环境因子对杭州西湖沉积物各形态磷释放的影响

对西湖沉积物的磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析, 模拟研究了上覆水磷含量、光照、pH、温度、水动力条件等不同环境因子对西湖沉积物各形态磷释放的影响。结果表明, 上覆水为蒸馏水时的最大释磷量约为底泥-湖水系统的1.15倍, 且释放形态均以IP中的Fe/Al-P为主。在蔽光条件下的最大TP释放量约为光照条件下最大TP释放量的1.35倍。pH 是影响磷释放的重要因素, 在碱性条件下, 促进Fe/Al-P的释放; 在酸性条件下, 促进Ca-P 的释放。在高温条件下沉积物的释磷量会高于低温条件下的释磷量。沉积物各形态磷的释放量在15h后逐渐趋于平衡扰动状态达到平衡时TP释放量是静态释放平衡状态的1.61倍。研究结果旨在探讨不同环境因子对湖泊沉积物磷迁移转化的生态环境效应, 预测西湖内源磷释放的发展趋势, 为控制沉积物内源污染提供理论基础。     

太湖春季沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征及界面释放的影响

通过对太湖春季不同湖区水体和沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征研究,探讨了间隙水中磷的释放对上覆水环境的影响。结果表明,颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)是太湖水体中主要的磷形态,占总磷的58%～95%。不同湖区沉积物间隙水磷的剖面变化可能与生态特征及水动力引起的沉积物-水界面的扰动强度密切相关。湖心和西部沿岸沉积物扰动强烈,致使间隙水中磷含量向上逐渐降底,而梅梁湾和贡湖间隙水磷的垂向变化不大。东太湖和竺山湖沉积物界面间隙水中磷含量偏高,可能是由于表层沉积物的有氧环境使Fe2+被氧化固定下来,并促进了总磷(TP)和溶解态活性磷(DRP)的扩散释放。总体而言,间隙水中各形态磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势,其中DRP的扩散潜力最大,竺山湖沉积物-水界面DRP扩散通量高达11.42mg.m-2.d-1,表明春季浮游植物的复苏生长对DRP的迫切需求。     

富营养化水体沉积物中磷的释放及其影响因素

综述了富营养化水体沉积物中磷的化学形态、释放规律及其影响因素。化学形态分为水溶性磷、铝磷、铁磷、钙磷、还原态可溶性磷、闭蓄磷、有机磷等 7种 ,其分布取决于各形态磷的性质。磷释放受 7种因素影响 ,厌氧、高 pH或低 pH值、高温、扰动、生物活动、底泥与水体含磷量的浓度差值以及钙质沉积物组分等因素均能促进沉积物中磷的释放。     

百花湖消落带土壤磷释放的模拟研究

为探讨贵州省百花湖(水库)消落带土壤磷的释放状况,采用实验室模拟法研究了不同消落带土壤和环境条件变化对百花湖消落带土壤磷释放的影响,分析磷的释放量与磷赋存形态的关系。结果表明:未淹的黄壤释磷量最大,砂石壤最低;温度升高,土壤中磷的释放强度随之增大;扰动上覆水比静置条件下更有利于磷的释放;酸性和碱性条件下土壤磷的释放量略高于中性条件,且碱性条件下最高;厌氧条件比好氧条件更能加速磷释放;不同形态磷与土壤磷释放量有不同程度相关,其中有机磷(OP)与磷的释放极显著相关;与铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)和钙结合态磷(Ca-P)显著性相关。     

富营养化湖泊沉积物磷原位控制技术简

正湖泊沉积物是指湖泊中沉积的物质,湖泊中大量营养盐富集在沉积物中。水体中各形态的磷通过污水排入、地表径流及水生生物残骸等多种途径输入至湖泊,在温度、上覆水pH、溶解氧及氧化还原电位等环境因素的影响下,经过一系列变化,其中水体中的部分磷在沉积物吸附、化学絮凝、共沉淀等作用下蓄存于湖泊沉积物中,     

升温对超富营养型浅水湖泊沉积物营养盐动态迁移的影响

在实验室控制条件下,以超富营养型浅水湖泊——武汉南湖表层沉积物和表层水为研究对象,设置18℃和22.5℃两个温度处理组,模拟武汉地区预测的21世纪末春季变暖的情景,研究升温对沉积物营养盐释放的影响。实验结果表明:整个实验过程中,22.5℃处理组水体中正磷酸盐(o-P)和总磷(TP)含量显著高于18℃处理组,说明气温升高可以显著促进富营养化浅水湖泊沉积物磷的释放,促进水体中磷含量的显著升高;此外,在实验的初始阶段,升温能够加速水体中氨氮(NH+4-N)向硝态氮(NO-3-N)转化的过程,同时水体与沉积物中氮含量的下降可能是水体与沉积物中的氮通过反硝化作用从系统中溢出以及被系统中的底栖生物利用所致,没有观察到气温升高对沉积物中总氮的释放产生显著影响。     

池塘内循环流水养殖模式对养殖塘上覆水-沉积物-间隙水磷时空分布特征及释放通量的影响

为了揭示池塘内循环流水养殖模式(Inner-circulation Pond Aquaculture, IPA)上覆水-沉积物-间隙水不同磷形态时空分布特征, 探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素, 在IPA一条水槽前后端设置6个采样点, 共设置4条, 同时对常规传统池塘(Usual Pond Aquaculture, UPA)设置5个采样点, 采用SMT(磷形态标准测试程序)法测量沉积物中磷的形态组成, 对上覆水-沉积物-间隙水磷时空分布特征进行了分析, 统计了磷释放通量及主要影响环境因子的关系。结果表明: (1)从整体上, IPA上覆水及间隙水中不同形态磷含量低于UPA, 且IPA水体磷空间分布差异较大, 水槽后端沉积物向上覆水释放, 水槽前端则表现为上覆水向沉积物汇集; (2)在养殖中后期, 空间上, IPA水槽后端沉积物不同磷形态随着距离增加逐渐降低, 且均低于UPA; 时间上, 2种模式TP、IP、OP和Fe/Al-P随着养殖的进行而显著增加, Ca-P呈先降低后增加的趋势; (3)UPA基本表现为沉积物对磷的吸收, 而IPA磷释放通量时空差异较大, 养殖初期, 水槽前端表现对磷的吸收, 水槽后端10 m内则少量释放; 至养殖中后期, 槽后端10 m内表现对磷的大量释放; 而后端20和30 m在养殖初期磷通量较小, 至养殖中期均转变为对磷的吸收, 至养殖末期则转变为对磷的释放; (4)2种模式磷通量和环境因子的关系基本一致, TP、IP释放通量和pH呈显著正相关, 各形态磷释放通量和沉积物Eh呈显著负相关, 其中温度的升高对各沉积物不同形态磷的释放有显著的促进作用。综上所述, IPA沉积物磷组分时空差异较大, 主要集中分布在水槽后端10 m内, 且在养殖中后期向上覆水大量集中释放。研究旨在为IPA改进固体颗粒物拦截方法、提高残饵和粪便的收集效率及养殖水环境调控提供理论依据。     

富营养化山仔水库沉积物微囊藻复苏的受控因子

山仔水库作为福建省福州市重要的饮用水水源地之一,从2000年起每年都周期性爆发蓝藻门微囊藻属(Microcystis)水华现象,特别是在温暖的季节。对于这个富营养化水库,是否在沉积物中存在蓝藻门微囊藻的"种源"？假设山仔水库底泥中存在蓝藻门微囊藻休眠体,一定的环境条件能够促进蓝藻门微囊藻的复苏。研究于2009年12月采集水库大坝断面5根柱状沉积物,采用正交试验的方法,模拟了温度、光照、pH值、营养盐、物理扰动和浮游动物(膨大肾形虫)等环境因子对山仔水库沉积物中蓝藻门微囊藻的复苏响应。结果表明,底泥中存在着一定数量的底栖动物和硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻等微藻,从实验结束后沉积物中微囊藻数量的减少和上覆水体中微囊藻数量的增加,可以判断在适宜的环境条件下,蓝藻门微囊藻能够复苏并上浮到上覆水体中。正交实验显著性分析表明,温度是沉积物蓝藻门微囊藻复苏的重要影响因子,光照次之,上覆水体的pH值、营养盐、物理扰动和浮游动物干扰对沉积物蓝藻门微囊藻的复苏影响作用不显著,升温有利于沉积物中微囊藻的复苏。     

长江中下游部分湖泊沉积物碱性磷酸酶分布及其作用研究

沉积物磷负荷在湖泊富营养化的发生与恢复过程中具有关键作用,其释放受物理、化学与生物机制调节,而碱性磷酸酶催化有机磷的矿化,故当为促进沉积物磷循环的重要因素。本文讨论了长江中下游部分湖泊沉积物碱性磷酸酶分布及其在磷释放过程中的作用。五里湖疏浚与未疏浚区以及太湖、巢湖、龙感湖、东湖、月湖、龙阳湖、莲花湖等不同湖泊的不同区域表层沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)明显不同,这种空间异质性与湖泊富营养化程度相联系。此外,APA随沉积物的深度递减,或在中间与较深层次出现峰值,且具明显的季节性。上述事实以及APA对抑制剂的不同响应方式暗示酶存在形态的多样性(同工酶)。苯丙氨酸(Phe)明显提高月湖与五里湖沉积物APA,沉积物与Phe相互作用并静置一天之后,生物可利用性磷(SRP)的释放量明显增加。再者,Phe可抑制月湖沉积物APA,沉积物与Phe相互作用并静置一天之后,SRP释放量无明显变化,溶解有机磷(DOP)的释放量则明显增加。因此,释放的SRP部分来自某些活跃的有机磷的酶促水解,沉积物碱性磷酸酶在内源磷的释放以及富营养化过程中具有重要作用。     

湖泊表层水体“甲烷悖论”现象研究进展

传统观点认为,甲烷(CH4)产生于严格的厌氧环境,在有氧环境中容易被氧化,但许多湖泊表层有氧水体出现了CH4过饱和现象,这种现象被称为"甲烷悖论"现象。为了解释湖泊"甲烷悖论"现象,本文根据湖泊表层CH4的来源,归纳出"外来假说"和"自产假说"。"外来假说"假说认为,岸边浅水区底泥或消落区土壤产生CH4向湖心表层水体横向扩散传输(FL),这种假说适应于岸边富含有机质的小型浅水湖泊。"自产假说"认为,湖心表层水体中产甲烷古生菌原位产生CH4(P),这种假说适应于山区大型深水湖泊。此外,湖泊表层有氧水体中CH4的来源还有湖泊周围河流的输入(FR)、沉淀物或次表层水体的CH4垂直向上湍流扩散(FZ)、气泡CH4溶解在表层水体中(FD)等,而湖泊表层有氧水体中CH4的损耗有"水-气"界面上气体排放(E)、CH4氧化(O)等。在厘清湖泊表层水体中CH4收支的基础上,建立CH4质量收支平衡模型,有助于客观认识湖泊表层水体中CH4的来源。实际上,湖泊表层水体中过饱和甲烷的来源与湖泊的环境特性有关,但数据分析方法、取样时段、湖泊环境条件等差异,容易造成"外来假说"和"自产假说"之争。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这