斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒DNA诱导同源昆虫细胞的凋亡

发现野生型斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus,SpltNPV）DNA转染SL-1细胞能诱导细胞凋亡.SpltNPV-DNA转染其同源细胞系斜纹夜蛾核SL-1细胞6 h后,光镜下即可见细胞膜表面突出或形成小泡,细胞碎裂成凋亡小体,18 h后,细胞100%碎裂成凋亡小体.DAPI荧光染色显示感染细胞核渐呈半月形,直至碎裂被凋亡小体包裹.被转染的SL-1细胞DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈典型梯形谱带.野生型SpltNPV病毒粒子感染的SL-1细胞既无多角体的出现,也无凋亡现象的发生.     

携带苏芸金杆菌毒素基因的基因工程病毒杀虫剂的构建

携带苏芸金杆菌毒素基因(cryIAc)的杆状病毒转移载体pBsBt101 DNA与野生型苜蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒(AcNPV)DNA共转染草地贪夜蛾(SF)细胞,通过体内同源重组得到没有包涵体的重组病毒,它上面的cryIAC基因在SF细胞中表达了内毒素蛋白,实验证明,表达的毒蛋白毒性很高,在第四天能100％杀死粉纹夜蛾幼虫,比野生型AcNPV高44％,杀虫时间缩短3～7天。     

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒在几株昆虫细胞内增殖的研究

本文对苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Ac NPV)在几个新建昆虫细胞系内的蜡殖过程作了比较。其中SIE—MSH一805、SIE—HAH一806和IPLB—SF一21AF．C细胞在病毒感染96小时后,细胞上清液中的未埋入型病毒(xov)含量可达到高峰;测定TCID,。分别为1．5 x107／ml,1·0。10’／ml和1．0×10‘／tul。病毒感染120小时后,90％以上的细胞形成完整的多角体。据此认为,上述三个细胞系是目前国内较为理想的离体系统,可供用来增殖Ac NPV。     

异源多角体蛋白对家蚕核型多角体病毒粒子的包装

利用PCR方法从AcMNPV基因组DNA中分离出多角体蛋白基因 ,将该扩增片段克隆到转移载体pBacPAK8中 ,得到重组转移载体pOAc。将该质粒DNA与线性化的Bm BacPAK6病毒基因组DNA共传染BmN细胞 ,得到了能形成多角体且不产生蓝色空斑的重组病毒hp BmNPV。纯化该重组病毒的多角体颗粒 ,并对多角体蛋白、病毒核酸及多角体病毒颗粒进行分析 ,发现AcMNPV的多角体蛋白能在家蚕细胞中大量表达且能在细胞内识别家蚕核型多角体病毒并组装成多角体颗粒 ;病毒基因组DNA因部分交换 ,其酶切行为发生了相应的变化 ;电镜观察发现经AcMNPV多角体蛋白包装的家蚕核型多角体病毒的多角体颗粒大小为1 2 μm～ 2 9μm ,明显小于野生型家蚕核型多角体病毒的多角体颗粒     

粉纹夜蛾细胞系QB—Tn9-4s的克隆以及克隆株生物学特性的研究

对粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia ni细胞系QB-Tn9-4s进行细胞克隆,获得了8个细胞克降株,分别命名为QB-Tn-A、B、C、D、E、F、G和H.对基因组DNA进行RAPD-PCR鉴定,各细胞克隆株与原始细胞系具有相同的DNA扩增谱带.各细胞克隆株在形态和生物学特性方面表现出一定的差异.克隆株QB-Tn-A、B、c、D和E以梭形细胞为主,大约占细胞总数的60%～80%;F、G和H以棒状细胞为主,比例分别为44.5%、49.5%和80.O%.8个克隆株对苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)均较敏感,感染率均在92%以上,平均每个细胞病毒多角体(OBs)产量在78～110个之间,其中克隆株QB-Tn-A多角体产量最高达110个,略高于BTI-Tn5Bl-4和QB-Tn9-4s,明显高于Sf-9细胞;克隆株QB-Tn-E、H、A和C的fIJ芽性病毒(BV)产量与原始细胞系(3.37×107TCID50/mL)接近,而其它4株均低于原始细胞系.     

AcMNPVie—1基因诱导的斜纹夜蛾细胞凋亡

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒 (Autographacalifornicamulticapsidnucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)感染可诱导斜纹夜蛾 (Spodopteralitura)离体细胞Sl zsu 1发生典型的细胞凋亡。通过细胞松弛素 (cytochalasinD)和NH4Cl的抑制实验 ,分别排除病毒粒子结合细胞受体蛋白 ,和病毒在核内体运输过程启动细胞凋亡信号发生的可能性。RT PCR实验证实 ,病毒基因组进入了细胞核 ,极早期基因ie 1开始了转录 ;而DNA聚合酶抑制剂 (芽栖菌素 )的存在对病毒诱导的细胞凋亡程度与进程均没有明显的影响。这说明细胞凋亡的信号是先于病毒晚期复制事件启动的。单独转染AcMNPV极早期基因ie 1可诱导斜纹夜蛾离体细胞系Sl zsu 1细胞发生部分凋亡 ,转染 2 4h后出现凋亡小体 ,4 8h达到高峰。提取转染细胞的总DNA电泳 ,可检测到典型的DNA梯形条带 (DNAladder)。另外 ,AcMNPV的ie 1基因温度敏感突变株tsB82 1在非受纳温度感染细胞时 ,细胞不发生凋亡。这些结果暗示 ,在AcMNPV感染诱导的Sl zsu 1细胞凋亡中 ,ie 1基因是一个凋亡信号的直接或间接诱导因子。     

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾杆状病毒在四个异源连续细胞系内的传代复制

本文比较了苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(AcNPV)在贪食夜蛾IPLB-SF-21AE细胞及其克隆株IPLB-SF-21AEC细胞,棉铃虫SIE-HAH-806细胞和粘虫SIE-MSH-805细胞系内长期连续传代复制的情况,每代病毒复制的历程为7天,观察指标是,细胞内形成多角体的百分率,游离病毒粒子的TCID50,对幼虫活体感染性,以及受感染后细胞超微结构的变化,结果证实,AcNPV在异源IPLB-SF-21AE昆虫细胞系内连续复制至50代次后,依然具有正常的形态和感染性,这为在离体下长期有效地复制杆状病毒提供了可能,我们还发现,在离体系统内增殖的病毒,其正常形态和感染性的维持与选用敏感细胞的种类有关。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒抑制苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒诱导的斜纹夜蛾细胞凋亡

野生型苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, AcMNPV)感染斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)细胞系Sl-zsu-1,可引起典型的细胞凋亡;但可以在草地夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)细胞Sf-9中复制并形成多角体.比较了AcMNPV p35基因在病毒感染两种细胞的复制和转录情况,认为p35在非受纳细胞中及时有效的表达能阻止细胞发生凋亡;共感染实验结果表明,斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, SpltMNPV)可以抑制AcMNPV诱导的细胞凋亡并可帮助病毒进行复制,推测SpltMNPV基因组中与p35同源的p49基因挽救了细胞的自杀行为.     

斜纹夜蛾spli caspase-1部分基因的克隆与分析

紫外线、芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒(sfMNPV)和苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)都可诱导斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera littoralis)SL-1细胞凋亡,这说明在SL-1细胞中Caspase表达活性高,本实验从莲纹夜蛾(Spodoptera littoralis)和草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)序列出发,根据其中保守性高的序列设计引物,提取SL-1细胞中的总RNA,并进行逆转录和PCR扩增,获得了一条419bp的cDNA。     

三种夜蛾科昆虫核型多角体病毒DNA相关性的研究

核型多角体病毒属杆状病毒科,主要感染鳞翅目、双翅目和膜翅目的昆虫,具有90～160kb长的双链,超螺旋DNA基因组。现已发现约500种核型多角体病毒,这些病毒之间有什么关系？它们的亲缘关系如何？我们以甘兰夜蛾核型多角体病毒（简称MbNPV）、甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒（简称SeNPV）和斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（简称SINPV）为材料,用限制性内切酪和分子杂交技术对它们的基因组DNA进行比较研究,并对其中一种病毒MbMV多角体蛋白基因进行了定位,现将结果报道如下;材料和方法1材料甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾健康幼虫,病毒麦种MbNPV、SeN…     

Biological Characterization of a Nucleopolyhedrovirus of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Isolated from the Philippines

A Philippine Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SltMNPV) was isolated by plaque purification from an uncloned NPV population in a formulated product that exhibits high insecticidal activity against the onion-attacking common cutworm, S. litura. Its estimated genome size was approximately 142 kb. Comparison with Autographa californica MNPV and Spodoptera exigua NPV by restriction fragmentation analysis showed that it was a distinct isolate. Light microscopy examination showed that SltMNPV-P7 infected insect cell lines derived from Spodoptera littoralis (CLS-79), Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9), and S. litura (TUAT-SpLi221). It produced typical cytopathic effects in cell lines established from Bombyx mori and S. exigua and induced apoptotic-like cytopathology in Lymantria dispar-derived cell line; it exerted no observable cytopathic effect on Spilosoma imparilis cell line. Significant increase in budded virus (BV) production was observed in CLS-79, Sf9, and TUAT-SpLi221 cell lines, in which TUAT-SpLi221 cell line supported the highest BV titer. No significant BV production was observed in the remaining four cell lines. Similarly, viral DNA replication and polyhedrin production proceeded only in these three spodopteran cell lines. Results showed that SltMNPV-P7 is a unique isolate which can be propagated in vitro for further studies and thus has a potential for development into a more effective microbial insecticide.     

Expression of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus apoptotic suppressor gene p35 in nonpermissive Spodoptera littoralis cells.

Apoptosis was postulated as the main barrier to replication of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) in a Spodoptera littoralis SL2 cell line (N. Chejanovsky and E. Gershburg, Virology 209:519-525, 1995). Thus, we hypothesized that the viral apoptotic suppressor gene p35 is either poorly expressed or nonfunctional in AcMNPV-infected SL2 cells. These questions were addressed by first determining the steady-state levels of the p35 product, P35, in AcMNPV-infected SL2 cells. Indeed, very low levels of P35 were found in infected SL2 cells in comparison with those in SF9 cells. Overexpression of p35, in transient-transfection and recombinant-virus infection experiments, inhibited actinomycin D- and AcMNPV-induced apoptosis, as determined by reduced cell blebbing and release of oligonucleosomes and increased cell viability of SL2. However, SL2 budded-virus (BV) titers of a recombinant AcMNPV which highly expressed p35 did not improve significantly. Also, injection of S. littoralis larvae with recombinant and wild-type AcMNPV BVs showed similar 50% lethal doses. These data suggest that apoptosis is not the only impediment to AcMNPV replication in these nonpermissive S. littoralis cells, and probably in S. littoralis larvae, so p35 may not be the only host range determinant in this system.     

Structure of retroviral RNAs produced by cell lines derived from spontaneous lymphomas of AKR mice.

The retrovirus expression of eight independent lymphoid cell lines derived from spontaneous thymomas of AKR mice was investigated. The RNase T1 fingerprints of viral 70S RNA produced by these cell lines were compared with genome structures of the non-leukemogenic Akv virus and with two types of cloned leukemogenic viruses derived from one of the thymoma cell lines. Viral RNAs from three cell lines, SL3, 4, and 7, were indistinguishable from one another. The fingerprint patterns indicated that these cell lines produce equal amounts of two prototype, leukomogenic SL viruses that were previously isolated from the SL3 cell line. Viral RNA produced by the SL1 and SL2 cell lines contained similar components, but at a different ratio. Two other cell lines (SL5 and SL11) produced viral RNAs that resemble those of AKR mink cell focus-forming viruses. One additional line, SL9, produced viral RNA of a novel structure. The complex pattern of viral RNA expression observed for these lymphoid cell lines can be interpreted in terms of recombination among three types of endogenous viral sequences: the Akv virus, a xenotropic virus, and an SL (for spontaneous leukemia) virus.     

Cell lines used for the selection of recombinant baculovirus

Summary Four insect cell lines were used to isolate two recombinant baculoviruses which had theβ-galactosidase (β-gal) gene for colorimetric assay purposes. Plaque assays were performed using twoTrichoplusia ni cell lines: BTI-TN-5B1-4 and TN-368, and twoSpodoptera frugiperda cell lines: IPLB-SF-21AE and SF9. The number of plaques (occlusion positive and blueβ-gal⁺ recombinants) formed in theTrichoplusia cells was higher than in theSpodoptera cells. The appearance ofAutographa californica NPV polyhedra was also faster in theT. ni cell lines. The effect of cell passage on the plaque formation proved to be critical when two different passages of the SF9 cells were tested. The higher passage produced a lower viral titration. The size and time of appearance of the plaques was also different.     

Identification of a new nucleopolyhedrovirus from naturally-infected Condylorrhiza vestigialis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae on poplar plantations in South Brazil

A baculovirus was isolated from larvae of Condylorrhiza vestigialis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a pest of a forest species known as Poplar (family Salicaceae, genus: Populus) with high economic value. Electron microscopy analysis of the occlusion body obtained from diseased larvae showed polyhedra containing multiple nucleocapsids per envelope. This baculovirus was thus named Condylorrhiza vestigialis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CoveMNPV) and characterized by its DNA restriction endonuclease pattern, polyhedral protein, viral protein synthesis, and infectivity in insect cell lines. Restriction endonuclease profiles of viral DNA digested with five restriction enzymes were obtained and the CoveMNPV genome size was estimated to be 81 ± 2.5 kbp. The isolation of the polyhedra (OBs) was done from the crude extract of infected larvae by ultracentrifugation through sucrose gradients. These viral particles were analyzed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which showed a strong band with approximately 33 kDa, corresponding to the main protein of the occlusion bodies (polyhedrin). Also, a similar band was observed for CoveMNPV infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells (SF-21 AE) pulse-labeled with [³⁵S] methionine and fractionated by SDS-PAGE. Of the four insect cell lines tested for susceptibility to CoveMNPV infection, the SF-21 AE was the most susceptible with occlusion bodies produced in most of the inoculated cells. This is the first record of an NPV from C. vestigialis.     

Abnormal formation of polyhedra resulting from a single mutation in the polyhedrin gene of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus

A spontaneous mutant that produces a single abnormally large cubic polyhedron per infected cell was isolated from a polyhedra-positive recombinant Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Both wild-type and mutant virus produce two forms of virus particles, budded virions and occluded virions. However, occluded virions are not found within the polyhedra of cells infected with mutant virus, as with the wild-type virus. These large cubic polyhedra do not have the typical lattice-like structure normally seen in wild-type polyhedra and are noninfectious. Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (SF9) cells which were infected with this virus had low infectivity to larvae. No significant alterations were found in the viral genome by restriction enzyme analysis, and no mutations were found in the 25K gene. A single point mutation resulting in an amino acid change of Gly25 to Asp was identified in the polyhedrin gene. A transfer vector containing the entire polyhedrin gene including the point mutation was constructed and used to cotransfect Sf9 cells with a polyhedron-negative recombinant virus. Large cubic polyhedra were once again observed, confirming that the Gly25 to Asp mutation is responsible for the formation of abnormal polyhedra.     

Structure of nonintegrated, circular Herpesvirus saimiri and Herpesvirus ateles genomes in tumor cell lines and in vitro-transformed cells.

Nonintegrated, circular DNA molecules of Herpesvirus saimiri and Herpesvirus ateles were found in five lymphoid cell lines originating from tumor tissues or established by in vitro immortalization of T lymphocytes. The arrangement of unique (L) and repetitive (H) DNA sequences in circular viral genomes was analyzed by partial denaturation mapping followed by visualization with an electron microscope. Three types of circular viral DNA structures were found. (i) The virus-producing cell line RLC, which is derived from an H. ateles-induced rabbit lymphoma, contains circular viral genomes which consist of a single L-DNA and a single H-DNA region, both the same length as in virion DNA. (ii) The circular viral genomes of the nonproducer cell lines H1591 and A1601, in vitro transformed by H. saimiri and H. ateles, respectively, have deletions in the unique L-DNA region and larger H-DNA regions. Cell line A1601 lacks about 8% of virion L-DNA, and H1591 cells lack about 40% of viral L-DNA information. (iii) The nonproducing H. saimiri tumor cell lines 1670 and 70N2 harbor viral genomes with two L-DNA and two H-DNA regions, respectively. Both types of circular molecules have a long and a short L-segment. The sequence arrangements of circular DNA molecules from H. saimiri-transformed cell lines were compared with those of linear virion DNA by computer alignment of partial denaturation histograms. The L-DNA deletion in cell line H1591 was found to map in the right half of the virion DNA. Comparison of the denaturation patterns of both L regions of cell lines 1670 and 70N2 identified the short L regions as subsets of the long L regions. Thus, circular viral DNA molecules of all four nonproducer cell lines represent defective genomes.     

Role of early and late replication events in induction of apoptosis by baculoviruses.

Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) mutants that lack the apoptotic suppressor gene p35 cause apoptosis in Spodoptera frugiperda SF21 cells. To identify a viral signal(s) that induces programmed cell death, we first defined the timing of apoptotic events during infection. Activation of a P35-inhibitable caspase, intracellular fragmentation of host and AcMNPV DNA, and cell membrane blebbing coincided with the initiation of viral DNA synthesis between 9 and 12 h after infection and thus suggested that apoptotic signaling begins at or before this time. Virus entry was required since binding of budded virus to host cell receptors alone was insufficient to induce apoptosis. To therefore determine the contribution of early and late replication events to apoptotic signaling, we used the AcMNPV mutant ts8 with a temperature-sensitive lesion in the putative helicase gene p143. At the nonpermissive temperature at which viral DNA synthesis was conditionally blocked, ts8 caused extensive apoptosis of the SF21 cell line p3576D, which dominantly interferes with anti-apoptotic function of viral P35. Confirming that apoptosis can be induced in the absence of normal viral DNA synthesis, parental SF21 cells also underwent apoptosis when infected with a ts8 p35 deletion mutant at the nonpermissive temperature. However, maximum levels of ts8 p35 deletion mutant-induced apoptosis required a temperature-sensitive event(s) that included the initiation of viral DNA synthesis. Collectively, these data suggested that baculovirus-induced apoptosis can be triggered by distinct early (pre-DNA synthesis) and late replicative events, including viral DNA synthesis or late gene expression.     

Isolation and characterization of four adenovirus type 12-transformed human embryo kidney cell lines.

Four transformed cell lines were established from cultures of human embryo kidney (HEK) cells microinjected or transfected with cloned adenovirus 12 (Ad12) EcoRI-C DNA (0 through 16.5 map units of the left-hand end of the viral genome). Each cell line showed a different growth pattern. Southern blotting demonstrated that all of the cell lines contained Ad12-specific DNA sequences, but in the microinjected isolates these were at a much lower copy number than in the transfected isolate. Two cell lines (Ad12 HEK 1 and 3) appeared to contain tandemly repeated Ad12 EcoRI-C DNA fragments. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting confirmed that Ad12 early region 1 (E1) proteins were being expressed by all four of the transformed cell lines, but indicated that E1A polypeptide expression was considerably less than E1B polypeptide expression. All of the Ad12-transformed HEK cell lines were tumorigenic when inoculated intracranially into athymic nude mice.