高原湿地的碳循环

<正>湿地生态系统是陆地生态系统中仅次于森林生态系统的最大碳库,湿地生态系统碳循环在全球碳循环中起着重要作用。湿地独特的水文条件,使得湿地碳循环具有与其他生态系统不同的特点。湿地土壤有机碳的循环过程生态系统有机碳的积累取决于系统植被净初级生产力(NPP)与有机碳分解和净排放之间的差异。湿地植物残体因受湿地多水和还原性强的限制,其分解、转化速度比较缓慢,通常以泥炭或有机质的形式表现为有     

碳同位素在湿地碳循环研究中的应用及进展

湿地碳库是区域生态系统中最重要的碳库之一,湿地碳循环是全球碳循环的重要环节。在湿地碳循环研究中,传统方法越来越不能满足人们对湿地中碳循环微观机理的了解,而碳同位素方法因其特殊的物源和过程示踪价值成为湿地碳循环研究的重要手段。本文从湿地碳循环的主要研究对象和基本研究方法出发,讨论了碳同位素方法的基本原理及其在碳循环研究中的优势,分析了碳同位素方法在湿地生物过程、水体、沉积物和土壤以及温室气体排放等方面的应用,归纳总结了碳同位素在我国湿地生态系统碳循环研究中的不足及未来发展方向。     

中国滨海盐沼湿地碳收支与碳循环过程研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地由于其较高的初级生产力和较缓慢的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇,近年来引起全球范围内的热切关注.我国滨海盐沼湿地分布较广,国内学者对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环及碳收支研究取得了一定进展,深入研究滨海盐沼湿地碳循环有助于对全球碳循环及全球变化的理解,并为利用滨海湿地进行碳的增汇减排提供科学依据.主要从我国滨海盐沼湿地碳循环主要观测方法、碳收支与碳循环过程及特点、碳库的组成与影响因素、气态碳的输入输出、潮汐作用对其碳收支的影响这5个方面出发,对国内的滨海盐沼湿地碳循环与碳收支的研究进展进行了归纳总结,并对今后的研究方向给出如下建议:(1)加强滨海盐沼湿地土壤碳库在深度上和广度上的研究;(2)标准化滨海盐沼湿地碳储量、碳通量的量化方法和观测技术;(3)在研究尺度上要宏观、微观并重,同时加强长期原位监测湿地碳通量的变化与室内模拟研究;(4)量化在潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量.只有对我国滨海盐沼湿地碳库收支进行更准确的评估和长期的碳库动态变化监测,方可进一步认识我国盐沼湿地对全球气候变化的影响及其反馈作用,这对于预测全球变化及制定湿地碳储备功能的提升策略具有重要的意义.     

植物功能性状与湿地生态系统土壤碳汇功能

湿地生态系统碳平衡对气候变化极为敏感,是陆地生态系统碳循环响应全球变化的重要环节。然而,湿地生态系统碳汇调节机制仍不十分清楚,并且对影响因子的研究多集中在非生物因子上。综述了植物功能性状和功能性状多样性对湿地生态系统土壤碳汇功能的影响,阐明了生物因子对生态系统碳循环响应全球变化的重要性,介绍了植物功能性状对生态系统碳输入和输出过程的影响,简述了植物功能性状多样性的研究现状及其在指示生态系统碳汇功能现状和预测未来趋势等方面的应用。从优势植物、植物种间关系和植物-微生物种间关系3方面总结了植物功能性状多样性直接和间接影响生态系统碳循环的途径。展望了植物功能性状和功能性状多样性与湿地生态系统土壤碳汇功能的研究前景。     

长江河口典型湿地碳库动态研究方法

湿地生态系统在维持碳平衡和全球气候调节中起着重要作用。长江河口湿地生态系统是国际公认的生态过程敏感区,选择长江河口典型湿地——崇明东滩作为长期碳循环观测和实验模拟的研究对象,针对长江河口湿地生态系统碳库动态研究具体的科学问题,从"土壤-植被-大气"连续体(SPAC)碳流过程监测、涡度相关法碳通量监测、植物生长控制实验(开顶式气候室,OTC)、"湿地碳循环-气候变化"生态过程模型构建、多方数据源校正等方面,总结了全球气候变化条件下长江河口湿地碳库动态的研究方法。旨在了解长江河口湿地生态系统碳库动态特征,探寻湿地碳平衡的主导控制因子,评估中国东部沿海湿地碳库对全球气候变化的响应。进而为提出长江河口湿地碳储备功能的保育策略提供理论依据。     

陆地生态系统类型转变与碳循环

 土地利用变化引起的陆地生态系统类型转变对于全球碳循环有着极其重要的作用。　通过总结国内外有关森林砍伐以及森林、草地转变成农田对于碳循环的影响,阐述了可能引起全球“未知汇”现象的重要原因,强调未来中国陆地生态系统碳循环研究应充分重视陆地生态系统类型转变对于全球碳循环的影响研究,包括研究陆地生态系统的不同发展阶段(自然与退化生态系统)、利用方式的改变(森林转化为人工林或农田,草地转化为农田、退耕还林草等)所引起的碳库类型转换的增汇机理及其对全球变化响应,并指出了建立统一观测方法与规范的陆地生态系统碳通量观测网     

生源要素有效性及生物因子对湿地土壤碳矿化的影响

湿地土壤是全球碳存储的重要场所,湿地生态系统的碳循环过程对全球变化有重要指示作用。土壤碳矿化是湿地生态系统碳循环的重要环节,对于认知湿地生态系统生物地球化学循环过程具有重要的意义。综述了生源要素及生物因素对湿地土壤碳矿化的内在作用机制。土壤活性有机碳库通过调节土壤能源物质和微生物活性影响土壤碳库的有效性,是表征土壤碳矿化的敏感指标。湿地其它养分如N、P、S等元素的有效性也是影响土壤碳矿化的关键要素。电子受体(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Fe³⁺、Mn⁴⁺等)对湿地土壤碳矿化和有机碳转变的影响主要通过电子受体的还原过程完成,在厌氧分解过程中,湿地土壤利用难溶性电子受体可能是土壤C矿化的更重要途径。动物、植物、微生物群落和区系等则是土壤碳矿化的主要驱动因子。土壤动物区系在有机态养分矿化为无机态养分的过程有着独特的功能,能显著增加土壤碳矿化。土壤微生物的活性,决定着土壤中有机碎屑的降解速率,是土壤有机碳分解周转的主要诱导因素。湿地植物则通过影响根系、微生物呼吸底物的供应以及对小气候和土壤因子的调节而影响土壤有机质的分解。湿地生源要素和生物因子还极易与土壤理化性质如温度、水分、pH值和质地等环境因素形成交互和制约,共同影响土壤碳矿化。最后,提出了进一步研究生源要素和生物因素与湿地土壤碳矿化关系需要解决的一些重要问题。     

Seasonal and diurnal variation in ecosystem respiration and environmental controls from an alpine wetland in arid northwest China

中国西北干旱区高寒湿地生态系统呼吸的季节和日变化及其环境控制湿地储存了大量的碳,在全球碳循环和区域生态系统服务中发挥着重要作用。了解湿地碳交换动态对评估碳收支和预测其未来演变至关重要。虽然关于气候变化对生态系统碳循环的影响已经进行了大量的研究,但对中国西北干旱区高寒湿地碳排放的研究相对较少。本研究利用自动箱法(LI-8100A)对中国西北干旱区巴音布鲁克高寒湿地生态系统呼吸(ER)进行测量。结果显示,ER呈显著的“双峰”型日变化,峰值分别出现在北京时间的16:30和23:30。ER也呈明显的季节性变化规律,ER最大 值(19.38 μmol m−2 s−1)出现在8月,最小值(0.11 μmol m−2 s−1)出现在12月。2018年生态系统的年排放量为678 g C m−2,其中非生长季的排放量占全年总排放量的13%。非线性回归表明土壤5 cm处温度和水分含量的变化是控制ER季节变化的主要因素。ER的日变化主要受空气温度和太阳辐射的共同影响。在较低的土壤温度和中等土壤水分含量(25% ≤ SWC ≤ 40%)条件下,生态系统温度敏感性(Q10)较高。本研究加深了我们对高寒湿地生态系统CO2排放的理解,并有助于评估干旱地区高寒湿地的碳收支。     

森林生态系统碳循环的基本概念和野外测定方法评述

全球气候变化与森林生态系统碳循环息息相关,定量评估森林碳收支是生态系统与全球变化研究的重要任务。30年来森林生态系统碳循环研究已经取得了长足的进展,但全球和区域森林碳收支仍然存在很大的不确定性。这一方面与森林生态系统本身的复杂性有关,另一方面也与具体研究方法有关。评述了森林生态系统碳循环的基本概念和主要野外测定方法,为我国森林生态系统碳循环研究提供可参考的方法论。从生态系统碳浓度、密度、通量、分配和周转5个方面回顾了碳循环相关概念,指出碳浓度和碳储量是对碳库的静态描述,而碳通量和碳周转是对碳库的动态描述。净初级生产力是测量最普遍的碳通量组分,但大多数情况下因忽略了一些细节而被系统低估。普遍使用的净生态系统生产力,由于没有包含非CO2形式的水文、气象和干扰过程产生的碳通量,通常情况下高于生态系统净碳累积速率。在详细介绍碳通量组分的基础上,改进了森林生态系统碳循环的概念模型。重点讨论了碳通量的3种地面实测方法:测树学方法、箱法和涡度协方差法,并指出了其注意事项和不确定性来源。针对当前碳循环研究的突出问题,建议从4个方面减小碳循环测定的不确定性:(1)恰当运用生物量方程估算乔木生物量;(2)尽可能全面测定生态系统碳组分;(3)给出碳通量估算值的不确定性;(4)多种途径交互验证。     

城市土壤碳循环与碳固持研究综述

城市化过程带来的土地利用变化和环境污染是全球变化的重要方面,城市为人们了解人类与自然复合生态系统对全球变化的影响及其对全球变化的响应过程提供一个独特的"天然实验室"。陆地生态系统碳循环是全球变化研究的热点领域之一,然而,人们对城市在全球碳循环中的作用和影响知之甚少,城市土壤碳循环研究处于起步阶段。介绍了城市土壤的主要特性和碳循环特征,指出强烈的人为作用是其最突出的特点;综述了城市土壤碳库、碳通量和碳固持研究方面取得的进展;探讨了城市化过程中土地利用变化、土壤中生物及土壤管护措施、城市小气候、大气污染沉降和土壤污染等对土壤碳循环的影响;提出未来城市碳循环研究需要开展长期系统监测、深化城市土壤碳循环机制研究、创新研究范式和研究方法、并将研究成果与城市景观规划与设计相结合,提升城市土壤碳管理能力。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.