspects of disease resistance and regulation of plant secondary metabolism has also been presented.     

Hairy Root and Its Application in Plant Genetic Engineering

Agrobacterium rhizogenes Conn. causes hairy root disease In plants. Hairy root-Infected A. rhizogenes Is characterlzed by a high growth rate and genetic stability. Hairy root cultures have been proven to be an efficient means of producing secondary metabolites that are normally biosyntheslzed In roots of differentiated plants. Furthermore, a transgenlc root system offers tremendous potential for introducing additional genes along with the RI plasmld, especially with modified genes, into medicinal plant cells with A. rhizogenes vector systems. The cultures have turned out to be a valuable tool with which to study the biochemical properties and the gene expression profile of metabolic pathways. Moreover, the cultures can be used to elucidate the Intermediates and key enzymes Involved In the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The present article discusses various appllcations of hairy root cultures in plant genetic engineering and potential problems aseoclsted with them.     

Pathogens pulling the strings: Effectors manipulating salicylic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants

During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated ways to cope with different biotic and abiotic stresses. Phytohormones and secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defence responses against invading pathogens. One of the key hormones involved in plant immunity is salicylic acid (SA), of which the role in plant defence is well established and documented. Plants produce an array of secondary metabolites categorized in different classes, with the phenylpropanoids as major players in plant immunity. Both SA and phenylpropanoids are needed for an effective immune response by the plant. To successfully infect the host, pathogens secrete proteins, called effectors, into the plant tissue to lower defence. Secreted effectors can interfere with several metabolic or signalling pathways in the host to facilitate infection. In this review, we will focus on the different strategies pathogens have developed to affect the levels of SA and phenylpropanoids to increase plant susceptibility.     

Regulation, evolution, and functionality of flavonoids in cereal crops

Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that contribute to the adaptation of plants to environmental stresses, including resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. Flavonoids are also beneficial for human health and depress the progression of some chronic diseases. The biosynthesis of flavonoids, which belong to a large family of phenolic compounds, is a complex metabolic process with many pathways that produce different metabolites, controlled by key enzymes. There is limited knowledge about the composition, biosynthesis and regulation of flavonoids in cereals. Improved understanding of the accumulation of flavonoids in cereal grains would help to improve human nutrition through these staple foods. The biosynthesis of flavonoids, scope for altering the flavonoid composition in cereal crops and benefits for human nutrition are reviewed here.     

‘Radicle' biochemistry: the biology of root-specific metabolism

The roots of higher plants are a fascinating and largely unexplored biological frontier. One of their features is the ability to synthesize a remarkable diversity of secondary metabolites, and to adjust their metabolic activities in response to biotic and abiotic stress. This includes the ability to exude a complex array of micro- and macromolecules into the rhizosphere, with the potential to affect the inter-relationships between plants and beneficial or deleterious soil-borne organisms. In the past, research on root biology has been hampered by the underground growth habit of roots and by the lack of a suitable experimental system. However, recent progess in growing roots in isolation has greatly facilitated the study of root-specific metabolism and contributed to our understanding of this remarkable plant organ.