ROS在脂肪分化中的作用研究新进展

由于肥胖及肥胖相关疾病在全球范围内的广泛流行,明确脂肪组织如何生长非常重要。脂肪组织主要由脂肪细胞分化、脂肪细胞肥大以及脂解作用共同调节。脂肪细胞分化是由多能干细胞或前脂肪细胞分化形成脂肪细胞的一个复杂而又程序化的过程。脂肪细胞的分化过程被分为四个阶段,生长抑制阶段,克隆扩增阶段,早期分化阶段和分化为成熟脂肪细胞表型的终末阶段。来自国内外多个研究的大量数据表明,活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)可以显著调节脂肪分化的过程进而影响肥胖及相关疾病的发生发展。作为一类重要的高活性分子,ROS在细胞内具有多种来源,主要包括线粒体、NADPH氧化酶、黄嘌呤氧化还原酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶、一氧化氮合酶等。本文回顾近年来的一些文献,对ROS及其生成系统在脂肪细胞分化中的作用进行综述,以期从氧化还原调节的角度明确脂肪细胞分化以及肥胖形成的机制,为肥胖及相关疾病的治疗提供新思路。     

原代培养大鼠脂肪前体细胞分化过程中PPARγ和C/EBPαmRNA的表达(简报)

脂肪前体细胞是一类具有增殖分化能力的单能干细胞,在体内多种因素的影响下,脂肪前体细胞聚脂分化为成熟脂肪细胞。研究表明,脂肪前体细胞的聚脂分化过程受到一系列基因的调控,其中.过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体(peroxisome prolifera- tors-activated receptor gamma,PPARγ)与CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(CCAAT/enhancer binding protein al-     

Visfatin,一种新的脂肪因子

visfatin是新近发现的主要由人和小鼠内脏脂肪组织分泌的一种脂肪细胞因子,其结构与pre-B细胞集落增强因子相似。它能够发挥类似胰岛素的作用,与Ⅱ型糖尿病相关联,降低血糖,促进糖摄取,可结合并活化胰岛素受体,激活胰岛素信号通路。Visfatin与肥胖密切相关并能够促进脂肪细胞的分化,还能促进血管平滑肌细胞成熟。Visfatin的表达受炎症反应因子和多种激素的调节。Visfatin可能是联系机体糖脂代谢的重要分子,它的发现可为揭示糖尿病与肥胖的发生发展机制提供新的研究思路,为代谢综合征的治疗提供新方案。     

抗氧化系统在脂肪分化中的作用研究新进展

抗氧化系统对于维持体内的氧化还原平衡具有至关重要的作用。抗氧化系统主要包括抗氧化酶和非酶类抗氧化剂。抗氧化系统一方面可以通过调节活性氧的水平影响各种生物学功能,另一方面各种酶类抗氧化剂和非酶类抗氧化剂本身也可以参与多种生化反应,调节机体功能。脂肪分化是指由多能干细胞或前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞的过程,脂肪分化在很大程度上决定肥胖的程度。近年来的研究表明,氧化还原系统,尤其是抗氧化系统,对脂肪分化过程具有明显的调控作用。本文对抗氧化系统在调节脂肪分化方面的研究新进展做一回顾性综述,旨在为通过抗氧化系统调节脂肪分化继而干预肥胖及其相关病症提供理论基础。     

Wnt信号通路与前体脂肪细胞

Wnt蛋白是一类分泌型蛋白生长因子,通过自分泌和旁分泌作用调节多种细胞的发生和发育.新近研究表明,Wnt信号通路在前体脂肪细胞的增殖分化中发挥着重要作用.Wnt蛋白的配基通过与细胞膜上的特异性受体Frizzled1/2/5及辅助受体LRP5/6结合,激活经典或非经典的Wnt信号通路,影响下游靶基因产物的磷酸化作用,进而抑制C/EBPα、PPARγ等脂肪细胞关键转录因子,使细胞保持未分化状态,从而抑制脂肪的形成.本文就Wnt信号通路的研究史和主要分支、作用方式及其抑制脂肪细胞的机制方面进行了综述,并对今后的研究方向和应用作了展望.     

脂肪分泌组学的研究进展

分泌蛋白是由细胞主动运输到细胞外的一大类具有重要生物学功能的蛋白,主要参与细胞信号转导、细胞的增殖、分化及凋亡等多种生物学过程。细胞、组织、器官及个体分泌的所有蛋白称为分泌组。脂肪组织曾被认为只是机体内能量储藏的地方,但现在发现它还是体内最大的内分泌器官。近年来,由于蛋白质组学技术的快速发展,脂肪分泌组研究已成为脂肪生物学、肥胖症及其相关疾病研究的热点之一。本文概述了脂肪分泌组学研究的主要策略和方法,重点介绍了脂肪组织间充质干细胞、前脂肪细胞、脂肪细胞以及三类脂肪组织的分泌组研究进展,分析了目前脂肪分泌组学研究中存在的问题,并提出了未来脂肪分泌组学的研究方向。     

GPR120的结构特征、生物学功能及作用机制

GPR120是长链不饱和游离脂肪酸的受体,具有影响食物选择、调节胃肠道肽类激素分泌、促进细胞增殖、调节脂肪细胞发育和分化、调节巨噬细胞迁移和分化及抑制破骨细胞发生等多种生物学功能。GPR120功能缺陷与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、糖耐量减低、2型糖尿病和脂肪肝等代谢性异常密切相关。深入研究GPR120的生物学功能及其分子机制有助于揭示肥胖、脂代谢紊乱及2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病的发病机制,从而为发掘此类代谢性疾病的新型防治策略提供理论依据。     

脂肪细胞因子对代谢的调节

脂肪组织可将多余能量以甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)形式储存,在饥饿状态下可分解TG产生游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids,FFAs)为机体供能。此外,脂肪组织还具有体温调节和器官保护功能,并且越来越多的证据表明,脂肪组织也是一种重要的内分泌组织。脂肪组织分泌的蛋白质物质被称为脂肪细胞因子(adipokine),可通过自分泌、旁分泌和内分泌方式发挥多种生物学功能,例如调节能量摄入和能量消耗,调节糖脂代谢,抗炎和促炎反应。对整体而言,脂肪细胞因子可调节大脑、肝、肌肉、血管系统、心、胰腺和免疫系统等不同靶器官的生物反应。其中,脂肪细胞因子在糖脂代谢中发挥特定的作用,包括:葡萄糖代谢[瘦素(leptin)、脂联素(adiponectin)、抵抗素(resistin)];胰岛素敏感性 [瘦素、脂联素、锌-α2-糖蛋白(zinc-α2-glycoprotein,ZAG)];脂肪形成[骨形成蛋白4(bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)]等生物反应过程。但目前对脂肪组织功能障碍与代谢之间机制的理解尚不完善。脂肪组织功能发生紊乱时,脂肪细胞因子的分泌会发生改变,并可能导致一系列与肥胖相关的代谢性疾病的发生。临床前和临床研究表明,激活或抑制特定脂肪细胞因子的信号转导可能是一种适合干预代谢疾病的方法。本文就部分脂肪细胞因子对代谢的调控作用做出综述,以增强对脂肪细胞因子功能的理解。     

Wnt信号通路调控脂肪发育与代谢的研究进展

肥胖是形成Ⅱ型糖尿病和心血管疾病的重要风险因子.Wnt信号通路是调控多个细胞发育与分化的重要信号因子.本研究介绍了脂肪组织结构、脂肪细胞分化的调控因子、经典和非经典Wnt信号通路.从肥胖与糖尿病的临床观察、脂肪分化与发育、线粒体代谢与炎症反应的角度,阐述了经典和非经典Wnt信号通路对脂肪发育和代谢的影响.     

肥胖相关基因FTO、FNDC5、PRDM16的研究进展

脂肪量及肥胖相关基因(FTO)被认定为肥胖关联最强最确切的基因,其单核苷酸多态性变异是导致肥胖的主要原因,通常来讲,其通过与其他肥胖相关基因、细胞因子发生相互作用,从而影响体内脂质的代谢,达到调控体脂量的目的。但是,FTO的很多作用机制尚未得到确切证实。本文综述了FTO通过调控IRX3、IRX5的表达,致使白色脂肪细胞内UCP1增多,变成米色脂肪细胞,从而影响能量代谢反应的相关生理机制。FNDC5是新近发现的肌肉相关因子,受到细胞因子PGC-1的诱导激活后,可表达Irisin蛋白,从而促使棕色脂肪细胞的UCP-1表达增加,同时促进细胞转化,提高解偶联呼吸作用的产热耗能反应。PRDM16被冠以"棕色脂肪细胞开关"一名,可激活棕色脂肪细胞关键特征,增强线粒体作用、解耦连呼吸作用及调控PGC-1a和UCP1等的表达;抑制富集白脂肪的几种基因的m RNA水平如resistin和serpin3ak的表达,达到强有力地干预棕色脂肪细胞的分化、代谢及转化反应的效果。     

Ticagrelor reverses the mitochondrial dysfunction through preventing accumulated autophagosomes-dependent apoptosis and ER stress in insulin-resistant H9c2 myocytes

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - Obesity was originally considered a disease endemic to developed countries but has since emerged as a global health problem. Obesity is characterized by...     

Narrative review of ferroptosis in obesity

Obesity is widely recognized as a major global health problem caused by a chronic energy imbalance resulting from a combination of excess caloric intake and insufficient energy expenditure. Excessive energy intake and physical inactivity are traditional risk factors for obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for many diseases, including hypertension, diabetes and tumours. Recent studies have found a strong link between ferroptosis and obesity. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death caused by iron overload and reactive oxygen species-dependent excessive accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis is involved in many biological processes, such as amino acid metabolism, iron metabolism and lipid metabolism. Some potential strategies to reduce the adverse effects of ferroptosis on obesity are suggested and future research priorities are highlighted.     

Exploring the role of BCHE in the onset of Diabetes, Obesity and Neurological Disorders

Diabetes, Obesity and Neurological disturbances, most often show co-occurrence. There has been an extensive research in this domain, but the exact mechanism underlying the co-occurrence of the three conditions is still an enigma. The current paper is an approach to establish the role of Butyryl cholinesterase (BCHE) in Diabetes, Obesity and Neurological disorders by performing a comparative analysis with Neuroligin (NLGN2) a protein belonging to the same family. BCHE has its role in glucose regulation, Lipid metabolism and nerve signaling. Emphasis is laid on BCHE's diverse functions whose impediment affects the above mentioned metabolic pathways. Insilco techniques were employed to analyze the sequence, structural and functional similarities of the two proteins. A point mutation is focused which is common to both BCHE and Neuroligin. The mutation occurs at the homologous position in both the proteins making them deficient. This affects the three metabolic pathways leading to the respective disorders. The work describes the pathway that describes the role of BCHE in the onset of obesity mediated diabetes. The pathway further explains the association between Diabetes, Obesity and neurological disturbances.     

人Leptin和肥胖的研究进展

肥胖已经成为一种社会现象,其发病过程复杂,危害严重。近年来的研究表明,肥胖是一种由食欲和能量调节紊乱引起的疾病,与遗传、环境、膳食结构等多种因素有关,其中基因是主要的决定因素。最近人和小鼠的肥胖基因被相继克隆,发现它能在脂肪组织特异表达,其编码的蛋白Leptin可作用于下丘脑,产生抑制摄食、减轻肥胖、减少体重的作用。此外,它还对生殖系统、造血系统等有调节作用。     

A Temperature Hypothesis of Hypothalamus-Driven Obesity

Obesity is a metabolic state in which excess fat is accumulated in peripheral tissues, including the white adipose tissue, muscle, and liver. Sustained obesity has profound consequences on one’s life, which can span from superficial psychological symptoms to serious co-morbidities that may dramatically diminish both the quality and length of life. Obesity and related metabolic disorders account for the largest financial burden on the health care system. Together, these issues make it imperative that obesity be cured or prevented. Despite the increasing wealth of knowledge on the etiology of obesity (see below), there is no successful medical strategy that is available for the vast majority of patients. We suggest that brain temperature control may be a crucial component in obesity development and that shortcutting the brain metabolic centers by hypothalamic temperature alterations in a non-invasive remote manner will provide a revolutionary approach to the treatment of obesity.     

肥胖与慢性炎症

肥胖及其相关的代谢类疾病严重影响人类的健康,而肥胖诱导的慢性炎症是胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合症发病的关键因素.脂肪组织慢性炎症发生的机制及其与代谢综合症的关系已经成为全球瞩目的研究热点.慢性炎症的特征主要包括脂肪组织中促炎细胞因子表达量增加,抗炎细胞因子表达量降低以及大量巨噬细胞浸润.鉴于肥胖及其相关代谢综合症对人类健康的巨大危害,现对慢性炎症的发生机制,肥胖和慢性炎症之间的关系,脂肪组织炎症中巨噬细胞浸润以及和信号传导通路进行综述.     

Body weight and tissue composition in rats made obese by a cafeteria diet. Effect of 24 hours starvation

Rat body size and tissue composition changes from pre-weaning to three months age resulted from voluntary hyperphagia triggered by offering a cafeteria diet. The effects of a 24 hour starvation period in both cafeteria and chow fed controls were compared. Obesity develops earlier in females than in males. This difference is related to the growth patterns in both sexes. Obesity occurs at the stages of development when growth rate decreases. Cafeteria fed female rats attained a 32% greater weight than their controls, with lumbar adipose cords that were 4 times heavier and brown interscapular adipose tissue 2 times heavier than controls. The overall cafeteria fed versus chow fed rat differences in the effects of a 24 hour starvation, were minor but less liver glycogen and much more skeletal muscle lipids were mobilized in the cafeteria fed rats than in controls.     

Adrenomedullin has a role in angiogenic effects of resveratrol in adipose tissues of obese female rats

Molecular Biology Reports - Obesity is a complex, chronic disease that arises according to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The expansion and growth of white adipose...     

Joint effects of body mass index,exercise, and alcohol drinking on the development of snoring

Sleep and Biological Rhythms - Obesity is consistently reported to have a positive association with the development of habitual snoring. Whether lifestyle factors modify the association between...     

Role of adipokines and cytokines in obesity-associated breast cancer: Therapeutic targets

Obesity is the cause of a large proportion of breast cancer incidences and mortality in post-menopausal women. In obese people, elevated levels of various growth factors such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are found. Elevated insulin level leads to increased secretion of estrogen by binding to the circulating sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). The increased estrogen-mediated downstream signaling favors breast carcinogenesis. Obesity leads to altered expression profiles of various adipokines and cytokines including leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. The increased levels of leptin and decreased adiponectin secretion are directly associated with breast cancer development. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment promote tumor development. Efficacy of available breast cancer drugs against obesity-associated breast cancer is yet to be confirmed. In this review, we will discuss different adipokine- and cytokine-mediated molecular signaling pathways involved in obesity-associated breast cancer, available therapeutic strategies and potential therapeutic targets for obesity-associated breast cancer.