四川绿尾虹雉的野外考察

绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii),又称贝母鸡、鹰鸡、火炭鸡,隶属于鸡形目、雉科、虹雉属的鸟类,是珍稀濒危种类,属国家一类保护动物。在四川省境内见于岷山、邛崃山、相岭、大雪山和沙鲁里山等山系的林带以上,海拔3,400—4,300米的多岩石高山、亚高山的杜鹃灌丛,草甸带。其主要特征,雄鸟羽冠覆颈项,上体大都呈金属蓝绿色,下背纯白,尾蓝绿,下体黑色。体型大,重达3—4公斤。绿尾虹雉常发出委婉悦耳的多音节鸣声,迥然不同于雉科的其它种类。在大雾或阴雨天,几乎整天发出叫声,而在晴天的白昼则消声匿迹。这现象可能与它的天敌(猛禽)的活动规律…     

角雉属分类地位的探讨

角雉属Tragopan两性羽色不同,雄性具有艳丽的装饰性羽毛,这与一般雉族Phasianini相似;而尾较翅为短,尾羽的换羽从中央到外侧,这些特征又与鹑族Perdicini各属相同,形态特征上角雉属被划为鹑族.通过PCR扩增鸡形目Galliformes黄腹角雉Tragopan caboti等10个属19个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素b的部分基因,获取片段长度为828bp,以及从GenBank获取22种样本的相应序列,以角叫鸭Anhima cornuta和海龟Kachuga dhongoka为外群,分别用邻接法(Neighbor-joining,NJ)和最小进化法(Minimum-evolution,ME),对鸡形目和将雉科的15个属分为5个属及雉族和鹑族构建分子系统树,NJ和ME系统树中,都是角雉与雉类相聚.角雉出现形态解剖与基因分析分类地位的不一致,说明雉和鹑可能不是单系群.同时我们认为雌雄的色泽区别比尾羽的长短和换羽方式在对雉和鹑形态特征分类时更为重要.从分子水平分析的结果都是角雉属与雉聚类.因此角雉归为雉族更合理.     

高黎贡山白尾梢虹雉繁殖生态观察

2002-2004年连续3个春季在高黎贡山自然保护区对白尾梢虹雉(Lophophorus sclateri)的繁殖习性进行了观察,对白尾梢虹雉的巢、卵和雏鸟进行了详细描述.在高黎贡山南段,白尾梢虹雉的产卵孵化始于3月底,止于5月初,窝卵数为2～3枚,孵卵期为28 d.窝卵数低、适宜巢址缺乏有可能是白尾梢虹雉种群增长缓慢...     

绿尾虹雉冬季生态的跟踪观测研究

绿尾虹雉（Ｌｏｐｈｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｈｕｙｓｉ）属雉科（Ｐｈａｓｉａｎｉｄａｅ）虹雉属（Ｌｏｐｈｏｐｈｏｒｕｓ）珍稀野生雉类。１９９３年冬和１９９４年春,根据林业部和国家濒危物种进出口管理办公室的安排,我们对绿尾虹雉进行了野外生态跟踪观测研究,现整理...     

绿尾虹雉的冬季生态研究

绿尾虹雉（Lophophorus lhuysii）属雉科（Phasianidae）虹雉属（Lophophorus）,是我国特有珍稀雉类,列为国家一类保护动物。我们于1983年起对绿尾虹雉的生态进行专题研究,现根据对绿尾虹雉的野外考察所得,整理成本文。 野外考察的时间、地点、及路线 我们于1983年4月至1984年7月在四川省宝兴县跷碛公社对绿尾虹雉的生态做了四次考察,前后为期近十个月,其中冬季考察时间为1983年12月至1984年1月。     

云南白尾梢虹雉的分布与保护

1999—2003年在云南对白尾梢虹雉(Lophophorus sclateri)的分布及栖息生境进行了调查,确证11个分布点,另有3个点可能有分布。白尾梢虹雉在云南的栖息生境主要有高山草甸、高山亚高山箭竹林及亚高山针叶林3种类型。栖息生境承载量小、种群增长慢、人类活动干扰以及宣传不力是白尾梢虹雉濒危的主要因素,据此提出开展驯养繁殖、加强禁止偷猎的法制宣传,以及加强基础研究的保护建议。     

雷鸟虱属四新种(食毛目:长角鸟虱科)

雷鸟虱属Lagopoecus Waterston 1922是鸡形目鸟类体外寄生昆虫,也是为害家鸡的重要害虫,该属在我国鸡形目鸟类上寄生的种类至今已报导6种:异型雷鸟虱L.heterotypus(Megnin)1880,宿主为棕尾虹雉Lophophorus impejanus(Latham);雉鸡雷鸟虱L.colchicus Emerson 1949,宿主为雉鸡(环颈雉)Phasianus colchicus torquatus     

云南省贡山县发现棕尾虹雉

20 0 1年 2月 15日 ,云南省怒江傈僳族自治州贡山县丙中洛乡青那桶村农民在其居住地的后山 ,即怒山北段西坡 (约东经 98°3 8′ ,北纬 2 8°0 4′)海拔 3 4 0 0ｍ的亚高山冷杉、杜鹃和高山箭竹混交林中 ,捕捉到 1只虹雉 ,经中国科学院昆明动物研究所杨晓君先生鉴定为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物———棕尾虹雉 (Ｌｏｐｈｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｉｍｐｅｊａｎｕｓ)。据郑作新 ( 1987)和Ｍａｃｋｉｎｎｏｎｅｔａｌ ( 2 0 0 0 )记载 ,棕尾虹雉在中国分布于西藏南部和东南部 ,国外分布从阿富汗东至不丹。现在云南西北部贡山县捕获的标本属云南省鸟类新记…     

云南高黎贡山两种同域分布雉类冬季的食物分析及取食策略

本文采用粪便显微分析法对高黎贡山同域分布的白尾梢虹雉(Lophophorus sclateri)与血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)进行食物组成研究,旨在弄清这两种濒危雉类越冬期间(12月—翌年2月)的食谱以及它们对食物资源的竞争状况。结果表明:白尾梢虹雉取食48种植物,血雉取食43种植物,两种雉类的食物多样性指数分别为3.21和3.35,食物生态位重叠指数达0.598,有27种植物被两种雉类共同取食,且在各自食谱中所占比例甚高;较高的食物多样性和食物生态位重叠度表明两种雉类冬季食谱拓宽,并暗示这两种雉类在冬季可能存在食物竞争;食物种类和取食部位的分化是它们得以同域分布和长期共存的基础;结合这两种雉类的食谱特征和野外取食行为,提出它们冬季的取食策略假说,白尾梢虹雉采取以植物根为食和雪后向低海拔迁移寻求替代食物这两种策略来应对冬季食物不足,而血雉则采取集群游荡以扩大种群取食范围的策略。     

江西武夷山雉科鸟类研究初报

2004年9月～2008年5月对江西武夷山国家级自然保护区的雉类资源进行了调查,查明区内分布有白眉山鹧鸪、灰胸竹鸡、黄腹角雉、白鹇、勺鸡、雉鸡、白颈长尾雉等雉科鸟类,隶属于7属7种,分别占我国雉类属、种数量的33.3%和12.7%.较常见的种类有灰胸竹鸡、白鹇和黄腹角雉.并对有关物种的生境利用特点、生物学特征和灾害性天气对其分布的影响等进行了初步分析.     

Molecular phylogeny of the speciose vole genus Microtus (Arvicolinae, Rodentia) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Voles of the genus Microtus represent one of the most speciose mammalian genera in the Holarctic. We established a molecular phylogeny for Microtus to resolve contentious issues of systematic relationships and evolutionary history in this genus. A total of 81 specimens representing ten Microtus species endemic to Europe as well as eight Eurasian, six Asian and one Holarctic species were sequenced for the entire cytochrome b gene (1140 bp). A further 25 sequences were retrieved from GenBank, providing data on an additional 23, mainly Nearctic, Microtus species. Phylogenetic analysis of these 48 species generated four well-supported monophyletic lineages. The genus Chionomys, snow voles, formed a distinct and well-supported lineage separate from the genus Microtus. The subgenus Microtus formed the strongest supported lineage with two sublineages displaying a close relationship between the arvalis species group (common voles) and the socialis species group (social voles). Monophyly of the Palearctic pitymyid voles, subgenus Terricola, was supported, and this subgenus was also subdivided into two monophyletic species groups. Together, these groupings clarify long-standing taxonomic uncertainties in Microtus. In addition, the "Asian" and the Nearctic lineages reported previously were identified although the latter group was not supported. However, relationships among the main Microtus branches were not resolved, suggesting a rapid and potentially simultaneous radiation of a widespread ancestor early in the history of the genus. This and subsequent radiations discernible in the cytochrome b phylogeny, show the considerable potential of Microtus for analysis of historical and ecological determinants of speciation in small mammals. It is evident that speciation is an ongoing process in the genus and that the molecular data provides a vital insight into current species limits as well as cladogenic events of the past.     

Evolution and phylogeny of the genus Natrix (Serpentes: Colubridae)

Some aspects of the natural history of snakes of the colubrid genus Natrix have been well studied. With their extensive European distribution and relative abundance, their ecology, reproduction and behaviour are well known. Yet other facets of their biology remain poorly understood. These include knowledge of Natrix phylogeny, hypotheses explaining the current distribution of the three extant members of the genus, and their evolution and relationships. In this study we used molecular data, the nucleotide sequences of four protein-coding mitochondrial genes (3806 bp total), to provide a well-supported phylogeny for the genus Natrix . With these molecular data, evidence from the fossil record, and knowledge of palaeogeological events, we used two approaches in designing a time scale which we used to date the major events in Natrix speciation and intraspecific variation. Our data strongly support a phylogeny for the genus in which N. maura is basal with N. natrix and N. tessellata being sister species. The calibrated molecular clock suggests that N. maura diverged from the common ancestor of the three species 18–27 mya and that N. natrix and N. tessellata diverged 13–22 mya. Although the ranges of these estimates are large they support an early Miocene to late Oligocene origin for the three species. Intraspecific divergence is estimated to have commenced 5.3, 6.0 and 6.7 mya with evolutionary rates of 1 : 1.25 : 1.35% per million years for N. maura, N. natrix and N. tessellata , respectively.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 87 , 127–143.     

Patterns of lineage diversification in the genus Naso (Acanthuridae)

The evolutionary history of the reef fish genus Naso (F. Acanthuridae) was examined using a complete species-level molecular phylogeny of all recognized (19) species based on three loci (one nuclear ETS2 and two mitochondrial 16S, cyt b). This study demonstrates that distinct foraging modes and specialized body shapes arose independently at different times in the evolutionary history of the genus. Members of the subgenus Axinurus, characterized by a scombriform morphology, caudal fin structure and pelagic foraging mode, were consistently placed basal to the remaining Naso species, suggesting that pelagic foraging is plesiomorphic and benthic foraging derived in this genus. We used a genus-level phylogeny (nuclear marker, ETS2), which included several taxa from all other acanthurid genera, to obtain a range of age estimates for the most recent common ancestor of the genus Naso. These age estimates (range of 52-43.3 MY) were then used to estimate divergence times (by nonparametric rate smoothing method) of the node giving rise to extant Naso species using the combined sequence data (from all loci). The reconstruction of the pattern of divergence of extant species indicates two sequences of events. The basal species characterized by pelagic foraging modes arose during the Eocene and Oligocene. Most of the remaining Naso species, including those characterized by benthic foraging, arose over a period of 20 MY during the Miocene. Diversification during this period was associated with major plate tectonic and glaciation events, resulting in changes in sea level, ocean temperature and productivity regimes. Regardless of the foraging mode exhibited, all species of Naso have a caudal propulsive unit similar to that observed in pelagic scombriform fishes, a legacy of the basal position of the subgenus Axinurus in the phylogeny of the genus.     

Evolutionary systematics in African gerbilline rodents of the genus Gerbilliscus: inference from mitochondrial genes

Gerbilliscus has recently been proposed as an endemic African rodent genus distinct from the Asian Tatera. A molecular phylogeny of the genus, including nine species from southern, western and eastern Africa, is presented here based on the analysis of the cytochrome b and 16S mitochondrial genes. With an adequate taxonomic sampling over a wide geographic range, we here provide a clear picture of the phylogenetic relationships between species and species groups in this genus. Three distinct clades were resolved, corresponding to major geographical subdivisions: an eastern clade that possibly diverged first, then a southern and a western clades which appeared later. We suggest two possible hypotheses concerning the dispersal of the genus across Africa, considering also the patterns of karyotypic variation. Finally, we discuss the taxonomic status of G. gambianus and the relationships between Gerbillurus and Gerbilliscus, as previous studies have suggested that the former should be included in the latter. Our data seem to support the synonymy of the two taxa and suggest that Gerbillurus and Gerbilliscus lineages diverged from a common ancestor appeared in eastern Africa.     

Phylogeny of the Acipenseriformes: cytogenetic and molecular approaches

The review of the data on karyology and DNA content in Acipenseriformes shows that both extant families, the Polyodontidae and Acipenseridae, originated from a tetraploid ancestor which probably had a karyotype consisting of 120 macro- and microchromosomes and DNA content of about 3.2–3.8 pg per nucleus. The tetraploidization of the presumed 60-chromosome ancestor seems to have occurred at an early time of evolution of the group. The divergence of the Acipenseridae into Scaphirhyninae and Acipenserinae occurred without polyploidization. Within the genus Acipenser, polyploidization was one of the main genetic mechanisms of speciation by which 8n and 16n-ploid species were formed. Individual gene trees constructed for sequenced partial fragments of the 18S rRNA (230 base pairs, bp), 12S rRNA (185 bp), 16S rRNA (316 bp), and cytochrome b (270 bp) genes of two Eurasian (A. baerii and A. ruthenus) and two American (A. transmontanus and A. medirostris) species of Acipenser, Huso dauricus, Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni, Scaphirhynchus albus, and Polyodon spathula showed a low level of resolution; the analysis of a combined set of data for the four genes, however, gave better resolution. Our phylogeny based on molecular analysis had two major departures from existing morphological hypotheses: Huso dauricus is a sister-species to Acipenser instead of being basal to all acipenseriforms, and Scaphirhynchus and Pseudoscaphirhynchus do not form a monophyletic group. The phylogenetic tree constructed for the cytochrome b gene fragments (with inclusion of 7 additional species of Acipenser) supported the conclusion that octoploid species appeared at least three times within Acipenser.     

Molecular phylogeny of avian genus Syrmaticus based on the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene and control region

Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (cyt b) and control region (CR) nucleotide sequences were used to study the molecular phylogeny of the genus Syrmaticus. We found that the substitution rates among the three codon positions of cyt b were heterogeneous and the transition-transversion ratio was highly biased. As to CR sequences of the genus, most variable sites were in the peripheral domains. All molecular phylogenetic trees based on the two genes showed that: 1) the Syrmaticus was monophyletic and included five species with the following cladistic relationship: (S. reevesii, (S. soemmerringii, (S. mikado, (S. humiae and S. ellioti)))). Using the TN genetic distance of cyt b, we inferred the divergence time of the five species according to putative molecular clock and found that values were largely in agreement with the geological scenarios. The origin and speciation processes of the studied group were inferred by combining molecular and biogeographical evidences.     

Contribution to the molecular phylogenetic analysis of extant holocephalan fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeriformes)

Much attention has been paid to the molecular phylogeny of holocephalan fishes during recent years, but sampling was very low and not all genera were examined. This study offers an extended sampling of species from all known genera to clarify their phylogeny and to provide an estimate of the time of origin of extant holocephalan taxa. Three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) were sequenced and analysed using a variety of phylogenetic methods (Bayes, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony). Callorhinchidae diverged from Rhinochimaeridae and Chimaeridae about 187?Ma ago. Chimaeridae and Rhinochimaeridae diverged from each other about 159?Ma ago. Within Rhinochimaeridae, Neoharriotta is the sister genus to the closely related Harriotta and Rhinochimaera. Eight species of the family Chimaeridae, belonging to the genera Hydrolagus and Chimaera, were examined. They probably had a common ancestor about 107?Ma ago and appear paraphyletic. These results indicate that the traditional morphological generic definition of the families Rhinochimaeridae and Chimaeridae has to be reinvestigated.     

Phylogenetics of the australasian mudfishes: evolution of an eel-like body plan

The mudfish genus Neochanna (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) contains six species that exhibit varying degrees of morphological and ecological adaptation to life in swampy conditions. Here, we present the first molecular phylogenetic analysis (16S rRNA+cytochrome b; 1681bp) of the entire genus to (1) test for monophyly of Australian and New Zealand taxa and (2) elucidate morphological character evolution. In addition, we analyse a matrix of 21 morphological characters to test for congruence between mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and to examine total evidence under a Bayesian framework. Molecular data indicate that the diadromous Tasmanian mudfish, N. cleaveri, is sister to a clade of five non-diadromous New Zealand mudfishes. Mapping of morphological characters onto the molecular phylogeny suggests an evolutionary transition from a plesiomorphic "stream" galaxiid morphotype to a more specialised "anguilliform" galaxiid morphotype. Pelvic fins have become increasingly reduced and dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are increasingly confluent. Associated with these changes are elongated nostrils, reduced eyes, and increased anterior cranial ossification. Morphological and total evidence analyses yield similar or identical topologies, respectively. The phylogenetic distribution of diadromy in Neochanna is consistent with a single loss of this character state in New Zealand. However, the strong sister relationship (3.6% divergent; 100% bootstrap support) detected between non-diadromous N. burrowsius (South Island, NZ) and N. rekohua (Chatham Islands) indicates geologically recent dispersal across 850km of ocean. Diadromy may therefore have been retained in the common ancestor of these two mudfish species, and subsequently lost from both lineages.