草鱼两个肌肉生长抑制素cDNA克隆、表达及过量表达对胚胎发育的影响

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)是抑制肌肉生长和发育的重要生长调控因子.通过cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆草鱼MSTN-1型和MSTN-2型全长cDNA.RT-PCR分析结果表明,MSTN-1在草鱼肌肉、脑和眼中的转录量较高,在肝胰脏、脾脏和心的转录量较低,在肠、腮、性腺和肾中无表达;MSTN-2只在脑和肌内中有表达.在草鱼胚胎发育的0-36 hpf期间,MSTN-1的转录量较低;在胚胎发育的36-48 hpf期间,其转录量呈逐渐升高的趋势;MSTN-2各时相均无表达,可能因为该基因在草鱼胚胎发育过程中不起重要作用.通过分别显微注射MSTN-1型和MSTN-2型mRNA至斑马鱼1-2细胞期胚胎.结果显示,注射MSTN-1型mRNA过表达可导致斑马鱼体节发生期胚胎的前-后轴拉长,背-腹轴变短,脊索轻微扭曲,以及体节发育受到强烈抑制而不分化等现象.注射MSTN-2型mRNA胚胎早期发育有所延迟并未发生明显变化,但发育至60h之后尾部明显发生严重弯曲.     

斑马鱼eomesb基因突变体的构建及其功能分析

Eomesodermin (Eomes)是T-box转录因子基因家族的成员,在脊椎动物胚胎发育、模式形成和形态发生过程中发挥重要作用.斑马鱼(Danio rerio) eomesa基因的一个点突变导致其母源合子突变体胚胎发育延迟而大量死亡,而eomesa合子突变体可正常发育至性成熟,但缺失背鳍.本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了斑马鱼eomesa旁系同源基因eomesb的突变体,eomesb纯合突变体不仅可正常发育至性成熟,而且鳍的发育也完全正常.q-PCR和整体原位杂交实验结果显示,eomesa和eomesb在脑部组织具有重叠的表达域,eomesb在中脑的表达略高于eomesa,故推测两基因在脑部可能行使相似的功能,存在一定的功能冗余.对2,4,6 dpf(Days post fertilization)和6 dpf的WT和突变体q-PCR基因表达分析显示,eomesb突变对eomesa的表达没有明显影响.eomesa-/-;eomesb-/-双突变体未出现背鳍缺失以外的附加表型,推测斑马鱼eomesa和eomesb在背鳍发育过程中可能不存在功能冗余,eomesb不参与背鳍的发育过程.此外,整体原位杂交实验结果显示,eomesb突变也不影响其同源基因tbr1a和tbr1b的早期表达.eomesb纯合突变体未观察到明显表型,可能与其影响的功能不引起明显表型有关,也可能与其它基因的遗传补偿效应有关.本研究结果为深入研究斑马鱼eomesb基因的功能提供了实验材料,同时对研究eomesa与eomesb基因功能分化具有参考价值.     

斑马鱼akt3 基因的克隆及其表达图谱与过表达分析

采用RT-PCR 和RACE 相结合的方法, 克隆得到了斑马鱼的akt3/pkb 基因, 其cDNA 全长为2874 bp,编码479 个氨基酸。斑马鱼akt3 具有akt 家族成员间保守的PH 结构域、催化活性结构域和调节结构域以及两个保守的磷酸化位点Thr305 和Ser472。与已发表的人、大鼠、小鼠的akt3 氨基酸序列比较, 相似性分别为95.8%、94.7%和95.4%。对斑马鱼早期胚胎进行RT-PCR 检测显示, akt3 在0-4hpf(hours post fertilization)含量水平较高, 6hpf 到12hpf 降低至较低水平, 16hpf 后表达量开始逐渐上升, 60hpf 至96hpf 则稳定在较高水平。原位杂交结果表明: akt3 在2hpf 至96hpf 的胚胎中整体都有表达, 没有组织特异性。在成鱼中, 除鳃部外, akt3 在所检测的其他各组织器官中均有表达, 在脑部和卵巢表达量较高; 利用显微注射持续表达myr-akt3 mRNA 研究其功能充分性时结果显示, 过量表达斑马鱼akt3 mRNA 能使斑马鱼胚胎发育滞后且伴随着尾部短粗、体节模糊、尾末端膨大甚至严重缩短等不同程度畸形。而在斑马鱼myr-akt3 注射组发育至24hpf 时观察(以排除akt3 造成的发育延迟的影响), 发现注射过akt3 的斑马鱼胚胎的脑部厚度较对照组显著增大, 表明akt3 对斑马鱼胚胎脑部尺寸发育有影响。       

Smad2/3a对斑马鱼神经嵴细胞标记基因crestin表达的影响

目的 探讨Smad2/3a对脊椎动物神经嵴细胞发育的影响。方法 通过在斑马鱼胚胎单细胞时期显微注射smad2/3吗啉环修饰的反义寡核苷酸的方法,特异性敲降smad2/3基因的表达,至胚胎发育至6体节,利用整胚原位杂交检测神经嵴细胞特异性标记基因snail1b,sox10,foxd3和crestin的表达情况;通过casmad2 mRNA和smad3a mRNA显微注射的方法过表达smad2和smad3a,同样利用整胚原位杂交检测神经嵴细胞特异性标记基因crestin的表达情况;通过过表达casmad2及smad3a对下调smad2和smad3a的胚胎进行挽救。结果 smad2/3a被敲低后,crestin的表达量显著降低,而snail1b,sox10和foxd3的表达量无明显变化。smad3b被敲低后,crestin,snail1b,sox10和foxd3的表达量均无明显变化;过表达casmad2和smad3a均可导致crestin的表达量增高;过表达casmad2和smad3a可挽救由于smad2/3a敲降所造成crestin的低表达量。结论 Smad2和Smad3a对神经嵴细胞标记基因crestin的表达具有重要作用。     

fbxo32基因在traf6缺失斑马鱼肝脏中的表达分析

为了进一步研究fbxo32在肝脏相关疾病中的作用, 进行了traf6缺失斑马鱼Danio rerio肝脏的组织切片分析, 结果显示斑马鱼traf6缺失个体表现出明显的肝萎缩特征, 包括肝脏组织结构松散、肝细胞排列不规则及缺少肝脂肪滴等症状。同时荧光定量实验表明fbxo32 mRNA在检测过的野生型斑马鱼组织中均有一定量的表达, 在肝脏中表达量较低而在卵巢中表达量较高。而与野生型斑马鱼相比, fbxo32 mRNA在traf6突变体斑马鱼肝脏中的表达量上调超过100倍。进一步原位杂交结果显示, fbxo32 mRNA的信号主要集中于肝脏细胞, 而在血细胞中则没有检测到信号。特别是与野生型斑马鱼相比, fbxo32 mRNA在traf6突变型斑马鱼肝脏中的信号明显增强。实验结果表明traf6缺失能引起fbxo32基因的上调表达, 并会导致traf6突变型斑马鱼肝脏发育异常并发生萎缩。     

团头鲂MSTN基因cDNA结构、表达及过表达对胚胎发育的影响

研究通过cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆得到团头鲂生长抑制素(MSTN)基因的cDNA全长并分析了MSTN基因在团头鲂胚胎、成鱼组织中表达以及MSTN基因在胚胎中过表达情况。结果表明团头鲂MSTN基因的cDNA全长为2187 bp, ORF(开放阅读框)大小为1128 bp, 编码376个氨基酸。组织逆转录PCR (RT-PCR)结果显示, MSTN基因在肌肉、脑和精巢组织中大量表达, 肝脏、脾脏和卵巢组织中的少量表达, 肠、腮、心、眼和肾组织中的微量表达。胚胎逆转录PCR (RT-PCR)结果显示, 在0—44 hpf胚胎发育阶段, MSTN基因表达量较低; 而在48—52 hpf胚胎发育阶段, MSTN基因表达量逐渐升高。整胚原位杂交(WISH)结果显示, 胚胎发育的16 hpf时期MSTN基因主要在脊索中表达, 胚胎发育的28 hpf和55 hpf时期MSTN基因在脑中表达。MSTN基因过表达结果显示, 胚胎在体节发生期出现前-后轴拉长, 背-腹轴变短; 脊索发生扭曲, 强烈抑制体节发育而导致不分化等现象。研究为后续团头鲂MSTN基因的功能研究及团头鲂分子育种提供相关参考依据。     

生长激素受体信号相关因子在斑马鱼中的比较表达分析及GHR信号通路体内研究模型的建立(英文)

GHR信号通路在动物出生后的生长中扮演着重要角色。实验利用斑马鱼模型研究了GHR信号相关基因在成体组织、胚胎发育以及幼体期的表达情况,这些基因包括gh、ghra、ghrb、jak2a、jak2b、stat5.1、stat5.2、igf1、c-fos、socs1和socs2。值得关注的是,上述的大部分基因都存在母源性表达,且它们的合子表达均起始在体节早期之前。这说明在有功能性的脑垂体形成之前和完善的循环系统建立之前,GH及GH信号相关因子就已经存在于早期胚胎中,因此GH很可能是控制胚胎发育的一系列自分泌/旁分泌生长因子中的一员。同时,我们发现成体组织的socs表达水平与GH信号靶基因igf1和c-fos的表达呈某种程度的负相关。我们利用实时定量PCR技术和荧光素酶分析技术,通过注射GH和GHR表达载体,在斑马鱼胚胎中分析了它们促进GH信号靶基因c-fos和igf1转录活性以及GH应激启动子spi2.1活性的能力。由此,研究利用斑马鱼胚胎建立一个体内研究模型来评估发育过程中的GH信号激活(GHSA)。在受精后1天(dpf)和3dpf斑马鱼胚胎中,单独过表达gh或ghr均可以显著刺激GHSA,这表明在1dpf的斑马鱼胚胎中即存在功能性的GH和GHR蛋白表达,而这一时期是在功能性垂体的形成之前的。gh以及ghr的协同过表达则可以显著放大gh或ghr单独过表达的GHSA效果。     

斑马鱼pax2a(-3.1 kb):eGFP转基因品系的构建

为了更好地了解脊椎动物肾脏的早期发育,本研究利用斑马鱼这一研究脊椎动物器官发育的理想模式生物,通过构建肾脏特异性pax2a荧光标记转基因品系以实现实时在体地观察斑马鱼前肾的发育过程。我们分析了斑马鱼pax2a基因的启动子,扩增出其翻译起始位点上游3.1 kb的基因组DNA,利用Tol2转座子系统,经胚胎显微注射及三代筛选,成功构建了一个稳定的pax2a(-3.1 kb):eGFP转基因鱼品系。此转基因品系的绿色荧光蛋白在3体节时期就可以标记出中间中胚层,并在后续体节时期的中间中胚层前端(第3体节至第5体节对应的部分),及24 hpf的肾管前端和中段表达,基本模拟了pax2a在斑马鱼早期前肾发育中的时空表达模式。本研究所获得的pax2a(-3.1 kb):eGFP弥补了已有pax2a转基因品系中报告基因无法准确标记出中间中胚层和前肾管前端的缺陷,是研究斑马鱼前肾早期发育的良好材料。     

SP600125孵育影响鲫骨骼发育基因表达

前期研究表明ATP竞争性小分子抑制剂SP600125在体外可以高效诱导鱼类细胞多倍化。研究首次尝试用SP600125直接孵育鲫受精卵以获得多倍体鱼的可能性。结果显示SP600125处理受精卵虽然能够引起部分胚胎倍性发生改变, 但也显著影响胚胎发育并导致胚胎高死亡率, 同时伴随着畸形鱼苗的发生, 其中主要表现为脊椎弯曲和尾缺失等骨骼发育异常。SP600125处理导致骨骼畸形在SP600125孵育鲫鱼苗试验中也同样获得验证。荧光定量PCR检测结果表明, 在体(受精卵和鱼苗)或离体(培养的尾鳍细胞)状态下, SP600125孵育会引起smad6、stat1、 lef1、bmp2和twist1等骨骼发育相关基因mRNA水平显著上调。相关结果为进一步调整SP600125诱导的鱼类倍性操作策略和方法提供了重要理论参考。     

斑马鱼nrf基因时空表达分析及其在调控胰外分泌酶原基因表达中的作用研究

通过GenBank搜索发现,斑马鱼中有6个nrf同源基因,即nfe2、nrf1a、nrf1b、nrf2a、nrf2b和nrf3。为了研究6个nrf在物种之间的关系,实验对6个Nrf蛋白进行系统发育树分析,结果显示6个Nrf蛋白的分子进化趋势与物种进化趋势一致,尽管在硬骨鱼类中由于基因组倍增的原因,nrf1和nrf2基因各产生了两个拷贝,但Nrf蛋白仍然是比较保守的。此外,实验选取斑马鱼胚胎发育十个不同时期（1 cell、2 cell、3.5 hpf、6 hpf、12 hpf、24 hpf、36 hpf、48 hpf、72 hpf、96 hpf）,对其表达模式进行了详细的研究,结果显示:6个nrf在一细胞期都有转录信号,且胚胎发育早期（48 hpf之前）全身广泛表达。72 hpf后,nrf1b、nrf2a、nrf2b、nrf3和nfe2基因的表达部位主要集中在头部、部分躯干、肠处,nrf2b还在脊髓处有微弱的表达。总体来说,6个nrf基因的表达部位基本重叠。研究还利用双荧光素酶检测系统检测了6个Nrf蛋白对胰外分泌酶原基因（tryl）转录的调控,结果显示nrf1a、nrf2a、nrf2b与nfe2的过表达能使tryl的表达上调,而nrf1b与nrf3的过表达能抑制tryl的表达。研究结果将为深入研究斑马鱼6个nrf基因的功能叠加、互补及其功能歧化奠定基础。     

Functional differentiation of bmp2a and bmp2b genes in zebrafish

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 plays an important role in the regulation of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the bmp2 ortholog evolved from the same ancestral gene family in vertebrates and was duplicated in teleost, which were named bmp2a and bmp2b. The results of whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that the expression locations of bmp2a and bmp2b in zebrafish were different in different periods (24 hpf, 48 hpf, 72 hpf), which revealed potential functional differentiation between bmp2a and bmp2b. Phenotypic analysis showed that bmp2a mutations caused partial rib and vertebral deformities in zebrafish, while bmp2b^−/− embryos died massively after 12 hpf due to abnormal somite formation. We further explored the expression pattern changes of genes (bmp2a, bmp2b, smad1, fgf4, runx2b, alp) related to skeletal development at different developmental stages (20 dpf, 60 dpf, 90 dpf) in wild-type and bmp2a^−/− zebrafish. The results showed that the expression of runx2b in bmp2a^−/− was significantly downregulated at three stages and the expression of other genes were significantly downregulated at 90 dpf compared with wild-type zebrafish. The study revealed functional differentiation of bmp2a and bmp2b in zebrafish embryonic and skeletal development.     

Expression of BMP signalling pathway members in the developing zebrafish inner ear and lateral line

In this paper we describe the mRNA expression patterns of members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway in the developing zebrafish ear. bmp2b, 4, and 7 are expressed in discrete areas of otic epithelium, some of which correspond to sensory patches. bmp2b and 4 mark the developing cristae before and during the appearance of differentiated hair cells. bmp4 is also expressed in a dorsal, non-sensory region of the ear. Expression of bmps in cristae is conserved between zebrafish, chick, and mouse, but there are also notable differences in ear expression patterns between these species. Of five zebrafish BMP antagonists, only one (follistatin) shows significant expression in the otic epithelium. The type I receptor bmpr-IB shows localised expression in the ear epithelium. Mediators of BMP signalling, smad1 and smad5, are expressed in statoacoustic and lateral line ganglia; smad5 is also expressed at low levels throughout the ear epithelium. An inhibitory smad, smad6, is expressed laterally in the ear epithelium. Lateral line primordia and neuromasts also express bmp2b, 4, follistatin, smad1, and smad5. The conservation of bmp expression in cristae among different species adds weight to the growing evidence that BMPs are required for the development of the vertebrate ear.     

Development of the embryo, larva and early juvenile of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Developmental staging system

We described the developmental stages for the embryonic, larval and early juvenile periods of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to elucidate sequential events of craniofacial development. Craniofacial development of cichlids, especially differentiation and morphogenesis of the pharyngeal skeleton, progresses until about 30 days postfertilization (dpf). Because there is no comprehensive report describing the sequential processes of craniofacial development up to 30 dpf, we newly defined 32 stages using a numbered staging system. For embryonic development, we defined 18 stages (stages 1-18), which were grouped into seven periods named the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching periods. For larval development, we defined seven stages (stages 19-25), which were grouped into two periods, early larval and late larval. For juvenile development until 30 dpf, we defined seven stages (stages 26-32) in the early juvenile period. This developmental staging system for Nile tilapia O. niloticus will benefit researchers investigating skeletogenesis throughout tilapia ontogeny and will also facilitate comparative evolutionary developmental biology studies of haplochromine cichlids, which comprise the species flocks of Lakes Malawi and Victoria.     

Expressions of Raldh3 and Raldh4 during zebrafish early development

Retinoic acid (RA) plays crucial roles in vertebrate embryogenesis. Four retinal dehydrogenases (Raldhs) that are responsible for RA synthesis have been characterized in mammals. However, only Raldh2 ortholog is identified in zebrafish. Here, we report the identification of raldh3 and raldh4 genes in zebrafish. The predicted proteins encoded by zebrafish raldh3 and raldh4 exhibit 70.0% and 73.5% amino acid identities with mouse Raldh3 and Raldh4, respectively. RT-PCR analyses reveal that both raldh3 and raldh4 mRNAs are present in early development. However, whole mount in situ hybridization shows that raldh3 mRNA is first expressed in the developing eye region of zebrafish embryos at 10-somite stage. At 24 hpf (hours post fertilization), raldh3 mRNA is expressed in the ventral retina of eye. At 36 hpf, the mRNA is also expressed in otic vesicle in addition to ventral retina, and it maintains its expression pattern till 2 dpf (days post fertilization). At 3 dpf, raldh3 mRNA becomes very weak in ventral retina but is present in otic vesicle at a high level. At 5 dpf and 7 dpf, raldh3 is no longer expressed in eyes but is expressed in otic vesicles at a very low level. raldh4 mRNA is initially detected in developing liver and intestine regions at 2 dpf embryos. Its expression level becomes very high in these two regions of embryos from 3 dpf to 5 dpf. Analysis on the sections of 5 dpf embryos reveals that raldh4 is expressed in the epithelium of intestine. At 7 dpf, raldh4 mRNA is only weakly expressed in the epithelium of intestinal bulb.     

The smad5 mutation somitabun blocks Bmp2b signaling during early dorsoventral patterning of the zebrafish embryo

Signaling by members of the TGFbeta superfamily is thought to be transduced by Smad proteins. Here, we describe a zebrafish mutant in smad5, designated somitabun (sbn). The dominant maternal and zygotic effect of the sbntc24 mutation is caused by a change in a single amino acid in the L3 loop of Smad5 protein which transforms Smad5 into an antimorphic version, inhibiting wild-type Smad5 and related Smad proteins. sbn mutant embryos are strongly dorsalized, similarly to mutants in Bmp2b, its putative upstream signal. Double mutant analyses and RNA injection experiments show that sbn and bmp2b interact and that sbn acts downstream of Bmp2b signaling to mediate Bmp2b autoregulation during early dorsoventral (D-V) pattern formation. Comparison of early marker gene expression patterns, chimera analyses and rescue experiments involving temporally controlled misexpression of bmp or smad in mutant embryos reveal three phases of D-V patterning: an early sbn- and bmp2b-independent phase when a coarse initial D-V pattern is set up, an intermediate sbn- and bmp2b-dependent phase during which the putative morphogenetic Bmp2/4 gradient is established, and a later sbn-independent phase during gastrulation when the Bmp2/4 gradient is interpreted and cell fates are specified.     

Early embryonic development of the vulnerable Shalyni barb,Pethia shalynius (Yazdani & Talukdar, 1975)

The present study provides the first detailed early embryonic development of the Shalyni barb, Pethia shalynius (Yazdani & Talukdar, 1975), a vulnerable cyprinid fish occurring in streams and lentic waters of Meghalaya, northeast India. Induced spawning by synthetic hormone injection in May 2019 was conducted to a pair of mature female and male P. shalynius under controlled conditions in a well-aerated aquarium. Fertilized eggs were spherical, 0.75–0.80 mm (approx.) in diameter, transparent, unpigmented and non-adhesive. A total of 22 developmental stages could be categorized under seven broad periods, viz. the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatchling. The first cleavage occurred at 15 min post fertilization (mpf), followed by blastulation at 01:23 hr post-fertilization (hpf), gastrulation at 04:20 hpf, initial somite formation at 07:00 hpf, and pharyngula period at 19:20 hpf, respectively. Embryos hatched between 26–27 hpf and the newly-hatched larvae ranged 2.2–2.5 mm in total length. For naturally-declining populations of this vulnerable fish species, inferences drawn from the present study will help provide a baseline data for its conservation and management, and aid the research fields of developmental biology, biotechnology, molecular biology as well as taxonomy of this species.     

Tol2转座子介导斑马鱼rps26基因附近增强子捕获及注解分析

随着人类等生物大规模基因组测序工作的完成,认识和理解基因组上表达调控元件成为后基因组时代的重要研究任务,增强子捕获技术是一种鉴定基因组上增强子元件及其对基因表达调控机制的有效方法。本研究选择Tol2转座子系统介导制备的稳定增强子捕获品系TK4系(头部和躯干特异性GFP表达),利用Splinkerette PCR(sp-PCR)、原位杂交和比较基因组学等技术手段进行所捕获增强子的解析研究。将TK4系的F1代与野生型斑马鱼杂交,收集受精卵,于6 hpf(Hour post fertilization)、24 hpf、48 hpf、3 dpf(Day post fertilization)、4 dpf、5 dpf六个发育阶段通过荧光显微镜检测绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的表达模式;然后通过sp-PCR方法克隆到Tol2转座子插入位点斑马鱼基因组侧翼序列,经比对分析表明插入位点位于基因组23号染色体27749253位置,在rps26基因的intron1中,且报告基因插入方向与基因方向相反。在插入位点100 kb的基因组范围内有7个基因,分别为arf3a、wnt10b、wnt1、rps26、IKZF4、dnajc22和lmbr1l。通过VISTA程序对不同脊椎动物基因组同源序列比对结果显示,在rps26基因下游有2个潜在保守的非编码序列区CNS1(Conserved non-coding sequence)和CNS2,为可能的增强子元件。胚胎原位杂交表明:rps26基因的两个转录本有母源性表达,rps26-201在合子中的表达早于rps26-001,而TK4系斑马鱼的GFP在早期(6 hpf)不表达,后期rps26与GFP的表达模式既存在相似性,也存在差异性,提示两者可能既接受共同的增强子调控,但也存在不同增强子调控,所获得的2个潜在的增强子(CNS1和CNS2)可能对附近的基因(包括rps26)发挥差异的时空表达调控作用。本研究首次成功获得rps26基因附近2个潜在增强子,为深入研究这两个增强子对基因组附近基因的表达调控机制奠定基础,本研究所采用的结合技术手段也为增强子解析提供参考。