四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及脑内GABA_B1表达的影响

目的：探讨四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及脑内GABA_B1受体的影响。方法：应用游泳训练和睡眠剥夺方法复制疲劳动物模型,运用Y-迷宫检测各组大鼠的学习记忆能力,采用免疫组化方法检测大鼠脑内GABA_B1受体阳性反应物的变化。结果：模型组与正常组相比,大鼠Y-迷宫正确反应率明显下降,错误反应率明显升高,大鼠脑内GABA_B1的阳性反应物数目明显增多;中药治疗组与模型组相比,正确反应率明显升高,错误反应次数明显下降,脑内GABA_B1受体的阳性反应物数目明显减少。结论：四逆散对疲劳大鼠学习记忆能力的下降具有改善作用。     

疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠的学习和记忆力之影响

目的:探讨疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠学习和记忆力及对海马CA1区神经颗粒素(Neurogranin,Ng)的mRNA表达变化的影响。方法:成年雄性Spargue-Dawley大鼠36只,随机分为模型组(MG)、对照组(CG)、和疏肝补肾组(LK)。采用复合模型:运动疲劳模型与睡眠剥夺法造疲劳大鼠模型。运用Y迷宫进行学习和记忆力的测试。以Real-timePCR技术分析海马CA1区神经颗粒素的mRNA表达。结果:Y迷宫实验显示用药后大鼠的学习和记忆能力优于模型组,而疏肝补肾组大鼠在正确反应率、错误反应次数、达标所需训练次数和总反应时间皆与模型组有差异(分别为P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.05和P<0.05),其NgmRNA在海马CA1区的表达也显着高于模型组(P<0.01)。结论:复合模型会造成大鼠学习和记忆能力受损。疏肝补肾法能显着影响疲劳大鼠的学习记忆能力及海马CA1区Ng的mRNA表达。     

蛋白激酶Cγ和蛋白磷酸酯酶Aα在慢性复合应激性学习记忆增强大鼠海马中表达的变化

目的 探讨蛋白激酶Cγ(PKCγ)和蛋白磷酸酯酶Aα(PP2B-Aα)在慢性复合应激性学习记忆增强大鼠海马中的表达及其意义。方法 将成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为应激组和对照组,对应激组实行慢性复合应激42d后,用Morris水迷宫,Y-迷宫对2组大鼠进行学习和记忆能力测试,然后用免疫组织化学方法,观察2组大鼠PKCγ和PP2B-Aα的表达,并用计算机图像分析系统对免疫阳性反应结果进行处理。结果 应激组比对照组学习记忆能力明显增强;在海马CA3区PKCγ的免疫反应阳性日月显增强;PP2B-Aα在海马CA1和CA3区的免疫反应阳性明显减弱。结论 海马内PKCγ和PP2B-Aα表达的变化可能参与了慢性复合应激致大鼠学习记忆增强的机制。     

胰岛素对AD模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响

目的:探讨胰岛素对阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)模型大鼠学习记忆能力影响及其可能机制。方法:大鼠海马微量注射Okadaic acid(OA),胰岛素侧脑室注射。水迷宫实验检测大鼠学习记忆能力;Western blotting实验检测大鼠海马烟碱型胆碱能受体的表达;免疫组化观察大鼠脑内胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠学习记忆能力明显下降(P<0.01),烟碱型胆碱能受体表达减少(P<0.05),GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞增多(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,胰岛素组大鼠学习记忆能力明显提高(P<0.01),烟碱型胆碱能受体表达增多(P<0.05),GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞减少(P<0.05)。结论:胰岛素提高AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力可能与其改善模型鼠胆碱能系统功能及减少星形胶质细胞增生有关。     

疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠的学习和记忆力之影响

目的：探讨疏肝补肾法对疲劳大鼠学习和记忆力及对海马CA1区神经颗粒素（Neurogranin,Ng）的mRNA表达变化的影响。方法：成年雄性Spargue-Dawley大鼠36只,随机分为模型组（MG）、对照组（CG）、和疏肝补肾组（LK）。采用复合模型：运动疲劳模型与睡眠剥夺法造疲劳大鼠模型。运用Y迷宫进行学习和记忆力的测试。以Real-timePCR技术分析海马CA1区神经颗粒素的mRNA表达。结果：Y迷宫实验显示用药后大鼠的学习和记忆能力优于模型组,而疏肝补肾组大鼠在正确反应率、错误反应次数、达标所需训练次数和总反应时间皆与模型组有差异（分别为P〈0.01、P〈0.01、P〈0.05和P〈0.05）,其NgmRNA在海马CA1区的表达也显着高于模型组（P〈0.01）。结论：复合模型会造成大鼠学习和记忆能力受损。疏肝补肾法能显着影响疲劳大鼠的学习记忆能力及海马CA1区Ng的mRNA表达。     

突触素、神经肽Y(NPY)在糖尿病模型大鼠脑组织细胞中的表达研究

对突触素(synaptophysin)、神经肽Y(NPY)在链尿佐菌素诱导的糖尿病模型大鼠额叶皮质和海马组织细胞中的表达进行研究,并利用UTHSCSA Image Tools 3.0进行图象分析,同时对其与学习记忆的关系进行探讨.选取成年Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠20只,体重200-300g,随机分为两组.实验组用链尿佐菌素诱导产生糖尿病模型,并以血糖测定和尿糖水平测定进行筛选,另一组为空白对照组.继续饲养4周后,各组大鼠先进行Y型迷宫测试其学习记忆能力,然后取出脑组织,制做连续冰冻切片,对大脑额叶皮质和海马组织进行突触素、神经肽Y酶标免疫组织化学染色,观察这些蛋白在糖尿病大鼠和正常大鼠脑中表达的差异.结果发现糖尿病大鼠在Y型迷宫测试中,错误次数明显增多,糖尿病大鼠额叶皮质和海马神经元数目较正常对照组明显减少,神经细胞内突触素和神经肽Y的表达均较正常对照组明显下降.我们的研究显示突触素和神经肽Y在糖尿病大鼠大脑额叶皮质和海马组织内表达的减少可能与糖尿病组神经细胞突触数目及突触的可塑性下降、学习和记忆能力障碍有关.这可能是造成糖尿病性痴呆的一个因素.     

慢性脑低灌注大鼠海马BDNF的表达与认知功能损害

目的　观察慢性脑低灌注大鼠认知功能损害与海马脑源性神经营养因子 (Brain derivedneurotrophicfactor,BDNF)表达的关系。方法　通过结扎大鼠双侧颈总动脉 ,制成慢性脑低灌注模型 ,分缺血 6周组和 4月组及相应假手术组 ,在相应时间点用三等份MG 2Y型迷宫法测定大鼠学习记忆能力。用免疫组化S P法检测 4组大鼠海马中BDNF的表达 ,在光镜下测其平均光密度。结果　显示手术组与假手术组相比学习记忆能力明显下降 ,慢性脑低灌注大鼠缺血 4月组与缺血 6周组相比学习记忆能力也下降 (P <0 0 5 )。缺血 4月组大鼠海马BDNF表达的平均光密度值与Y型迷宫实验正确次数间存在正相关 (r=0 782 5 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　表明在慢性脑低灌注状态下 ,大鼠学习记忆能力随海马BDNF表达的下降而下降 ,内源性BDNF可能通过对突触传递和认知功能有内在保护作用。     

慢性复合应激增强大鼠空间学习和记忆能力

本文观察了慢性复合应激对大鼠学习与记忆功能的影响。实验采用成年 Wistar 大鼠, 将其随机分成应激组和对照组。采用垂直旋转、睡眠剥夺、噪音刺激和夜间光照4 种应激原, 无规律地交替刺激动物 6 周, 每天6 h, 制作慢性复合应激动物模型。采用 Morris 水迷宫和 Y- 迷宫测试大鼠学习与记忆成绩,并用 Cresyl violet 染色法对大鼠海马结构进行神经细胞计数。结果显示,应激组动物慢性复合应激后, 在 Morris 水迷宫内寻找隐蔽平台所需的时间(潜伏期)比对照组的明显地短(P<0.05), 表明应激鼠的空间记忆能力明显强于对照鼠;在 Y- 迷宫内寻找安全区的正确率比对照组的明显地高(P<0.05), 表明应激鼠的明暗分辨学习能力明显强于对照鼠; 应激鼠慢性复合应激后, 其海马结构齿状回、CA3 和CA1 区神经细胞密度极明显地高于对照鼠(P<0.001)。这些结果提示, 慢性复合应激可增强大鼠空间记忆能力和明暗分辨学习能力。本文并对慢性复合应激模式增强大鼠学习和记忆能力的可能原因进行了讨论。     

白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠前额叶皮质cdk5表达的影响

目的:研究白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及前额叶皮质区细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶5(cdk5)表达的影响。方法:建立大鼠慢性酒精中毒模型,Y-型迷宫测试空间学习与记忆成绩,实时定量PCR分析前额叶皮质组织cdk5 mRNA的表达;免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠前额叶皮质区cdk5表达。结果:学习记忆测试显示模型组大鼠学习记忆成绩比正常组明显下降,白藜芦醇甙各剂量组与模型组相比,学习记忆成绩明显上升;免疫组化结果表明模型组大鼠前额叶皮质区cdk5阳性表达较正常组明显增多,各剂量组与模型组相比,cdk5阳性表达明显减少;实时定量PCR结果表明模型组大鼠前额叶皮质区cdk5 mRNA表达较正常组明显上升,各剂量组与模型组相比,cdk5 mRNA表达明显下降。结论:白藜芦醇甙可能通过对cdk5表达的调节而发挥抗酒精中毒作用。     

二苯乙烯苷对AD模型鼠老年斑和行为障碍的影响

目的:观察二苯乙烯苷对Alzheimer病(AD)模型大鼠行为学及脑内海马区域老年斑的影响。方法:采用立体定向仪下于海马部位注射微量Aβ1-42造模,行Y-电迷宫实验检测学习记忆能力及刚果红染色法观察大鼠脑内老年斑的变化。结果:模型组躲避所需的电刺激次数明显增加(29.53±2.28),P<0.05,海马部位老年斑增多(6.87±1.21),P<0.01;二苯乙烯苷干预后,大鼠躲避所需的电刺激次数减少(19.13±2.47),P<0.05,同时,海马部位老年斑减少(4.13±1.19),P<0.05。结论:二苯乙烯苷能改善模型大鼠的学习记忆能力,抑制和清除海马结构中老年斑的沉积。     

Gene expression changes in GABA(A) receptors and cognition following chronic ketamine administration in mice

Ketamine is a well-known anesthetic agent and a drug of abuse. Despite its widespread use and abuse, little is known about its long-term effects on the central nervous system. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of long-term (1- and 3-month) ketamine administration on learning and memory and associated gene expression levels in the brain. The Morris water maze was used to assess spatial memory and gene expression changes were assayed using Affymetrix Genechips; a focus on the expression of GABA(A) receptors that mediate a tonic inhibition in the brain, was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Compared with saline controls, there was a decline in learning and memory performance in the ketamine-treated mice. Genechip results showed that 110 genes were up-regulated and 136 genes were down-regulated. An ontology analysis revealed the most significant effects of ketamine were on GABA(A) receptors. In particular, there was a significant up-regulation of both mRNA and protein levels of the alpha 5 subunit (Gabra5) of the GABA(A) receptors in the prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, chronic exposure to ketamine impairs working memory in mice, which may be explained at least partly by up-regulation of Gabra5 subunits in the prefrontal cortex.     

H102对转基因AD小鼠脑内NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白的影响

目的：研究β片层阻断肽H102对转基因AD小鼠脑内NF-κB通路相关蛋白活性及表达的影响。方法：将30只8周龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和给药组,另选15只同周龄同背景的C57BL/6J小鼠设为对照组（n=15）。给药组每日经鼻腔给予H102溶液5 μl （5.8 mg/kg）,对照组和模型组每日给予等量空白辅料溶液。给药16周后,采用Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的空间参考记忆变化,采用免疫组织化学方法和免疫印迹技术测定小鼠脑组织内β样淀粉样蛋白（Aβ_1-42）、核因子-κB （NF-κB）、核因子-κB抑制蛋白（IκB）、IκB蛋白激酶（IKK）及其磷酸化蛋白（p-NF-κB、p-IκB、p-IKK）以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和活化型半胱天冬酶-3（cleaved Caspase 3）蛋白的表达。结果：①Morris水迷宫测试：模型组小鼠的空间学习记忆能力较对照组显著降低,给药组较模型组显著提高（P<0.05）。②免疫组化及免疫印迹检测结果模型组小鼠脑组织内Aβ_1-42、p-IKK、p-NF-κB、p-IκB、核内NF-κB及iNOS和cleaved Caspase 3蛋白的表达较对照组显著增高,给药组蛋白表达较模型组显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：H102可抑制APP/PS1双转基因小鼠脑内NF-κB信号转导通路,抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应,明显改善转基因AD小鼠的学习记忆能力。     

A computational study on altered theta-gamma coupling during learning and phase coding

There is considerable interest in the role of coupling between theta and gamma oscillations in the brain in the context of learning and memory. Here we have used a neural network model which is capable of producing coupling of theta phase to gamma amplitude firstly to explore its ability to reproduce reported learning changes and secondly to memory-span and phase coding effects. The spiking neural network incorporates two kinetically different GABA(A) receptor-mediated currents to generate both theta and gamma rhythms and we have found that by selective alteration of both NMDA receptors and GABA(A,slow) receptors it can reproduce learning-related changes in the strength of coupling between theta and gamma either with or without coincident changes in theta amplitude. When the model was used to explore the relationship between theta and gamma oscillations, working memory capacity and phase coding it showed that the potential storage capacity of short term memories, in terms of nested gamma-subcycles, coincides with the maximal theta power. Increasing theta power is also related to the precision of theta phase which functions as a potential timing clock for neuronal firing in the cortex or hippocampus.     

Enhanced learning and memory in GAT1 heterozygous mice

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The termination of GABA transmission is through the action of a family of membrane proteins, called GABA transporters (GAT1-4). It is well established that GABA system is involved in the modulation of memory. Our previous study showed that homozygous GAT1(-/-) mice exhibited impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. To evaluate the impact of endogenous reduced GABA reuptake on mice cognitive behaviors, the ability of learning and memory of heterozygous GAT1(+/-) mice was detected by the passive avoidance paradigm and Morris water maze. The hole board paradigm was also used to measure changes in anxiety-related behavior or exploratory behavior in such mice. As one form of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation was recorded in the mouse hippocampal CA1 area. We found that GAT1(+/-) mice displayed increased learning and memory, decreased anxiety-like behaviors, and highest synaptic plasticity compared with wild-type and homozygous GAT1(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that a moderate reduction in GAT1 activity causes the enhancement of learning and memory in mice.     

海马内生长抑素与γ－氨基丁酸在大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应中的作用

本实验以大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应（ＡＡＲ）的习得和消退为学习记忆的指标,研究了海马内生长抑素（ＳＳ）和γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）在学习记忆中的作用。结果如下：（１）经训练而建立了ＡＡＲ的大鼠,其海马内ＳＳ较对照组显著增高,而海马内ＧＡＢＡ含量却明显降低;（２）海马内注入ＳＳ的耗竭剂半胱胺（Ｃｙｓ,２０ｇ／Ｌ）使大鼠ＡＡＲ的习得受到明显损害,ＡＡＲ的消退显著加速,海马内ＳＳ明显降低,而ＧＡＢＡ含量却显著升高;（３）海马内注入ＧＡＢＡ（２００ｇ／Ｌ）使大鼠ＡＡＲ的消退显著加速的同时,其海马内ＳＳ含量亦显著降低。由此表明,海马内ＳＳ可能有促进学习记忆的作用,而海马内ＧＡＢＡ升高则有相反的效应;二者在海马调控学习记忆过程中具有重要作用。     

Successive alterations of hippocampal gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor subunits in a rat model of febrile seizure

Febrile seizure (FS) is a frequently encountered seizure type in childhood. Changes of brain function following FS have clinical importance. The recently identified gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABA(B)R) is a metabotropic receptor of GABA. In this study, we used a rat model of recurrent FS to investigate the changes of GABA(B)R1a and GABA(B)R2 subunits in hippocampus after recurrent FS by using Western blot, quantitative RT-PCR, double immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization and immunoprecipitation/Western blot. After treatment of hyperthermia and the presence of induced seizures once every 2 days for 10 times, GABA(B)R1a and GABA(B)R2 subunits in hippocampus were decreased after 24 h of the last treatment. The decrease of GABA(B)R1a lasted for 15 days but that of GABA(B)R2 persisted for more than 30 days. The binding of GABA(B)R1a to GABA(B)R2 in hippocampus was also decreased significantly after 24 h of the last treatment and lasted for more than 30 days. In situ hybridization showed that GABA(B)R1a mRNA was significantly decreased in dentate gyrus, and GABA(B)R2 mRNA was considerably reduced in CA3 region. In H10 and FS1 groups in which hyperthermia treatment was the same but no (H10 group) or only one seizure (FS(1) group) was induced, the decrease of GABA(B)R1a and GABA(B)R2 subunits and the reduced binding capability between GABA(B)R1a and GABA(B)R2 subunits were also detected but with less severity, and the time recovering from these abnormalities was shorter. We conclude that GABA(B)R1a and GABA(B)R2 subunits and the binding of the 2 subunits decrease in hippocampus for a relatively long period of time after recurrent FS in immature rats. These changes may result in long-lasting imbalance of excitation/inhibition function in hippocampus, and are derived from the consequences of recurrent febrile seizures.     

Antihyperglycemic, antistress and nootropic activity of roots of Rubia cordifolia Linn

Effect of alcoholic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia was studied on elevated blood glucose level in alloxan treated animals. The extract reduced the blood sugar level raised by alloxan. Effect of alcoholic extract was also investigated on cold restraint induced stress and on scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Alcoholic extract enhanced brain gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) levels and decreased brain dopamine and plasma corticosterone levels. Acidity and ulcers caused due to cold restraint stress were inhibited by alcoholic extract. Animals treated with alcoholic extract spent more time in open arm in elevated plus maze model. It also antagonized scopolamine induced learning and memory impairment. Baclofen induced catatonia was potentiated by alcoholic extract.     

A role for Melanin-Concentrating Hormone in learning and memory

The neurobiological substrate of learning process and persistent memory storage involves multiple brain areas. The neocortex and hippocampal formation are known as processing and storage sites for explicit memory, whereas the striatum, amygdala, neocortex and cerebellum support implicit memory. Synaptic plasticity, long-term changes in synaptic transmission efficacy and transient recruitment of intracellular signaling pathways in these brain areas have been proposed as possible mechanisms underlying short- and long-term memory retention. In addition to the classical neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA), experimental evidence supports a role for neuropeptides in modulating memory processes. This review focuses on the role of the Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) and receptors on memory formation in animal studies. Possible mechanisms may involve direct MCH modulation of neural circuit activity that support memory storage and cognitive functions, as well as indirect effect on arousal.